INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

6-10

Authors: A.S. Brago, A.V. Sevbitov, M.Yu. Kuznetsova, A.A. Shakaryants, V.V. Borisov, M.R. Gazieva, T.S. Kozmava

The article presents the results of teaching research of the students at faculty of dentistry by the manual skill of the preparation the cavity of the first class by Black on simulators at different levels of realism. Three groups of students in ten people each were trained by three different methods: training only on manikin phantom head, training only on a simulator, training on a manikin phantom head and on a simulator. Accordingly to the found results teaching on a simulators of a different levels of realism should be complex, so the authors examine different combinations of exercises directed to achieve the best result. The proposed concept training the manual skill of the drilling could be the main for creating the standard program in high schools. Keywords: simulator, MOOG Simodont Dental Trainer, manual skills, learning curve.

17-23

Authors: Muhammad Razi Ullah Khan

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs have their origin as the derivatives of plants which were observed to have strong analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in various disease states. Ibuprofen is a better tolerated NSAID because its topical formulation has limited numbers of adverse effects. The present research was conducted with the aim to develop and evaluate a novel Ibuprofen cream formulation, which would attenuate the gastrointestinal related toxicities associated with oral administration. Olive oil was used as penetration enhancer and was added in formulation to see its enhancement effect on in-vitro dug release profile. In the present study, a fixed concentration of Ibuprofen cream (2%) was prepared alone and by using olive oil as penetration enhancer. The prepared cream formulations were evaluated for several physiochemical parameters to justify its suitability for topical use. The invitro drug release was carried out by using Franz cell diffusion apparatus across the synthetic membrane. The cream formulations were evaluated for anti-inflammatory and skin irritation study. The results obtained were encouraging; Ibuprofen (2%) cream with olive oil was successfully prepared and exhibited the most satisfying results of all the parameters including a better result of in-vitro drug release as compared to Ibuprofen cream formulation without a penetration enhancer. Key Words: Anti-inflammatory, Cream, Ibuprofen, In-vitro drug release, Olive oil, Permeation enhancer

33-36

Authors: Naveen Kumar G S * , Harish K H, Hanumanthachar Joshi

A simple UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Seratrodast pure form and pharmaceutical formulation. Seratrodast in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation and has an absorption maximum at 285nm in methanol. It obeys Beer’s law in the concentration range of 20 -100 µg/ml. The method was measured at its appropriate λmax against the reagent blank. The developed method was found to be precise, accurate and reproducible. Keywords: Beer’s law, Seratrodast, methanol and UV spectrophotometry

42-51

Authors: Sushil kumar sah*and Birendra Shrivasatava

In this research, twenty nine analogues having variable inhibition of E.coli were subjected to quantitative structure activity relationship analysis. Various thermodynamic, electronic and steric parameters were calculated using Chem 3D package of molecular modeling software Chemoffice 8.0. QSAR models were generated employing sequential multiple regression method using in–house statistical program VALSTAT. Statistically significant models with R–values 0.90 were obtained. Models were validated using leave one out and bootstrapping methods. Results obtained shows that stretch energy, dipole-dipole energy, HOMO energy and Non-1, 4 VDW Energy are contributing to biological activity. Findings of present study reveal that substituent those decrease the flexibility of molecule results in increase in antimicrobial potency, aryl substituent would enhance the antimicrobial activity of compounds and presence of electron withdrawing group in structure is favorable for antibacterial activity of triazolothiadiazoles. Keywords: Triazolothiadiazoles; antimicrobials; QSAR; quantitative structure–property relationships.

64-73

Authors: K. Ashok, K. Sivakumari* and S. Rajesh

Bio-inspired AgNPs were rapidly synthesized at room temperature using fresh aqueous leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera. A green and low cost synthesis was effective in the formation of stable crystalline NPs in the solution. Carboxylic, ketone and aldehyde groups present in the A. aspera leaf extract functioned as reducing as well as stabilizing agent to produce shape controlled AgNPs. SPR confirmed the formation of AgNPs in UV-Visible spectra at 450 nm. The XRD result also showed the presence of elemental Ag+ as a crystalline nature and the FT-IR analysis was carried out to identify and study the functional groups responsible for the bioreduction of Ag+ . TEM and SEM with EDX image showed spherical crystalline AgNPs. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to measure the weight loss of AgNPs as a function of temperature under a controlled atmosphere. Hence, the plant-based bio AgNPs could be used in biomedical applications. Keywords: Achyranthes aspera, Biosynthesis, AgNPs

85-91

Authors: S. Nagajyothi*, N. Maneesha, V. Jyothi,BukyaBhagawan, V. N. Gayathri

The oral mucosa is vascularized where by absorbed drugs get direct access to the systemic circulation without first pass metabolism. This present work is to formulate mouth dissolving film of Ezetamibe for enhanced bioavalibility. Drug and excipients studies were conducted using FTIR. Oral films of Ezetamibe were formulated using HPMC E5, as a film forming agent and propylene glycol as plasticize. And citricacid (salaviry stimulent), flavouring agents (vennila) are used.The solvent casting method was used for the preparation of films. Ezetamibe oral film was evaluated for folding endurance, thickness, weight variation test, surface pH, content uniformity,dissolving time and in-vitro dissolution. No drug–excipients interaction was observed. The characterization studies depict the purity of drug and all the excipients used in the formulation. The IR spectrum of mixture of Ezetamibe with all other excipients does not show any changes which indicate its compatibility with other excipients. From the results, it can be concluded that the fast dissolving oral film of Ezetamibe showed fast disintegration, dissolution of drug in salivary pH. Thus the prepared fast dissolving films of Ezetamibe could be a better alternative for achieving rapid oral bio availability. Keywords: Ezetamibe, hypercholesterolaemia,HPMC,

98-102

Authors: Milad Borji, Hassan Nourmohammadi*, Akbar Mohammadi, Asma Tarjoman, Safoura Mohamadpour

Background: Since patients within a community are in need of help from caregivers, the health status of caregivers is of utmost importance. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the levels of care burden among family caregivers of patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 220 caregivers of patients with cancer in the city of Ilam in 2017 were surveyed. The instruments used in this study included a Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview. The data obtained from this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics [means and standard deviations] and inferential statistics [Chi-square test and paired and independent t-tests]. Findings: Of the 220 caregiver participants in our study, 102 were male [46.4%], 116 were non widowed [52.7%], 77 were housewives [35%], 87 were parents [39.5%], and 135 were high school graduates [61.4%]. The average income level was 145 [65.9%] and none of the caregivers were caregivers without pressure. Most of the patients [201; 91.4%] had received intensive care. The average perceived caring pressure of caregivers was above 63.64% [17.77]. Conclusion: Considering the high levels of care burden in caregivers of patients with cancer and given the different effects of care burden on quality of life and health status of the caregivers, it is necessary to administer interventions in order to reduce levels of care burden among caregivers of patients with cancer. Keywords: Care Burden, Caregivers, Cancer

111-118

Authors: Ali Moradi and Mohammad Hosseinpour*

Introduction: The current research was conducted to evaluate the relationship between emotional intelligence and job attitude of managers and staff. Materials and Methods: The research population included all managers and staff of Petroleum University of Technology in cities of Ahwaz, Abadan, Tehran, and Mahmoudabad. The sample size was determined to be 210 people, who were randomly selected, using Cochran's formula. Data collection tools included emotional intelligence questionnaire and job attitude questionnaire, developed by integrating and localizing standard questionnaires. The normality of the data was also tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov technique. Research hypotheses were tested by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling using LISREL software. Results: The research results revealed that emotional intelligence has a significant relationship with job attitude of managers and staff. Among the dimensions of emotional intelligence (self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relations management, and emotional intelligence quality), social awareness with the standard factor load of 0.71 had the highest effect on job attitude. In addition, it was found that while emotional intelligence quality with the standard factor load of 0.21 had the lowest effect on job attitude, results of the t-value (t-value) calculation indicate that this relationship is also significant. Discussion and Conclusion: emotional intelligence quality component was investigated for the first time in this research. The low level of its relationship with job attitude does not mean that it should be overlooked, but it might be correlated with some components of job attitude or other issues related to organizations, which it requires further investigations. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, Job attitude, Managers and Staff, Emotional Intelligence quality.

