INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

1045-1051

Authors: Naira Nayeem*, Mohd. Imran, Said A. El-Feky

Seasonal and geographical variations have impact on secondary plant metabolites in medicinal plants. In the present study an attempt was made to evaluate the phytochemical variation and its effect on the medicinal properties of Tribulus terrestris which was collected from two different seasons (Summer and winter) and from two different geographical regions i.e. Rafha, and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (hot desert climate) and Bangalore, India (tropical savanna climate).The amount of Phenolic acids and flavonoids was evaluated by Folin ciocalteu method and Aluminum chloride colorimetric method respectively. Anti-oxidant activity was carried out for all the extracts by the DPPH method .The results revealed that the amount of phenolic acid and flavonoid was found to be higher i.e. 428 μgm and 295 μgm respectively in TT1-S which was in the sample collected during summer from the Rafha region. To further investigate the best season of collection of samples in Rafha, HPLC analysis was carried out for TT1-S and TT1 –W extracts using rutin and gallic acid as the standards; the amount of rutin and gallic acid was found to be higher in TT1-S. Furthermore analgesic activity was carried out for these extracts and the sample collected during summer exhibited significant activity when compared to the sample collected during winter. The results of this study give evidence that the season and geographical variations bring about a change in the plant metabolites which in turn affect the medicinal properties .From the results it is evident that the best season to collect the plant is during summer in Rafha as the amount of phytoconstituents is found to be more during this season Key words: Tribulus terrestris, seasonal, geographical, phytoconstituents, medicinal properties

1060-1063

Authors: Alireza Malekzadegan1 , Mohamad Reza Havasian2 , Halime Aali3 , Morteza Salarzaei4 , Meysam Ganjali4*

Hydatid cyst disease is of great importance; it infects very critical organs in humans, especially liver and lungs, and as for animals, it inflicts significant losses on animal husbandry economy. Thus, providing accurate diagnosis is of great importance for treating this disease and preventing its complications. The present study aimed at studying the epidemiology and hydatid cyst first and final diagnosis in patients hospitalized in the surgery unit of Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran from 2007 to 2017. The present study is retrospective cross-sectional study. The statistical population of the present study was all the patients suffering from hydatid cyst who were hospitalized at Daneshvari Hospital and underwent surgery from2007 to 2017. From the 110 patients suffering from hydatid cyst hospitalized, 48 were male, and 62were female. With respect to the infected organ, 53 patients were infected in liver, 48 patients were infected in lungs, and 9 patients were infected in both liver and lungs. As many as 98 patients had one cyst, and 12 patients had more than one cyst. 52 patients with medical ultrasound, 47 patients with medical ultrasound and CT scan, 10 patients with chest x-ray, and one patient with serological testing. The total findings of the study indicate that given the patients’ profiles and clinical symptoms, the diagnosis of this disease was desirable and is consistent with other studies. In cases, where it was impossible to diagnose hydatid cyst with clinical and Para clinical evidence, it is of great help to the geographical as well as epidemiological status of the disease in the region. Key words: Epidemiology, Hydatid Cyst, Diagnosis, Tehran.

1072-1078

Authors: Hadis Ahrafizadeh1 , Sedigheh fayazi2*, Zeynab kord3 , Mandana farokhpayam4 , Hoda farokhpayam4 , ،Bita kiyani5

Introduction: The quality of life is an important topic in study of chronic diseases, especially cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Breast cancer survival rates is longand as a result patients are affected by cancer and its complications and consequences a longer time. It is therefore seems necessary to determine the quality of life and its related factors in these patients. Objective: This study aimed to determine The quality of life and its related factors in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study to evaluate the quality of life and its influencing factors in patients with breast cancerreceiving chemotherapy was conductedon 100 patients referring to Ahvaz city Golestanand Shefahospitals.The data were collected by demographic variables questionnaire and information on the quality of life related to health were collected using a questionnaire (WHOQOLBREF) within 3 months and were analyzed using SPSS19 software and descriptive statistics and t-test Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. Results:The study results showed that the mean age of the studied components is46/85 (Standard deviation11/55) and the average score of the quality of life in physical health is 0.558 23.867. Mental health 0.359 14.085, social communication 14.56 0.48, environmental health 0.554 19.945. and the total life quality score is 87.952 2.154.Invistigating the factors related to the quality of life showed that there is a significant relationship based on multivariate linear regression between education, income, type of health insurance, patient history and quality of life. There was no significant association between socio-demographic and clinical factors with quality of life. Conclude: The quality of life in the area of mental health was low from other areas. Therefore it will be effective considering factors related to quality of life and measuresto assess psychologicallyand conducting psychiatric consultingin improving the patients quality of life. Keywords: breast cancer, quality of life, patients.