124-129

Authors: Salman Dinakar M* and Govindappa M

Low molecular weight proteins (LMWPs) were isolated from Crotalaria pallida using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The antimitotic assay has been investigated using onion root tips whereas apoptosis assay was conducted on MCF-7 cell lines. A 14 kDa protein has been identified as potent antitumor agent. Key words: Low Molecular weight proteins, SDS-PAGE, apoptosis, antitumor agent, Crotalaria pallida

135-140

Authors: L. Satyanarayana* and N. Sandeepthi

The purpose of present work was to formulate and evaluate atenololtartrate floating microspheres. Floating Microspheres concept was applied to increase the gastric residence of the dosage form. The Floating Microspheres were prepared by emulsification solvent diffusion technique. The best batch exhibited excellent floating time as well as release at desired time. The particle size was controlled by changing polymer concentration, rpm and temperature. Polymers used for the preparation were Ethyl cellulose and HPMC. This approach suggested the use of floating microsphere to avoid the side effects. Keywords: Microspheres, Atenololtartrate, Ethyl cellulose, HPMC.

144-150

Authors: Hamedeh Taghavi and Dr.Nazanin Honarparvaran*

This study has the goal of investigating the effectiveness of sexual education concentrated on cognitive schemas on sexual functioning and emotional regulation in women. The method used here was Semi-experimental research with pre-test - post-test and with a control group. The statistical population is all the female students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz during the years of 2015 and 2016. Sampling was done by available method and sexual performance index questionnaire of Rosen et al and emotional regulation of Granvesky from 30 respondents who got the lowest score, and then they were divided into two groups of test and control. Test group got 10 sessions, each one and a half hour, of sexual education based on cognitive schemas, but the control group received no intervention. After the sessions the post-test was taken and the data was analyzed by covariance analysis. The results show that sexual education concentrated on cognitive schemas has significant effects on sexual functioning of women, also the effect of sexual education concentrated on cognitive scheme on emotional regulation of women was significant. Keywords: sexual education, cognitive schemas, sexual functioning, emotional regulation

161-168

Authors: Farideh Pargar*, Khaled Biet saeed, Ayat Alah ebadi, Sedighe Ghobadian, Mohammad Adineh

Accidents and disasters are sudden and sometimes catastrophic events that disrupt the pattern of life of people in society and, hospitals are among the first units that can play a vital role in saving the injured. In this study, the preparedness of all Ahwaz medical centers in dealing with the crisis in 2017 was investigated. Materials and method: This research is a descriptive study. The research tool is a Hospital Preparedness Assessment Questionnaire, which has 9 key components of command control, triage, human resource, communication, capacity building, support and logistics management, safety and security, continuity of critical services and post-disaster recovery. Score 1, score 2 and score 3 were respectively assigned to the under-review, in progress and completed activities. Findings: Command component has the highest average (88.9%). Thereafter, there were components of increasing capacity, safety and triage. The lowest level of preparedness, which itself has the most studied components, was related to human resource (44.4%), continuity of basic services (49.8%), and post disaster recovery (42.7%). The highest level of preparedness was in private hospitals. Discussion and conclusion: The preparedness level of 43.9% for the hospitals was evaluated at a good level. However, hospital managers should recognize the likely risks in their hospital or coverage area and, based on their geographical and indigenous conditions and hazards, they should be ready to deal with any crisis, while designing an accident prevention program. Keywords: preparedness, crisis, health centers

174-178

Authors: G. Arunkumar*, G. Chelladurai , K. Bhanumathi

Calocybe indica (Milky mushroom) is one of the easily available and culturable mushrooms at relatively low cost. It comprises economic source of protein enriched with antioxidants and immune enhancing factors required for human health. Medicinal property of C. indica is due to the presence of polysaccharides, proteins, aminoacids, terpenes, terpenoids and phenols. In this study, methanolic extract of C.indica was used for invitro antioxidant, Protein denaturation inhibition, Nitric oxide scavenging and Membrane stabilization assays. Total Antioxidant activity (TAA) and phenolic content of Laboratory grown C. indica by phosphomolybdenum method was equivalent to that of ascorbic acid. Antiinflammatory effect was estimated by protein denaturation inhibition assay exhibits inhibition of 66.80 % at 1000 µg/ml. C.indica also found to possess nitric oxide scavenging activity capable of 69.76 % inhibition at 1000 µg/ml. Membrane stabilization assay revealed that methanolic extract of C.indica provides 55.83 % membrane stabilization. Key words: C. indica, Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, Nitric oxide, Membrane stabilization

185-191

Authors: Neelam Hashmi, Asma Yousafzai*, Yumna Akhter, Syeda Sabila Aftab, Muhiba Janan, Razia Kanwal, Jaweria Ali Tariq, Naheed Sajjad, Kiran Rani, Faiza Nawaz, Muneeza Arbab, Imran Ali Sani, Shan Ahmed, Muhammad Murad, Nisar Ahmed

In the biosphere, chromium is widespread heavy metal occurring in trivalent chromium (Cr3+) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) forms. Trivalent chromium has been extensively used in different industries. Hexavalent chromium is an environmental pollutant, toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic metal whereas trivalent form is less soluble in water and even an essential nutrient. The distinctive capability of different isolated bacterial species, to reduce hexavalent chromium into trivalent form is going to be used in bioremediation. The present study was aimed to isolate and identify chromium resistant bacteria species from chromium mines. Random samples (n= 3) were taken and biochemical test were applied to identify chromium resistant bacterial species. Four bacterial species, belonged to genus Bacillus (iso-four, seven, eight, nine) were identified as B.pumilus, B.circulans, B.subtilis and B.sphaericus respectively. Isolates belonged to genus enterobacter (iso-one and iso-five) were identified as salmonella enteric and E.arogenes respectively. Isolate belonged to genus arthrobacter (Iso-three) was identified as A. creatinolyticus. Isolate belonged to genus pseudomonas (iso-two) was identified as p.fluorescene. Isolate belonged to genus staphylococcus; (iso-six) was identified as S.aureus, while iso-ten belonged to micrococcusluteus. All the isolates showed ability to tolerate chromium but iso-eight B.subtilis showed highest resistance against chromium. Furthermore, these bacterial species alter hexavalent Cr into trivalent Cr. This ability is being used on commercial scale to remove or minimize chromium pollutants.

206-208

Authors: Shravan Kumar Dholi*, S. Ananditha Reddy, B. Srinidhi Reddy, E. Pramukhya

Tecoma Stans, the yellow bells Plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. It height ranges from 2 to 4 meters. It is an important medicinal herb throughout India. Among all parts from Plant-seeds, roots and bark are the most important parts which are used medicinally. Now the present article gives updated on its pharmacological properties. These plants has more compound constituents are phytosterols,Alkaloids,quinines,aminoacid,monoterpenes, activities for this plant are anti-diabetic, diuretic, anti-spasmodic, anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidants. Key words: Tecoma Stans, medicinal uses, herb.

226-235

Authors: Habib-Ur-Rehman*, Kaleemullah, Fazal ur Reman, Ali akbar, Munir Ahmad Khan, Niamatullah Kakar, Muhammad Zafar Ahmad, Asmatullah Kakar, Ihsanullah Kakar, Qudratullah, Mir Ahmad Kakar, Muhammad Ayub and Siraj Ahmad Kakar

The key component in striving towards optimum animal production are possible by the provision of essential nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins to livestock in a balance pattern. The important role of trace minerals in term of animal production is far away very much highlighted broadly, as the trace elements are recognized with the most significant functional components of numerous metabolic processes. The body has the basic needs of trace minerals in trace amounts, ranging from 0.10 to 50.0 mg/kg of dry matter in the feed of dairy animals. These trace elements are essential for all biochemical processes of the body that supports the growth and the appropriate maintenance. Such as, copper (Cu) is necessary for the function of the superoxide dismutase and in the removal of toxic by-products of metabolic pathways. The exclusion of these toxic byproducts permits metabolism to perform efficiently, uninhibited by damaging oxygen free radicals. Manganese(Mn), an essential trace mineral, important for development, metabolism, in the antioxidant system and has a slight effect on stimulating the activity of the Urease. Zinc (Zn), a significant trace mineral for the enzymatic function, help in the regulation of the production of nucleic acid, the metabolism of carbohydrates and protein synthesis, thus providing a stable framework for the development. Generally, Legume forages, grains, dairy rations and dietary trace mineral complexes are the fair sources of these trace minerals to meet the requirements of livestock. The immune system is part of the defense of the host against the destructive forces from the outside of the body, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, or of the Interior, such as the malignant cells or those who produce auto-antibodies. Trace minerals have an important role for normal immune function and disease resistance including zinc, copper and manganese. An insufficiency in atleast one of these components can compromise immunocompetence of an animal. The body immune framework is made of two branches: the innate or non-specific of the immune framework, and the adaptive or specific framework of immunity. In this review paper, an effort has been established to scrutinize the effects of minerals supplement in the rumen metabolism and their individual or joined effects on body immune processes in different species of animals. Key words: Trace Elements, Rumen Fermentation and Reproductive Health, Body Immune Processes.

242-248

Authors: G. Arunkumar* and K. Bhanumathi

Avicennia marina is a marine mangrove enriched with various bioactive compounds. Thin film mediated drug delivery has become one of the novel methods to deliver the drugs with enhanced bioavailability. In this study, antioxidant releasing films was developed using gelatin polymer fortified with A.marina bioactives. Gelatin based antioxidant films with glycerol (GAG) and without glycerol (GA), but both films enriched with A. marina bioactives was developed and characterized. AF was light green in colour and have mass of 370± 0.27 and 269 ± 0.54 mg for GAG and GA respectively. Folding endurance of GAG was found to be higher than GA. AF have shown greater solubility percentage for GAG than GA in both water and buffer, pH7.4. Tensile strength of AF -GA was higher compared to AF-GAG. However, percent of elongation at break was found to be higher for AF-GAG than AF-GA. Invitro assays revealed that AF had excellent antioxidant , protein denaturation inhibition, membrane stabilization and nitric oxide scavenging activity. Disintegration time of AF-GAG and GA was found to vary very slightly. However, dissolution time of AF-GAG and GA has shown moderate variation. GAG and GA have shown surface pH of 6.6 and 6.7 respectively. Hence, this antioxidant releasing films enriched with A. marina bioactives will be a better choice to improve the antioxidant status and immunity. Key words: Antioxidant films, Avicennia marina, bioavailability, bioactives, gelatin

262-269

Authors: G. Anusha* , M. Gayathri Devi, Dr. M. B. V. Raju.

A new RP-HPLC method for the quantitative determination of Efavirenz was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. The drug was injected into Hypersil Gold C18 column (150×4.6 mm i.d, 5µ) maintained at ambient temperature and effluent monitored at 252 nm. The mobile phase consisted of Acetonitrile [HPLC grade]: 25mM Ammonium acetate (50: 50V/V). The flow rate was maintained at 1.5 ml/min. The developed method shows high specificity for Efavirenz. The calibration curve for Efavirenz was linear from 0.066 and 3.024µg/ml respectively (r2 for Efavirenz=0.999).The proposed method was adequate, sensitive, reproducible and specific for the determination of Efavirenz in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Keywords: Efavirenz, Hypersil Gold C18 column.

278-287

Authors: Azadeh Kiani, Ali Firoozabadi *, Alireza Salehi , Gholamreza Amin , Hossein Rezaeizadeh, Leila Abdi, Abbas Tavallaii

Background: Depression is a common psychiatric disorder and a major worldwide health problem. Although several pharmaceutical agents are available for the treatment of depression, they are sometimes ineffective because patients cannot tolerate the side effects and stop taking their medication. Many herbs can play an important role in the treatment of psychiatric disorders with fewer side effects.Objective: To compare the efficacy of Cuscuta chinensis with fluoxetine in the treatment of major depression.Design and setting: Sixty-eight adult outpatients who met the criteria for major depression based on the structured clinical interview as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) participated in a six-week two-armed double-blind randomized controlled trial.Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned to receive C. chinensis or fluoxetine for six weeks.Outcome measures: Both groups filled out the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and a questionnaire to evaluate side effects at baseline and at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after onset of treatment.Results: The C. chinensis group recorded a significant decrease in BDI-II scores compared to the fluoxetine group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of observed side effects; however, some complications were significantly lower in the C. chinensis group compared to the fluoxetine group.Conclusion: C. chinensis appears to have antidepressant properties with fewer side effects. This herb is effective and safe in the treatment of major depression and could be administered to depressed patients. Keywords: Cuscuta chinensis; Major depressive disorder; Herbal medicine; Fluoxetine; Traditional Persian Medicine.

294-298

Authors: Mohebali Nooshirvani, Ali Mansouri*, Razie Dashtban, Mahmood Anbari

Background and Purpose: Diabetes is a common disorder in carbohydrate metabolism and a chronic disease. Blood pressure is being seen in 70% of diabetes patients. The role of Cumin in treatment of complications of diabetes also has been proven. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cumin on blood pressure of patients with diabetes type two. Materials and Methods: This study was performed by double-blind clinical trial on 50 diabetic type two patients, who referred to Imam Khomeini Diabetes Clinic in Zabol. The criteria for entry into this study includedDiabetes type two, Blood pressure higher than 140 mmHg on 90 mmHg, at least having a 6 months history of infection of diabetes, lack of mental disorders, non-insulin therapy, non-pregnancy and lactation, having a drug program with consideration of type of medication and did not use tobacco and alcohol. In case of recognizing any of these issues, the sample was excluded from the study. Samples were randomly divided into two group of 25 individuals without splitting during the study. At first, blood pressure was measured and then a cumin extract group and placebo control group consumed placebo for two months. Patients’ blood pressure was re-measured. The software SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data. Findings: The difference in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the cumin consumed group was statistically significant (P<0.0001) before intervention. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the two groups, who consumed garlic, cumin and control group before intervention was not statistically significant (P>0.05). But, this difference was statistically significant after intervention (P<0.0001). Discussion and Conclusion: In the present study, the effects of cumin on the improvement of blood pressure were observed. No special side effects were observed during the course of the project. Based on this, it can be said that complementary cumin can be effective in controlling complications of diabetes, including hypertension. Key words: Cumin, Blood pressure, Diabetes

304-312

Authors: Abhishek S. Joshi *, Deepak A. Joshi , Avinash V. Dhobale , Sandhya S. Bundel , Vijay R. Chakote, Gunesh N. Dhembre

The present study was aimed to design new oral controlled release matrix tablets of new NSAID Aceclofenac for once a day by using 10, 15, 20 and 25% of GG:HPMC and XG:HPMC mixture in the ratio 1:1 by wet granulation method. The prepared tablets subjected to in vitro drug release studies in pH 7.4 buffer solution. All the formulation meets the pre-compression and compression characteristics. All the tablets prepared with 10, 15, 20 and 25% of HPMC: XG mixture in the ratio 1:1 fails to meet the requirement of complete release of the drug in 24h. The tablet formulations containing 10% and 15% of GG: HPMC mixture fails to control release of drug upto 24h. The formulation AHG20 controlled release of drug upto 24h and released more than 97% of the drug in 24h. Hence considered as the best formulation. The optimized tablet batch formulations AHG20 showed no change in drug content or in vitro release pattern after storage at 40o C / 75% RH for 30 days. The FTIR studies indicated absence of interaction between aceclofenac and tablet excipients used in the matrix tablets. It has been observed from the above study that excipients like HPMC, xanthan gum, guar gum and microcrystalline cellulose were ideal excipients and effective for formulating controlled release matrix tablets. As these excipients are easily available, inexpensive and compatible. Controlled release matrix tablets provide several advantages reduce dose related toxicity, reduce drug waste and improve patient compliance. Keywords: Aceclofenac, guar gum, xanthan gum, CDDS and matrix tablets.