1085-1094

Authors: Gamal A. Gabr1,2 ,Gamal A Soliman 1,3, Abdul Samad 4 , Nora A. Al-Tamimi 5 , Maged S. Abdel-Kader*

A common side effect of prolonged glucocorticoid therapy is osteoporosis which is the most common cause of secondary osteoporosis. The aim of our study was to investigate the potential anti-osteoporotic effect of Vigna radiata (V. radiata) and Lepidium sativum (L. sativum) extracts in prednisolone acetate (PA)-induced osteoporotic rats. Rats were divided into 2 main groups (30 males and 30 females). Each main group was randomly divided into 5 equal subgroups. Rats of subgroup I were served as normal control and received the vehicle. Rats of subgroup II (osteoporotic control) were co-administered PA at 5 mg/kg and the vehicle. Subgroup III was administered with alendronate sodium (3 mg/kg) and served as a reference control. Subgroups IV and V were administered with V. radiata and L. sativum extracts (500 mg/kg), respectively. Body weights of all rats were measured at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after PA, reference and extracts administration. At the end of the experimental period, serum samples and femur bones were examined. PA administration significantly reduced body weight gain, serum levels of calcium (Ca2+), Phosphorous (P) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as, femur weight and thickness and femur contents of Ca2+ and P of male and female rats. Administration of L. sativum extract (500 mg/ kg) significantly protected against the reduction in the serum and bone levels of Ca2+ and P and femur physical parameters of PA-exposed male and female rats. Histopathological results supported protective effect of the extract. Our findings suggest a potential protective role of L. sativum against PA-induced osteoporosis in male and female rats. In addition, V. radiata did not produce any considerable protection against the deleterious effect of PA on the bone of male and female rats. Key words: Lepidium sativum; Vigna radiata; osteoporosis; rats

1101-1108

Authors: M. Nirosha* , K. Hima Varsha, R. Sai Prema, K. Samdani, V. Amrutha and L. Dwarakanatha Reddy

Opthalmic In-situ gels refers to polymer solution which can be administered as liquid and undergoes a phase transition to semisolid gel upon exposure to physiological environment i.e., pH, Temperature, ions in the lachrymal fluid. The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug can be overcome by the use of in situ gel system that are instilled as drops into the eye and undergo a sol‐gel transition in the cul-de-sac. Fungal keratitis is a serious disease that can lead to loss of vision if not diagnosed and treated effectively. Itraconazole is a triazole compound effective against Fungal keratitis. Because of poor bioavailability of Itraconazole opthalmic solutions, we formulated itraconazole opthalmic in situ gels by pH triggered, ion activation and temperature modulation methods. Total nine formulations have been prepared by using different concentrations of gelling agents i.e., carbopol 934 as pH triggered polymer, sodium alginate as ion activated polymer and poloxamer 407 as temperature triggered polymer. All the formulations contain Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as viscosity enhancer, sodium chloride as tonicity adjusting agent, benzalkonium chloride as preservative. All the formulations were evaluated with respect to clarity, pH, gelling capacity, viscosity, drug content and in-vitro drug release. Among all the formulations, F4-F6 containing sodium alginate as gelling agent exhibited maximum drug release of 96.55±0.56% for prolonged period of time upto 8hrs. These formulations also shown optimum results for all the evaluation parameters. Hence formulations F4, F5 and F6 prepared by ion activation method were selected as optimized formulations. So from the present study, we concluded that the Itraconazole opthalmic in situ gels will be promising approach to overcome the drawbacks of conventional opthalmic solutions. Keywords: In Situ Gels, Carbopol 934, Poloxamer 407, Sodium Alginate, Itraconazole.