318-325

Authors: M. Maheshwar

Fenofibrate is a drug of the fibrate class. It is a widely used hypolipidemic drug. The poor aqueous solubility of the drug leads to variable dissolution rates. It is slightly soluble in water. Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) of Fenofibrate were prepared using different concentrations of superdisintegrants using wet granulation method. The technique is to increase the bioavailability of the tablets and drug release in the patients. The porous granules were then compressed in to tablets. The blend was examined for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. The prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro dissolution studies. Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade and the field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) are those solid dosage forms when put on tongue, disintegrate or dissolve instantaneously, releasing the drug, within a few seconds without the need of water. Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) aim for designing dosage forms, convenient to be manufactured and administered, free of side effects, offering immediate release and enhanced bioavailability, to achieve better patient compliance. Fast disintegrating tablets have been formulated for pediatric, geriatric, and bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and traveling and may not have access to water. Such formulations provide an opportunity for product life extension in the many elderly persons which have difficulty in taking conventional oral dosage form (viz., solutions, suspensions, tablets, and capsules) because of hand tremors and dysphasia. The current article is focused on ideal requirements, need for development of FDTs, suitability of drug candidates, super disintegrants employed. Keywords: Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs), Super disintegrants, Enhanced bioavailability, Patient’s compliance, Evaluation, dysphasia.

335-341

Authors: Megha M. Ahuja, Shantanu M Deshmukh, Shruti M Pachpohar, Asmita Sagat, komal Nawale, Pratik Shinde

Background – Prescription is a written medical order by health care professionals that demands safety of patient through appropriate prescribing. Inappropriate prescribing leads to medication errors that can be detected through prescription auditing. Our study was conducted with the aim of evaluating, monitoring, and modification of prescribing methods if necessary. Method- A prescription audit tool kit was designed that includes elements needed to be monitored. These elements were monitored for completeness of the of prescription format. Results- Total 95 patients were evaluated for prescription audit out of which clinical assistant wrote 95-medication order, Resident Wrote 81, and Consultant wrote 62 medication orders. According to the checklist provided by the hospital 16 parameters was assesed.88.64percentage medication orders were compliance with the assessed parameters in case of Clinical Assistant. While, In case of Resident Doctor and consultant 78.87% and 77.5% compliance was observed resp. Conclusion- Our Study Shows that many of the prescribing habits of the residents and consultants needs attention and should be modified.Traning Prescribers for Rational Prescribing can help to improve prescribing practices and thereby reducing prescribing errors safeguarding safety of the patient. Keywords: Auditing, Prescription Audit Tool Kit, Rational Prescribing, Medication Errors, Drug-Drug Interactions

348-354

Authors: Elyas Hosseinzadeh Yonsi, Seyyed Farzin Mircheraghi, Hossein Mohammadzadeh, Mohammad Mojalli*

Background and aim: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), due to its debilitating nature, entails irreparable consequences on individual socioeconomic life. Treatment with conventional medicines not only imposes costs on the patient but also is associated with many side effects. Considering the importance of complementary medicine in nursing and the existence of evidence based on the antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects reported for thyme and low cost and complications of the plant extract, this study was conducted to determine the effect of T. vulgaris inhaling on arterial oxygen saturation and heart rat e in patients with AECOPD. Materials and methods: The present randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 patients with AECOPD referred to Emergency Department of 22 Bahman Hospital in Gonabad, Iran, in 2016. The patients were selected according to inclusion crite ria using convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to two groups of 30 (control and intervention). The interven tion group received 1% T. vulgaris inhaling as much as 5 ml for 15 minutes through inhaling treatment mask, and the control group used d istilled water inhaling for the same amount and duration with inhaling treatment mask. The arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate of the patients were collected and recorded via a portable finger pulse oximeter before and after the intervention by a researcher who was blind to the intervention. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 using independent t-test and paired t-test with a significant level of less than 5%. Results: According to the obtained findings, the two groups had no difference in demographic and clinical variables (P>0.05). After the intervention, the mean arterial oxygen saturation (P = 0.01) and heart rate (P = 0.001) showed statistically significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that T. vulgaris inhaling is effective on the levels of arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate in patients with AECOPD. Emergency care nurses can consider these results in the care of patients. However, the use of this approach requires further research. Keywords: Thymus vulgaris inhaling, Arterial Oxygen Saturation, Heart rate, Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Corresp

359-363

Authors: Hrishikesh Gupta*, Punam Kela, Raghavendra Bhutada, Rahul Pethe

Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of deaths and is regarded as silent killers that have caused approx. 2.3 million deaths in India in 1990’s and this figure of deaths is supposed to be doubled by 2020. Objective: The sole objective of the study was to assess the medication adherence of the patients before and after counseling and to analyze the impact of patient counseling in patients. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at the District General Hospital, Amravati using Morisky-8 Medication Adherence scale in patient with hypertension without any co-morbidity. Results: Study performed on 132 subjects revealed that 77% of the subjects shown low adherence while only 5% shown complete medication adherence before counseling. After counseling, the subjects who were compliant with the therapy rose to 41% while those who weren’t compliant decreased to 11%. Two way ANOVA analysis of the data obtained revealed that there was significant improvement (P<0.0001) in medication adherence and medication knowledge. Key words: Patient counseling, Medication adherence, Hypertension, Morisky Scale, Patient information Leaflet

371-378

Authors: P. Sravan Kumar* and Vanam Priyanka

Phytopharmacology is the field of study of the effects of drugs on plants. The term has since changed its meaning to become an established field of drug research, where the active substances come from. The advantages of seeking medicines from plants are due both to the millions of years of co-evolution between plants and animals which has led to interactions between their bioactive molecules and the nature of enzyme driven synthesis leading to optically pure chiral molecules whose reactions in the mammalian body can be very specific. Phytomedicines were increasingly being established in modern medical science. The shrub Ipomoea carnea has been used traditionally for thousands of years. However, there are few scientific studies on this medicinal plant, and most of the information are scattered. In this review, I elaborately displayed the existing knowledge and recent progress in phytomorphology, bioactive compounds and therapeutic actions of Ipomoea carnea. Ipomoea carnea plant possessed a wide range of pharmacological activity such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-convulsant, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, sedative and wound healing, anti HIV activities. Key Words: Phytopharmacology; bioactive molecules; chiral molecules; phytomorphology; immunomodulatory etc.

384-389

Authors: Anupama S. Gore*, Komal R. Nawale, Priyanka G. Ghuge, G.S. Bangale

Background:As 18 to 25 years age is the career building age, so this study will focus on important measures to be taken to avoid anemia and its complications, this may havehigh impact on life of the sufferer. Objectives:The present study includes determination of several factors which directly or indirectly influence the prevalence of anemia and observation is based on cases detected at District General Hospital, Amravati. Materials and Methods: The proposed study is supposed to reveal data regarding socioeconomic factors and dietary habits of the women suffering from anemia particularly at young age. Result:Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type in females having childbearing capacity of this area. Megaloblastic anemia is found in about half of the patients. Conclusion: The outcome of this study will help to prepare a well-balanced treatment plan for control of progression of the disease. Such kind of study will help strategic planning for rehabilitation of sufferers through consideration of prevalent factors. Keywords: Anemia, Cellenium Analyzer, Prevalence, Iron deficiency anemia, Curative measures.

395- 412

Authors: Vikrant V. Nawale*, Shashikant V. Bhandari, Kunal G. Raut, Pavan P. Wankhade

Tuberculosis disease has been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the infectious diseases. To address these issues, research and developmental activities to develop novel and potent new chemical entities are necessary. Molecular modelling studies are an approach which is used to narrow down a library containing an extraordinarily high number of random molecules into a smaller list of the potentially effective inhibitors. Two dimensional 2D and three dimensional 3D Quantitative Structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed for correlating chemical composition of 1, 3-disubstituted urea analogues and antitubercular activity using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Analysis. The developed QSAR models were found to be statistically significant with respect to training (r2>0.7), cross-validation (q2>0.5), and external validation (pred_r2>0.5). The best model shows r 2 = 0.9743, q2 = 0.9134 and Pred_r2 = 0.5650. Binding affinities of designed NCEs were studied on Epoxide Hydrolase at specific binding site using docking studies and their ADME properties were also predicted. All the designed compounds show better affinity to the receptor site than the reference compound i.e. thioacetazon. This study will help for the synthesis of potential antitubercular agents. Keywords: Epoxide hydrolase, 2D QSAR, 3D QSAR, Docking, ADME Prediction.

420-428

Authors: Reza Rajesh*, Sharon Liza Koshy, Renuka R, Dr. Elessy Abraham

Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected. During pregnancy, a baby’s head grows as brain is enlarging. Microcephaly can occur because a baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth, which results in a smaller head size. Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus transmitted primarily by Aedesaegypti mosquitoes. These vectors also transmit dengue and chikungunya virus and are found throughout much of the Americas, including parts of the United States. Zika virus infections have been confirmed in infants with microcephaly. In the current outbreak in Brazil, a marked increase in the number of infants born with microcephaly has been reported. Studies are under way to investigate the association of Zika virus infection and microcephaly.There are currently no drugs approved for the treatment of ZIKVinfection.Clinical trials are going on for the development of Zika vaccine. The aim of drug development is primarily to reduce viral load, reduce symptoms, and protect the unborn fetus from neurological sequelae. In order to develop effective anti-ZIKV vaccines and therapeutics, improved animal models and a better understanding of immunological correlates of protection against ZIKV are required. This review will summarize what is currently known about ZIKV, the clinical manifestations and epidemiology of Zika as well as, host immune responses against ZIKV, and the current state of development of vaccines and therapeutics against ZIKV. Key Words: zikavirus (ZIKV), microcephaly, zikavaccine, flavivirus, Aedesaegypti

439-443

Authors: Pooja Lohana, Mahwish Jatt and Sana Akhtar

Objective: This study hopes to assess attitudes and practice of patients and healthcare providers towards the use of complementary and alternative medicine in matters related to gynaecology and obstetrics (e.g. puberty upsets, menstrual irregularities, pregnancy issues & menopausal complaints) in our society. Methodology: This cross-sectional analysis was conducted upon a total of 100 female patients presenting to the Liaquat University Hospital, Outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OBGYN). In addition to the patient sample, additional data of 20 doctors was also acquired to get qualitative data and deeper insight into the matter. Data was collected from March 2016 to March 2017. Results: Among the 100 subjects, 77 admitted to using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in several matters related to obstetrics and gynaecology. 33 subjects professed that they considered complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) a superior choice and only resorted to taking medication if and when they could not find relief with CAM. Among the subjects that admitted to suing CAM in matters related to OBGYN, 41 used CAM during pregnancy, 23 used it for menstrual irregularities, 9 used CAM for menopausal woes and 9 used it for other matters during puberty onset. Neither of the subjects reported any observed side-effects. All the doctors supported healthy use of CAM in line with medicinal therapy, but with the approval and under the observation of a doctor. The doctors while agreeing to the benefits of CAM, reported that they had observed many side-effects when patients resort to CAM for ending pregnancies.Conclusion: After careful consideration, it can safely be concluded that both patients and doctors have a healthy and encouraging attitude towards CAM in matters related to OBGYN, however, all medication and therapies should only be used with the approval and under the observation of healthcare professionals. Keywords: Complementary and Alternative Medication, Obstetrics, Gynaecology, Obstetrics, Lower back ache, Puberty, Menstruation, Pregnancy, Abortion and Menopause.

453-462

Authors: Himanshi Rathaur* and G.Gnanarajan

Delivery of drug in the oral cavity through the oral mucosa is examined to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual means “under the tongue” which rapidly absorb the drug through the oral mucosa and enter into the systemic circulation. This route provides various advantages such as quick onset of action, patient compliance, hepatic first pass metabolism and increase bioavailability. Dysphagia is a common problem in pediatric, geriatric and psychiatric patients. In terms of permeability sublingual area of oral cavity is more permeable than buccal area which is in turn is more permeable than palatal area. Now a days most of the population need effective, faster and better relief within a short period of time. So, this route is the most appropriate route of administration and it rapidly dissolves in saliva. Many drugs like cardiovascular drugs, steroids, vitamin and barbiturates are applied in the sublingual drug delivery. This review highlights the difference between sublingual route and oral route in which sublingual route is more effective than oral route, advantages, disadvantages, factor affecting of sublingual route, various techniques are used to formulate the sublingual dosage form, taste masking, evaluation such as Hardness, Disintegration, Friability, In-vitro release study, Physiochemical properties of drugs, Consideration during sublingual formulation and market formulation. Keyword: - Oral cavity, Sublingual, Dysphagia, Salivary glands, bioavailability, Hepatic metabolism

476-482

Authors: Tanzeel Ahmed*, Noman ul Haq, Syed Azhar Hussain Zaidi, Muhammad Waqas, Muhammad Ammar, Muhammad Minhas

Objective: The investigation of patient’s treatment outcome, death rate and errors of omission in antibiotics agents utilized in pediatric inpatients. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of admissions. The examination utilized information collected tentatively inside a 50-bed pediatric ward of Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan. The information was collected by the examination of patient admission /discharge register by ward Pharmacist from October 2016 to March 2017. The total 735 patient were conceded trough out the investigation span. Information was recorded in a data collection form and analyzed. The recurrence and rate were investigated by utilizing SPSS 22. Result: The total 735 patients were conceded all through the investigation, out of which 448 (60.95 %) were male and 287 (39.05%) were female and total medication administrations were 20095. Discharged/ improved were 531 (72.24%), Expired were 35 (4.74%), LAMA (left against medicinal advice) were 76 (10.34%), intravenous medication was stopped in 4 patients which was (0.54%), discharged on request 16 (2.17%), referred to other hospital 3 (0.40%) and still present in ward were 66 (8.79%). The omission errors in the antibiotic agents as follows; in ceftriaxone sodium was 4062 (20.21%), ampicillin+clavulanic acid 3179 (15.81%), streptomycin 29 (14.43%), vancomycin 1277 (6.35%) and cefepime 222 (1.10). Conclusion: The patient’s treatment outcome in pediatric ward of tertiary care was higher. One of the real reasons for mortality and morbidity might be omission errors. Keywords: Patients, treatment outcome, omission errors, antibiotics, Pharmacist, Quetta, Pakistan.

492-501

Authors: Kousar Begum*, Zarafsha Abbas, Nukala Umasri, K. Mounika

Computational Structural Informatics is the discipline of science which investigates the structure and properties of scientific information, as well as the regularities and scientific information activity, its theory, history, methodology and organisation. The use of computers in solving information problems in the life sciences, mainly, it involves the creation of extensive electronic databases on structural informatics like 2D printing etc. Secondarily, it involves techniques such as the three-dimensional modelling of biomolecules and biologic systems. It is also used largely for the identification of new molecular targets for drug discovery. To explore computer graphics (1966/1967) as a means of coping with the 3D nature of chemistry and Physical models were useful accepted tools for chemists. This review explains about history, 3D printing like, 3D printing history, process, technologies and its applications. Key words: bio-informatics, 3D printing process and technologies, spriatam.