1120-1124

Authors: Ali Yadollahpour1 , Samaneh Rashidi2

Background and Objective: Magnetic or magnetized water technology (MWT) has been recently introduced as promising approach for water resources management in agricultural, environmental, and industrial processes. Despite controversial findings of the recent studies, MWT seems one of the future technologies for efficient water management. This study aims to review the feasibility and perspectives of MWT in water resources management. Method: The databases of Web of Sciences (1980–2016), EMBASE (1980–2016), and Google Scholar (1980–2016) were searched using the search terms of “Magnetic water” or "magnetized water" and "water resources management" and "treatment" and “agriculture” or “irrigation” or “industrial processes” to find the relevant papers. After reviewing the title and abstract, the papers were selected for selected for further review. The main focus of this review was the efficacy and feasibility of magnetized water technology in efficient management of water resources. Results: Scale prevention or elimination, plant growth and crop yield enhancement, soil enhancement, desalination, antibacterial feature and wastewater treatment are the main features of MWT approach. Using appropriate set up of MWT in agricultural and environmental applications can result in water consumption saving. Magnetized water possesses strong antitoxic features and cannot enter the MW structure. Conclusion: Although the modern MWT is in its early stage, the general consensus highlights its beneficial effects in agriculture, industrial applications and even for drinking water. Keywords: Magnetic water treatment, Water resources management

1130-1135

Authors: Adeela Anwer1 , Zahid Mehmood1 , Khalid Mehmood1 , Aashif Sajad1 , Adeel Ahmed2 and Fahad Saleem2*

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate essential element levels in thalassemia major patients of Quetta city, Pakistan. Methods: A single cohort, observational based study design was adopted. Evaluation of some essential element levels in thalassemia major patients was investigated through flame photo meter, CBC analyzer and commercially available kits.. The investigations were conducted on 325 thalassemia major patients of both genders. Investigated data were arranged by SPSS v. 20 and consider significant when p values were <0.05. Results: Three hundred twenty five thalassemia major patients take part in study. One hundred and seventy five (53.8%) respondents were males in majority and maximum patients were from the age group of 6-10 years. In term of ethnic group, the maximum thalassemia major patients were Pathan (n= 92, 28.3%). Majority of thalassemia major patients had A+ blood group (28.6% and n= 93). Zinc (51.6144+7.22) showed maximum concentration of 66.79 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 37.30 mmol/L. Copper (147.66+9.13) had maximum concentration 160.12 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 106.72 mmol/L. Calcium (8.3499+0.171) was resulted with maximum concentration of 8.89 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 8.02 mmol/L. Chlorides (101.98+0.56) showed maximum concentration of 103.2 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 100.5 mmol/L while sodium (134.99+1.105) showed maximum concentration of 137.2 and minimum of 131.6 mmol/L. Potassium (4.7047+0.121) had maximum concentration of 4.95 mmol/L and minimum concentration of 4.00 mmol/L in this study. From CBC, the hemoglobin concentration was (6.52 + 1.16) and RBCs counts were (4.75 + 0.52) which had maximum concentration of 9.2 g/dL. Conclusion: The current study concluded that zinc and calcium concentration was low from normal range concentration, while copper, sodium and potassium levels were high from the normal level of these elements.

1141-1167

Authors: Dhaval Patel1 , Mukesh Nandave1 and Prashant S. Kharkar2*

The morbidity and mortality throughout the world is increasing day by day due to cancer. Several molecular targets have been identified and being targeted for treatment of cancer cells. System xc - , an amino acid antiporter, is one such potential target. With the uptake of one molecule of cystine and release of one molecule glutamate, over expressed system xc -manipulates the redox status within cancer cells and protects them. Simultaneously, released glutamate helps in growth and metastasis of cancer cells. Few researches have synthesized and screened structurally diverse molecules against system xc - antiporter. Amongst these, few molecules like erastin analogues, amino acid analogues, iso-oxazole analogues, hydantoin analogues and sulfasalazine analogues exhibited potent inhibitory activity. It is possible to identify desirable molecular properties required for system xc - inhibition using information from above mentioned molecules. In context, we developed different predictive models using above mentioned analogues using SAS software using regression and decision tree analysis mainly. The score ranking overlay plots showed moderate to good fit of data for the training and validation data sets. These predictive models may further be used for the design and development of potent system xc - inhibitors. Key words: System xc - antiporter, cystine, Glutamate, SAS software, Predictive modelling