510-517

Authors: M. Soltanpour, E. Emaratkar*, S. Afshin-Majd, A. Davati

Background:Migraine is a prevalent neurologic disorder that affects a lot of people in the world. Current Classical treatments of Migraine are not effective and getting help from the complementary and alternative medicines such as Persian medicine is Necessity. Objective: Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and other physicians of Traditional Persian Medicine, believe that avoiding flatulent foods that improves headaches. This study with aim of the evaluation the effect of a Persian medicine-based diet on monthly bouts of headache in migraineurs has been done. Patients and Methods:This study was a single arm clinical trial study. We enrolled 50 eligible migraines patients 2016-11-28 to 2017-02-26 in Tehran, Iran. Patients, prohibited and recommended food including avoiding Special foods including 6 groups: 1) bread and cereals, 2) fruits and vegetables, 3) meat and Eggs, 4) milk and dairy products, 5) cereals, seeds and beans, and 6) Other according to the Persian medicine recommendation. Results: This study conducted on 50 migraine patients with Age (yrs.) Mean ± SD, 42.52±10.70. The study showed frequency (9.74 vs. 5.98, P<0.001), duration (93:30 vs. 42:19 P<0.001), severity (66.78 vs. 27.24 P<0.001) of headaches, Analgesics intake (7.86 vs. 2.38 P<0.001) and Disability (63.18 vs. 54.26 P<0.001) in migraine patient's significance decrease during study Conclusion: According to the results of this study, dietary Based on Persian Medicine are effective for the managing and cure of migraine. Keywords: Iranian Traditional Medicine; Persian Medicine; Migraine; Headache; Diet; Flatulence;

527-533

Authors: Jannatul Farhana, Md. Najem Uddin*, Md. Robiul Islam

Paracetamol is a widely used non-prescription analgesic and antipyretic medicine. It is one of the most commonly used drugs worldwide with non-prescription sales exceeding 25 thousand million doses per year in the United States of America. The study was conducted to assess the comparative in-vitro quality control parameters through the evaluation of weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile among the commercially available tablet brands of paracetamol. To assess the quality, Seven different marketed Paracetamol 500 mg tablet were selected and in-vitro dissolution test, potency, disintegration time was carried out. Other general quality parameters of these tablets like weight variation, hardness, friability were also determined according to established protocols. All the brands comply the requirements of ‘‘United State Pharmacopoeia’’ as they showed acceptable weight variation range. Friability of all brands was less than 1%. No significant differences were founding disintegration time as they disintegrated within 5 minutes. In case of dissolution profile all brands showed better dissolution time as they released more than 60% of drug in 40 minute. The hardness of one brand was within the range 6 kg/cm2 to 10 kg/cm2 . The limitation of the potency must be within 95-105%. All three brands meet this specification. This study suggested that most commercially available Paracetamol tablet in Bangladesh maintain the quality and comply with the USP specifications. It can be concluded that standard quality control parameters always should be maintained not for paracetamol but also for all kinds of medicine for getting better drug products. Key words: Paracetamol, Comparative, Quality control parameters, Evaluation, Potency, Dissolution profile

542-546

Authors: Muhammad Muneeb, Amna Unar, Sana Rafique and Aatir H. Rajput

Background: Nosocomial infections (NI) are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Approximately 5-10% of patients may acquire infections while in hospital. Medical apparatus have long been considered as major vector in transmission of NI. Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common bacteria isolated from the diaphragm of the stethoscopes and cuffs of sphygmomanometers. Objective: Basic medical apparatus; stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers are widely used by the health care professionals however, it is largely not known, how frequently, if at all, the healthcare professionals clean and/or disinfected the said apparatus. This study, thus hopes to determine whether health professionals follow hygienic practice of cleaning and/or disinfecting the apparatus to prevent spread of infections. Methodology: This observational, cross-sectional analysis was conducted upon a total of 249 healthcare professionals (60 males and 189 females) at a tertiary care hospital using non-probability, convenience sampling. Data was collected from January 01, 2016 to March 31, 2016, using structured self-administered questionnaires after taking written informed consent. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 19.0 and Microsoft Excel 360. Results: Among the total subjects enrolled in the study, 163 were medical students (studying in clinical years with ward assignment), 14 were house-officers, 23 were post-graduate trainees, 19 were consultants and 30 were nurses. Results of the inquiries were made regarding their sanitization and disinfection practices were not very heartening despite the healthcare professionals being largely aware of the potential hazards to the patients of not practicing hygiene in this regard. Conclusion: After careful consideration, it can be concluded that healthcare professionals, despite being aware of the potential hazards of using un-sanitized and non-disinfected basic medical apparatus, do not pay much heed to the practice of sanitization and disinfection of even simple basic apparatus, such as the cuffs of sphygmomanometers and or the diaphragms of stethoscopes. Keywords: Basic Medical Apparatus, Sphygmomanometer, Stethoscope, Nosocomial infections and Staphylococcus epidermidis

552-560

Authors: S. Jyothi Sri*, Dr. K. S. Murali Krishna, D. Kusuma, Ch. Uma Shankar

Oral route is most preferred route by medical practitioners and manufacturer due to highest acceptability of patients. But oral drug delivery systems still need some advancement to be made because of their some drawbacks related to particular class of patients which includes geriatric, pediatric and dysphasic patients associated with many medical conditions as they have difficulty in swallowing or chewing solid dosage forms. The aim of this is to highlight the potential role of fast dissolving drug delivery in achieving effective drug delivery of antihypertensive drug. It gives rapid absorption and instant bioavailability of drugs due to high blood flow. As the fast-dissolving film is taken through the sublingual route, rapid absorption of drug is possible, which finally leads to quick onset of drug action and prevent the first pass-metabolism of the drug. Preformulation studies were done with benazepril(API),polymers were HPMC E5,HPME E3LV,HPME 5CPS,film forming polymer and disintegrate as maltodextrin, plasticizer as PEG, sweetener as aspartame, cooling agent as mannitol,colouring agent as amaranth, salivating agent as citric acid. For above formulations evaluation parameters are (appearance, thickness uniformity, weight uniformity, drug content uniformity, folding endurance, surface pH of film, in vitro disintegration time, in vitro dissolution studies) were placed in pH 1.2(0.1N HCL) and the drug release were conducted. Kinetic data of optimized drug is conducted (zero order kinetics, first order kinetics, Higuchi model, Korsmeyer–Peppas model). Drug was released from the formulation F8 within 9 minutes. Based on the physico-mechanical properties and invitro drug release. Keywords: Anti-hypertensive, benazepril, HPMC E5, HPME E3LV, HPME 5CPS, PEG, pH 1.2, higuchi model, Korsmeyer- peppas model

567-571

Authors: Anjali BM Bakshi*, Tushita Thakur, Izharul Hasan, Vinod Kumar Shahi

The Government of India, under Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has emphasised increased advocacy of AYUSH system of medicine and establishment of Indian systems of medicine specialty centres. Taking this vision forward, the Rashtrapati Bhavan with help of Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India; established the first AYUSH Wellness Clinic (AWC) of the country with all the five systems under one roof at President’s Estate in July 2015. AWC caters to the medical needs of the President, officials of President’s Secretariat and residents of the President’s Estate. The mission of AWC is achieving and maintaining excellence in healthcare services through Indian system of medicine and Homoeopathy. This paper presents the annual report of work done at AWC in the year 2017. A total of 33163 patients consulted and nearly 19000 received various therapies prescribed by the physicians. The yearly AYUSH awareness workshop for residents was conducted this year too with much success. As new initiative in the year 2017- new therapies were added to the existing services in Ayurveda wing, Yoga and Naturopathy wing and Unani wing; the therapists and support staffs working at AWC were trained in First-AID and CPR and 21 research papers were published in peer reviewed indexed journals. Keywords: Annual report, AYUSH Wellness Clinic, India, Rashtrapati Bhavan

584-591

Authors: Santosh V. Gandhi*, Madhuri S. Rathi, Atul P. Chaudhari

The aim of the present study was to develop a validated stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for estimation of Ondansetron Hydrochloride. An isocratic, RP-HPLC method was developed using HiQ Sil C8 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column and 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 3) and methanol (60:40 v/v) as mobile phase at flow rate of 0.8 ml/min at detection wavelength of 250 nm. The retention time (RT) of drug was 12.280 ± 0.034 min . The method was validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The data of linear regression analysis indicated a good linear relationship over the range of 5-30 μg/ml concentrations with a correlation coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.996. Ondansetron hydrochloride was subjected to different stress testing conditions. The developed method was found to be simple, sensitive, selective, accurate, and precise for analysis of Ondansetron hydrochloride and can be adopted for routine analysis of drug in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Keywords: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Ondansetron hydrochloride, Stability indicating, Validation