1178-1182

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal Shah1* , Suhail Ahmed Almani2 , Nasreen Noor3 , Aatir H. Rajput4 , Muhammad Muneeb5 , Syed Jehangir6 and Zubair Suhail Almani

Objective To study the relationship between development-presentation time delay and mean hospital stay among patients presenting with puerperal sepsis at department of medicine at Liaquat University Hospital. Methodology This retrospective analysis was held at department of medicine (unit – II) in a tertiary care hospital (Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad) from January 2016 to June 2016. The time delay between development of puerperal sepsis and presentation to the medical ward was recorded in patients reporting with puerperal sepsis. The past medical records of patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were also studied and all relevant data, as required in the pre-designed structured questionnaire, was obtained. Results During the study duration, 30 patients reported to the study setting with puerperal sepsis representing 0.46% of 6500 admissions in medical unit II. The mortality rate stood at nil and all returned healthy to their homes. 10% of the patients had gone through frequent vaginal examination, 66.7% of the patients were delivered at home, 90% of the patients presented with an altered level of consciousness. Conclusion The mean hospital stay stood at 5 days, while the length increased with increasing time delay. The relationship stood valid in all subjects, Recommendations Further research needs to be conducted on a larger sample space and more prolonged study duration while taking more variables, besides the time delay, into account. Key words: Puerperal Sepsis, Hospital Stay and Time-delay

1186-1190

Authors: Neelam Liaqat1* , Hafsa Kanwal2 , Madeeha Latif3 , Iqra Rafique4 and Saleha Sadeeqa

Objectives: To determine the hepatotoxicity in patients receiving therapy against tuberculosis, determine the frequency & at which age chances of hepatotoxicity are more .And how to reduce these side effects. Methodology: A randomized study was conducted on 100 patients in Tuberculosis Hospital, district headquarter hospital Jhang during July and August-2015. A questionnaire was designed to diagnose hepatotoxicity in patients undergoing tuberculosis therapy. As the important parameter for hepatotoxicity measurement is liver function test, so the major tests of liver function test were performed like, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin. Results: Ratio of patients showing hepatotoxicity both males and females indicates that females are more hepatotoxic as compared to male. In the age range of 31-60 hepatotoxicity cases were more. The combination of two drugs isoniazid & rifampicin shows more hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: It was concluded that the combination of isoniazd id & rifampicin showed more hepatotoxicity than combination with ofloxacin & pyrazinamide. Moreover, antituberculosis therapy having ofloxacin in the absence of rifampicin was more efficacious. Key Words: Hepatotoxicity, Tuberculosis, Therapy

1194-1204

Authors: Battula Sreenivasa Rao1 , Mandapati Varaprasad Reddy1*, Bhatraju Sreenivasa Rao

In the present study, a simple, precise and accurate high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector was developed for the simultaneous estimation of ivermectin & fenbendazole in bulk and tablet dosage forms. A Zorbax C8 column (250 cm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm) with mobile phase consisting of 0.1 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate and methanol (60:40 v/v) having pH 4.5 (adjusted with orthophosphoric acid) was used. The flow rate was 1.2 ml/min and the effluents were detected at 268 nm. The retention times of ivermectin and fenbendazole were found to be at 3.296 min and 7.257 min, respectively. The linearity of the selected drugs was obtained in the range of 2-6 μg/ml (ivermectin) and 60-80 μg/ml (fenbendazole). The results of analysis have been validated according to ICH guidelines. The results for all validation parameters were found to be within the acceptance limit. Ivermectin and fenbendazole were degraded under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermal and photolytic degradation conditions. All the peaks of degraded products were well resolved from the peaks of ivermectin and fenbendazole. The developed and validated method can be employed as a stability-indicating, as it could efficiently separate ivermectin and fenbendazole from their degradation products. Key words:Ivermectin, fenbendazole, HPLC, Stability indicating, Assay

1216-1220

Authors: Mohd. Imran*1 and Nudrat Fatima2

Hyoscyamus, commonly known as henbane, comprise of a small genus of flowering plants in the Solanaceae family. Hyoscyamus muticus L. or (Sakran al Misri) Egyptian henbane is a small perennial plant belonging to this family, which is famous for its tropane alkaloid content. This plant of the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia origin was studied for its pharmacognostic features, phyto-constituents and antimicrobial activity. The study was conducted on leaf, flower and stem extract. The extracts were fractionated with chloroform, hexane and water, which were also investigated for antimicrobial studies along with the ethanolic extract. The extracts of the leaf, flower and stem contained alkaloids, carbohydrates and sterols. Antimicrobial activity was investigated on some selected pathogenic organisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion method. The flower and stem extracts showed insignificant antimicrobial activity, while the leaf extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against all strains in all fractions. The ethanol extract showed the prominent activity which was followed by the chloroform extract and the hexane extract, respectively. The further studies may provide fruitful insight about the main constituents of the ethanolic extract responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Kew words: Hyoscyamus muticus, Northern Border Region, Saudi Arabia, Antimicrobial activity

1224-1228

Authors: Maged S. Abdel-Kader 1,2 , Magdi M. Muharram 1,3, Ahmed I. Foudah1 , Mohammed H. Alqarni1 , Mohammed A. Salkini

Phytochemical study directed by antimicrobial activity testing of the root extract of Salvadora persica known as “Siwak” was conducted to identify the antimicrobial components. Fresh roots were extracted with ethanol and the total extract was fractionated with CHCl3 and EtOAc. The antimicrobial activity was trapped to the CHCl3 soluble fraction. Column chromatography followed by CPTLC resulted in the isolation of three active compounds. In addition to the major compound benzyl isothiocyanate two new minor derivatives 3-methoxy benzyl isothiocyanate (1) and 3-hydroxy benzyl isothiocyanate (2) were identified. Structures were elucidated using different spectroscopic tools including UV, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR. The isolated compounds were active against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi. Key words: Salvadora persica; antimicrobial; MIC, benzyl isothocyanate derivatives.

1242-1248

Authors: Ali pouria 1 , Mojgan Khademi 2 , Behzad Moradi *3 , Hassan Temouri 4 , Mohammad Adineh5 , Khatereh Anbari

Background: Due to the high incidence of atelectasis following coronary artery bypass surgery and the effects of different levels of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) in preventing this condition. Objectives: this study was designed aimed to investigate the effects of PEEP on the incidence of atelectasis after coronary artery bypass surgery. Material and methods: This study is a clinical trial with a control group conducted on 90 patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. After surgery and entering patients to the intensive care unit (ICU) the intervention group subjects were under PEEP = 10 cm / H2o and the control group subjects were under PEEP = 5 cm / H2o for 4 hours. For the final diagnosis of atelectasis, a chest radiograph was performed six hours after extubation and 5 days after surgery, saturation pulse oximetry was also examined. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after the intervention were measured in order to evaluate hemodynamic status of patients. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used to statistical analysis. Results: The observed difference in the incidence of atelectasis between the two groups 6 hours after extubation were statistically significant (P=0/03). There was also no statistical significant difference between the two groups 5 days after surgery (P=0/3). The difference between the two groups in terms of the average of saturation pulse oximetry was statistically significant (P=0/025). There was no statistical significant difference between the two groups in terms of systolic (P = 0.25) and diastolic (P = 0.14) blood pressure before intervention. There also was no statistical significant difference between the two groups in terms of systolic (P = 0.62) and diastolic (P = 0.67) blood pressure after intervention. Conclusion: this study indicated that applying PEEP=10 cm/H2O after the Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery can lead to decrease the incidence rate of atelectasis following the surgery, and considering that applying of two levels of PEEP with 5 and 10 cm of water has no effect on the hemodynamic status of patients, so it is proposed that this technique be used at intensive care unit to reduce the incidence of atelectasis. Keywords: positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), atelectasis