600-605

Authors: Muhammad Ayoob Memon, Raisa Noor Khan, Quratulain, Saman Riaz, Shahzeen and Naresh Kumar

Background: Considering that serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity could reflect several different processes relevant to diabetes pathogenesis and the increasing rate of type 2 diabetes worldwide, the aim of this study was to assess the association between serum GGT concentrations and High Density Lipoprotein In Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Methods: The present observational case control study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Hospital Hyderabad/Jamshoro from October 2014 to September 2016. The materials for the present study were the diagnosed cases of type 2 DM. 100 diagnosed cases of T2DM and 100 non-diabetic subjects- taken as control, were selected by non-probability (purposive) sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were – diagnosed cases of type 2 DM, of >5 years duration, not taking anti- hyperlipidemic drug agent, age ≥40 years without history of cardiovascular disease. Diabetic subjects with urinary tract infections (UTI), Cardiac failure, pregnancy, diuretics, alcohol, chronic kidney disease (CKD), liver disease and smokers were excluded. Results: Age of controls and cases was noted as 52.23±6.21 and 51.29±4.97 years respectively (P=0.94) (table 1). Of 100 controls and 100 cases, male were 62 and 61 and female were 38 and 39 respectively (X2= 0.21, P=0.51). Body weight, blood pressure, random blood glucose, HbA1c, serum creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLc, HDLc and GGT Conclusions: The present study shows positive association of gamma glutamyl transferase with cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDLc) but negative association with high density lipoprotein (HDLc). Keywords: Gamma-Glutamyltransferase, High Density Lipoprotein, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

611-614

Authors: Karle P.P, Chauhan H.V, Navghare V.V, Waghmare B.G

Male Wistar rats were received 300, 500 and 1000 mgkg-1 body weight of the LSFP for 08 weeks for estimating the dose dependent effect on FSH and LH hormones. Material and methods: male Wistar rats [190–220 g] were divided into four groups as control, low dose [300 mgkg-1 ], medium dose [500 mgkg-1 ] higher dose [1000 mgkg-1 ]. Such doses of LSFP suspended in gum acacia [2%] were orally administered. 24 h after the last day dosing blood samples were withdrawn by retro orbital method for estimation of serum FSH and LH hormone level. Gonadal morphology of testis was estimated by testicular index for any changes. Control group findings were compared with higher dose treatment groups. Results: Serum FSH and LH level was significantly reduced in 1000 mgkg-1 LSFP dose as compared with control group male rats, which was evidenced in testicular index morphology. Conclusion: significant decrease in serum FSH and LH level and testicular index were observed at the dose 1000 mgkg-1 of LSFP, while no changes were observed at the doses 300 mgkg-1 and 500 mgkg-1 when compared to male control group rats. The phytochemical analysis depicted major chemical constituents as 5-alpha-reductase enzyme inhibitors [oleic acid, linoleic acid, steric acid and palmitic acid] phytosterols [β-sitosterol, campesterol, fucosterol], flavonoids, alkaloids. The observed results may due to the presence of 5-alpha-reductase enzyme inhibitors or phytosterols. Key Words: FSH; LH; testicular index; hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis; gonadotropin-releasing hormone

621-626

Authors: Abdolreza Gilavand

Introduction: Since during the few past decades we have been witness to the unprecedented increase in the presence of girls in Iranian universities for continuing their higher education, the current study seeks to study this issue through literature review. Materials and Methods: This study has been conducted in the form of a simple literature review. Research data are collected via searching the published papers in trusted Iranian and Foreign websites based on the following key words “girls, continuing education, university and Iran”. Findings: Generally speaking, the factors affecting the increase of the presence of girls in Iranian universities for continuing their education can be sought for in the following elements: economic motives (getting a job, acquiring financial independence, skill and economic vision acquisition), political motives (further participation in political affairs, having the ability to comment upon political affairs, acquiring vital and sensitive positions), acquiring superior social status (acquiring higher scientific degrees, more popularity, nobler stature, better social position and credit, inclination toward marriage (interest in student marriage, having more freedom to choose their favorite husband, having more options to choose the husband, enhancement of the consciousness for choosing the husband), university campus attractions (lesser family supervision, being away from the hometown, acquiring new experiences in life, promoting one’s social communications and relations, enhancement of one’s self-trust), knowledge acquisition (uprooting illiteracy, promotion of one’s knowledge, profession and scientific skill acquisition, interest). Discussion and Conclusion: The growing number of educated girls could possibly give rise to new economic, social, cultural and political movements and this needs to be taken into earnest consideration in national policy making. Key Words: Girls, Continuing Education, Universities, Iran.

634-639

Authors: Zohreh Mortaji , Elham Emaratkar*, Behzad Jodeiri , Farhad Jafari

Background: Functional bloating is a common gastrointestinal (GI) symptom, for which a variety of treatments have been suggested, including quality of life modifications. Objectives: Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of quality of life changes on functional bloating, but the effect of Persian medicine modifications on functional bloating is yet to be studied. Methods: This single arm study was performed at the GI clinic of Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital. Thirty-five (35) of the assessed patients satisfied the inclusion criteria and entered the study. Patients’ digestive symptoms were measured using the Rome III criteria and the quality of their symptoms was assessed by a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. Thereafter, Persian medicine food and drinking modifications were taught to patients and they were followed every week; their symptoms were reassessed at the end of each week. Results: At the end of the treatment period, the assessment of bloating and belching in patients who participated in the study showed that eating and drinking interventions caused a significant difference in the rate of bloating (P < 0.001) and belching (P < 0.001) before and after the study and both recorded a decrease. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that Persian medicine eating and drinking modifications are effective in terms of reducing the severity of functional bloating. Key words: Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Bloating, life style, Iranian Traditional Medicine.

645-658

Authors: J. Kavitha, L. Sakthikumar, R. Mahalakshmy

Metal ions play an important role in bioinorganic chemistry. Metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc may exist in trace amounts in biological systems. Also, metal has played an important role in medicine for years; Metal ions play a vital role in a vast number of widely differing biological processes. They have a considerable effect in biological processes and depending on their concentration; they may either contribute towards the health of the organism or cause toxicity [35]. Also, metal has played an important role in medicine for years; many are essential in human diet in varying amounts and some are used in the medical profession as invaluable diagnostic tools. Metal ions play a vital role in a vast number of widely differing biological processes. They have a considerable effect in biological processes and depending on their concentration; they may either contribute towards the health of the organism or cause toxicity [1]. Ephedrine is a synthetic sympathomimetic amine [8,9] acts on part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). In synthetic organic chemistry, the nitroketene dithioacetal motif (NKDA) based organo sulfur compounds are well known intermediates as a two carbon push–pull system.[10,11] The nitro group acts as a powerful electron-withdrawing group and the two alkylated sulfur atoms readily donate their lone-pair of electrons to make the entire NKDA motif frame work as highly polarized system.(1-7) Thorough literature search in the field of nitroketene dithioacetal chemistry showed that there is no report that NKDA has been used as inorganic ligand. It made a new route of synthesizing transition metal complexes with Nitroketene dithioacetal as one ligand which is an organic moiety. The synthesized mixed ligand transition metal complex with drug like ephedrine is also a new novel route in inorganic chemistry. The drug activity can be improved by changing it into new complexes. The biological activity of the drug molecules were compared with the synthesized metal complexes and found that the complexes show better antibacterial activities than the drug ephedrine. Also Central nervous system studies were carried out with synthesized complexes and found that the complexes have CNS depressant activities.(12,13) Hence as a future work the complexes those were synthesized can be used as CNS depressant drugs. The structure of the synthesised complex were characterised using UV, IR, 1H, 13C NMR spectral, EDX analysis, C,H,N elemental analysis and fabmass spectral analysis. Key words: Metal-drug complexes, Ephedrine, Nitroketene dithioacetal, antibacterial studies, Central nervous system activity.