1254-1259

Authors: Heydarabadi4 , Akbar Babaei- 3 , Masoumeh Alidosti* 2 , Mina Shirvani 1 R

Introduction: Treatment of diseases may be one of the numerous aspects of the divine verses of Quran. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of playing holy Quran recitation as a tranquilizer on vital signs and arterial oxygen pressure of unconscious patients hospitalized in ICU. Materials and methods: This is a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study conducted on 20 unconscious patients in ICU that were almost homogenous in terms of consciousness level and cause of coma. Participants were divided randomly into case and control groups. For participants in the case group, the Yasin surah with the voice of Al-Menshawi was played every day for 15 minutes by an MP3 player. The vital signs and arterial oxygen pressure of two groups was checked before and after intervention. The collected data was analyzed by means of SPSS 16 software and by paired t-test. Results: Results of this study showed that after intervention, in the case group, the mean systolic [P=0.04] and diastolic [P=0.05] blood pressure, pulse rate [P=0.001] and arterial oxygen pressure [P=0.04] had significant differences in comparison with before intervention. However the difference was not statistically significant about the breath rate and body temperature. discussion: Playing the holy Quran recitation led to the balance in blood pressure and arterial oxygen pressure of patients. Therefore it is possible to use it as a treatment method in order to make a balance in the vital signs of unconscious patients. Keywords: Quran incitation, unconscious patients, vital signs, arterial Oxygen pressure, ICU

1278-1281

Authors: Razieh Behzadmehr1 and Morteza Salarzaei2

Herniation of the bladder into the inguinal canal is an uncommon phenomenon, accompanied by complications, such as the obstruction of the neck of the bladder caused by prostatic hypertrophy, that increase intra-abdominal pressure, which occurs in one fourth of all inguinal hernia. It is quite difficult to diagnose the involvement of the bladder during the first medical examination of the patient and it might even require a herniorrhaphy. The main objective of the present study is to report an untouchable case of bladder herniation without any specific symptoms which was randomly diagnosed using spinal CT scan. Knowing the possibility of the incidence of such a case can help assess requirements of a surgery and improve readiness to implement useful interventions. Key Words: Inguinal Hernia, Bladder, Case Report, Zabol.

1296-1302

Authors: Roohangiz Norouzinia1 , Zhila Ramezani2 , Arash Khalili3 , Maryam Dehghani4 , Azam Sharifi5*

Nurses as a group of care providers are under increasing stress and burnout is common. Mindfulness-based interventions play a potential role in reducing stress and burnout. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on stress and burnout among nurses working in two selected hospitals in Karaj in 2015. This study was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and a control group. Totally, 60 nurses were selected by convenience sampling and entered the study. The intervention was a course of mindfulness-based stress reduction training including mindfulness practice (body scan, mindfulness gestures, meditation of walk and sit and awareness of breathing), in addition, awareness of pleasant and unpleasant events and the use of mindfulness in daily routine activities. Standard questionnaires of job stress of Tufts and Gary Anderson and burnout of Maslach were completed before and after training by the subjects. The majority of nurses in both groups before the intervention, with a moderate level of stress, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P >.05(. Job stress and three aspects of burnout (emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) of nurses after training to before training showed a significant reduction (p <0.001). Mindfulness-based stress reduction training was associated with improvements in burnout and job stress scores. Key Words: Mindfulness-based, Stress Reduction, mindfulness, Job Stress, Burnout, Nurses

1313-1318

Authors: Soleyman Molaei1 , Meimanat Hosseini2* , Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaee3 , Mansoureh Zagheri Tafreshi

Patients with diabetes to improve their care require effective training. Computer-based education is one of the useful strategies and flexible training for patients. The aim of this study was designing, producing and evaluating of educational multi-media application for the self-care of patients with type II diabetes. In this paper using literature reviews and training needs assessment of 10 patients with type II diabetes, and 10 teachers in the field of diabetes educational content was prepared. Multimedia training program was designed and produced with composing the ten principles Mayer multimedia design and studious credible evidence on CD-ROM. Then 36 patients with type II diabetes who were referred to health centers and 30 teachers of the ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences purposive was selected to complete the relevant researcher made questionnaires, until after the observation and study of the educational program. The results of the final evaluation showed total score of educational program with users questionnaire was 46.6 that compared with the maximum points of total possible score, 55 is favorable. Also final evaluation showed Total Score of educational program with teachers questionnaire was 163.26 that compared with the maximum points of total possible score, 200 is favorable. Educational multi-media application self-care in type diabetes II, with focus on the patient's main problem and, using the design principles of multi-media can facilitate teaching and learning process in patients with type II diabetes. Keywords: Multi-media Application, Educational, Self-care, Type II diabetes

1337-1342

Authors: Khidir A. M. Hassan

Oil in water nano and microemulsions can be defined as emulsions containing oil droplets in the range of 50-100 nm in diameter and 5-50 nm respectively. There is a growing interest in the development of nano and microemulsions to encapsulate, protect, and deliver lipophilic compounds, such as nutraceuticals, drugs, flavours, antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, for their application in the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical and other industries. Formulation of a nano & microemulsion is achieved through low energy technique, using phase inversion technique and the droplet size depends on weight ratio between surfactant and oil. Different formulations of different proportions of surfactant tween 80 & fenugreek oil were prepared and added to it different amounts of water and the mixture was mixed using a vortex, for two minutes. From the collected data it is clear that changing the proportion of water in the developed formulation while keeping the weight ratio between the surfactant and the oil constant, affected the droplet size, polydispersity index and zeta potential. Key Words: nanoemulsion, microemulsion, tween 80, fenugreek oil, polydispersity index, zeta potential

1348-1353

Authors: Parya karbaschi1 , Bahareh Rahimian Zarif2* and Zahra Houshmandi3

prodigiosin pigment is three Pyrrole that is secondary metabolite produced by some bacterial species like Serratia marcescens . prodigiosin activities and frequent drug shown to inhibit bacterial And has attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of medicine and pharmacy should be.The aim of this study was Evaluation of antibacterial effect of prodigiosin pigment produced by Serratia marcescens against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from processed food. Method:Standard strains of Serratia marcescens PTCC 1111 were prepared from collection of microbial strains by Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains was isolated and identified by dilution and standard microbiological methods from processed foods. Pigment produced by Serratia marcescens was extracted by the acidic methanol. Finally, by well diffusion, MIC and MBC methods antimicrobial effects of pigments were investigated. Results:Inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli was 10 mm and 5 mm, respectively. The MIC was 0.78 mg/ml and 3.126 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, respectively. MBC was 3.126 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml for S. aureus for E. coli, respectively. Conclusion:The S. marcescens prodigiosin produced by showed bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect showing promising antimicrobial activity and suggesting future studies regarding its applicability in antibiotics therapies. In addition, results showed that prodigiosin could be use in foods industry. Key words: Prodigiosin, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, processed food, antimicrobial

1361-1365

Authors: G. Sindhu, T. Usha Kiran Reddy, R. Chandini, A. Veera Swamy, P. Rajeswari, N. Sumiya, G. Keerthi, C. Girish*

Tephrosia calophylla is commonly known as Adavivempali and dumpavempali. This plant is usually grows in the form of shrubs. It is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and arid regions of the world and it is specifically found in Andhra Pradesh. The different parts of the plant like leaves, seeds and root of this plant have been used in Ayurvedic medicine. The plant has been used in treatment of different disorders and it is having the various activities like hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiuretic, and hypolipidemic properties with a wide range of safety. It has various active compounds. The pharmacologically active compounds that have been identified are Calophione -A, B and C, Tephcalostan, Tephcalostan A, Tephcalostan C and Betulinic acid. The present objective of the study is to discuss about the various chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities of the plant against numerous disorders. Key words: Tephrosia calophylla, Betulinic acid, Tephcalostan A and Adavivempali.