664-672

Authors: M. Gayathri Devi*, T. Jyothirmai and M. Savithri

The present work was to evaluate the price, quality and efficiency of branded and generic drugs on Anaemia which are manufactured by the same pharmaceutical company in India. Clinical study was perfomed on three different groups of individuals like group 1,group 2,group 3 . These subjects were tested for their haemoglobin content by a qualified lab technician which showed that majority of the subjects were anaemic and hence Iron supplements like Glowfol-Z and Fefol were used in the study .Group 1 was selected as control, group 2 was selected for generic formulation and group 3 for branded formulation. They were prescribed with iron preparations by Registered Medical Practitioner and the results were noted before and after the medication. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis which showed that there is significant difference exists in the group 2 individuals who were subjected to generic medication showing generics are almost equal in efficiency to the branded ones except in cost because the generics are sold at a low price to the branded ones. Keywords: Branded medicines, generic, haemoglobin, Anaemia

682-687

Authors: Alladi saritha and Rebecca sanjana

The ranolazine extended release tablets can be prepared by wet granulation method using different polymers in varying combinations. Tablet blends were prepared and micromeritic studies were carried out for those blends and found to be within the limits. Compatability studies were carried out and found that drugs and excipients are compatible with each other. Post compression parameters were carried out found to be within the limits. Also dissolution data of all formulations reveals that as combination of Compritol, Carbopol934P increases the percentage drug release was found to be increased Formulation (F8) containing combination of Compritol, Carbopol934P shows that the 99.5% drug release was found in 24hrs and found similar with that of innovator. On comparing R2 with innovator, formulation (f8) shows similar results with marketed formulation Key words: ranolazine, extended release tablets, Compritol, Carbopol934P

697-699

Authors: V.V. Borisov*, A.V. Sevbitov, Nikolai Poloneitchik, I.M. Voloshina

Research objective is to increase effectiveness of teeth protection by use of an individual protective dental splint which is produced by method of thermoforming of layers of copolymer of ethylene with vinyl acetate with the help of apparatus THERMOFORMER 2.1. Within the framework of the research a method was developed for production of a vector pattern which allows to transfer borders of the individual protective dental splint onto a blank in order to increase the quality of production of protective splint and to increase comport of its use. While modeling the pattern we used the vector graphics editor CorelDRAW. results of the research show that the maximum value of retention depends on pressure force during formation of the first layer of the splint. Borders of basis of an individual protective dental splint have a minimal effect on level of retention of the splint. This allows to adjust splint borders maximally and to make the cut from the side of palate up to base of alveolar bone of the upper jaw and incisive papilla at the front. Thereby the probability of vomiting reflex is lowered and adaptation time is reduced. Key words: THERMOFORMER 2.1, CorelDRAW, mouthguard, EVA.

706-711

Authors: Monika*, Ramanpreet Kaur, Ravinder Sharma, Gunpreet Kaur, Harjinder Singh

Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. Benzimidazole derivatives are of wide interest because of their diverse biological activity and clinical applications, they are remarkably effective compounds both with respect to their inhibitory activity and their favorable selectivity ratio. Looking at the importance of benzimidazole and oxadiazole nucleus, it was thought that it would be worthwhile to design and synthesize new benzimidazole derivatives. In recent years, attention has increasingly been given to the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. Hence, there will always be a vital need to discover new chemotherapeutic agents to overcome the emergence of resistance and ideally shorten the duration of therapy. Due to the structural similarity to purine, antibacterial ability of benzimidazoles is explained by their competition with purines resulting in inhibition of the synthesis of bacterial nucleic acids and proteins. Thus, from the present study it can be concluded that cyclohexyl derivatives of benzimidazole ring have significant antibacterial activity. Keywords: Benzimidazoles, anti-malarial, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti biotics.

717-726

Authors: Jeyaraman Amutha Iswarya Devi ⃰, Narayanan Venkateshan and Marimuthu Devi

Simple, accurate, rapid and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of acetylcysteine and taurine in tablet dosage. The chromatographic separation was done on Isocratic elution using cosmosilC18, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5µm or equivalent. Flow rate is 1mL/min. Maintain the column temperature of acetylcysteine is 30oC and taurine is 40oC. Detection was carry out at acetylcysteine is 214nm and taurine is 338nm. Good linear relationship was produce acetylcysteine and taurine is 0.9998 and 0.9991. Linearity range is 0.2500mg/mL to 0.7500mg/mL solution stability acetylcysteine and taurine is 24hrs and 12hrs. The method development and validation of acetylcysteine and taurine in according to ICH guidelines. Key words: Acetylcysteine, RP-HPLC, Taurine, Validation

735-744

Authors: Dr.ChandakaMadhu, Gunugurthi Ramya, Sai Shreeja Alikette, Deeti Prasanna, Adiraju Usha Lalitha, Gollapalli Shivapoojitha, Meher Fathima

The present study was undertaken to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of Actinidia Deliciosa And Vitis Vinfera. Method and methodlogy: The total Phenolic content was determined using folinciocalteau method while the total flavanoid content was determined using aluminum chloride method. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the Reducing power assay , Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, and DPPH scavenging activity. Result: In the present study we have conclude that Vitis Vinfera, has a significant activity than Actinidia Deliciosa Key words: Actinidia Deliciosa, Vitis Vinfera, DPPH Scavenging Activity, Nitricoxide Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Activity.

755-768

Authors: K. Ramanji Reddy*, Dr. S. Jaya, Chinnapangu Rajeswari, Dr. Chandaka Madhu

Oral drug administration has been the predominant route for drug delivery. During the past two decades, numerous oral delivery systems have been developed to act as drug reservoirs from which the active substance can be released over a defined period of time at a predetermined and controlled rate. The present study is to develop Floating tablets of Famcyclovir. In this present study an attempt was made to increase the GI residence time of Famcyclovir, as the drug is having less gastric residence time, by formulating in to Floating tablets. Systematic studies were conducted using different concentration of rate releasing polymer HPMC and Sodium carboxy methyl cellulosefor extending the drug release in upper GIT. All the prepared systems were evaluated for the different properties. Before the preparation of tablets, preformulation studies to find out the micromeritic properties to assess flowability, compressibility properties and solubility studies. And all the formulations gave good results for above preformulation studies. Formulated tablets gave satisfactory results for various physical tablet evaluation parameters like tablet dimensions, hardness, friability, weight variation, buoyancy, content uniformity, all the formulations were found within the permissible range .Amongall the formulations (F1-F9), it was observed that formulation-1 has shown better buoyancy and dissolution profile. So Formulation1 was found to be the best formulation among others. The kinetic treatment of the drug release data of the prepared formulations followed first order drug release; the prepared formulations followed HixonCrowel profile. It indicated that drug release was dissolution controlled and directly proportional to qube root of time. Hence F1was considered as formulation extending 99.85% of drug was released at the end of 20 hrs. The stability studies were carried out for period of 3 months as per ICH guidelines and were in acceptable limits. Keywords: Famcyclovir, hardness, friability, weight variation, buoyancy, content uniformity.

779-782

Authors: Dr. Chandaka Madhu, G. Shahnaz Begum, Kunchala Bhavya Sai, Sravani Baskarla, Ambulge Sheetal, Gollamusali Vijayalakshmi, Edla Vaishnavi

The aim of the present study is phytochemical screening and the ultraviolet absorption properties of ethanolic herbal extracts of some commonly used vegetable and fruits sources by determining the sun protection factor (spf) number. The invitro SPF number is determined according to the spectrophotomertic method described by Mansur et.al.,. Ethanolic herbal extracts were prepared and after dilution with alcoholic solutions the absorbance were recorded between 290-320 using uv-vis spectrophotometry. It was observed that all of the ethanolic herbal extract showed some UV protection capability. Key words: Sun protection factor, spectrophotomertic, ethanolic extract