1372-1376

Authors: T. Usha Kiran Reddy*, G. Sindhu, S. Rajesh, B.Aruna

Thymus vulgaris generally known as thyme, German thyme, garden thyme or just thyme, is a species of flowering plant belonging to mint family Lamiaceae, which is native to southern Europe from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy. It is estimated there are more than 2,50,000 flower plant species. Studying medicinal plants helps to be aware of plant toxicity and protect human and animals from natural poisons. The aim of this study was to overcome about its phytochemical and pharmacological profiles based on its active chemical constituents. Thymus vulgaris oil is a combination of monoterpenes and those will acts as antioxidative, anti-dysmenorrhea, hepatoprotective effect, antimicrobial, antitussive, antispasmodic, and antibacterial activities. It also shows antiinflammatory effects, anti-fungal effect, antiadhesion activity, larvicidal effect. Keywords: Thyme, Thymus vulgaris, larvicidal, anti-oxidant

1406-1403

Authors: K. Rajathi1 and A. Rajendran2*

Nanotechnology is an escalating field that has made its contribution to all spheres of human life. Conventional synthesis of nanoparticles are complicated and suffer from serious problems like high temperature, poor yield, longer reaction time, and use of toxic and highly sensitive compounds. The green synthesis of nanoparticles has paved for better methodologies and approaches in the medicinal field. The present paper explores the synthesis of stable CdS and ZnO nanoparticles using imidazolium based ionic liquids as green solvents. Size controlled CdS and ZnO nanostructures with distinct morphologies have been successfully synthesized and this process was found to be simple, fast and feasible. Higher level of crystallinity with high intense peak and no contamination of CdS and Zn(OH)2 or other components were proved from the XRD analysis of synthesized CdS and ZnO nanoparticles. The as synthesized nanoparticles were screened for their anti-microbial activities and found that they possess significant antimicrobial activity and have the potential to act as a new antimicrobial agent and their activity may be enhanced in combination with other antimicrobial agents. Keywords: ZnO nanoparticles, CdS nanoparticles, ionic liquids, antimicrobial activity, scanning electron microscopy.

1426-1430

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal1* , Suhail Ahmed Almani2 , Ramesh Kumar Suthar3 , Aatir H. Rajput4 , Muhammad Muneeb5 , Syed Jehangir6 , Maryam Iqbal7

Background: Stroke and migraine are 2 commonly found disorders that are scarcely linked together. Migraine, a benign disease, lasts a lifetime and usually begins prior to the age of forty years and targets twelve percent of the people worldwide with a three to one female majority. On the contrary, stroke (an acute event) strikes every two out of a thousand victims per annum (aged an average of seventy years) with a two to one male majority. Despite the disparities, numerous researches have proposed a complex bidirectional link between stroke and migraine. A cerebral infarction may occur as a result of migraine, and a migraine makes one prone to suffer from an ischaemic stroke, especially young women. Furthermore, cerebral ischaemia can lead to a migraine. Objective: Since stroke is more dangerous of the two, our research indulges in only one direction, i.e. exploring whether a migraine can increase the risk of a stroke by retrospectively studying the incidence of migraine in patients presenting with stroke at the study setting. Methodology: The observational study was carried upon a total of 200 patients presenting with stroke at the medicine outpatient department of Liaquat University Hospital (Hyderabad and Jamshoro). Data was collected using a self-structured, closed ended, standard questionnaire that included necessary inquiries to establish whether the patient had suffered from migraines in the past. C.T scans were adopted as the tool to determine the legibility of stroke. The research lasted for a total of 18 months. Data was analyzed using SPSS v. 17.0 and Ms. Excel 365. Result: The largest proportion of the sample fell within the age bracket of 25 – 63 years. 75 percent of the patients were male while 25 percent were females. The greatest proportion of women (58%) presenting with stroke fell within the age bracket of 35 to 45 years while the greatest proportion of men (42%) fell within the age bracket of 56 to 65 years. Among women ischaemic stroke was more common (60%) while haemorhagic stroke was more common in men (75%). Migraines were present in 90% of the women while only in 30% of the men. Other correlates included hiked B.M.I, habit of smoking and hypertension in men while in women the common correlates were high blood pressure, history of use of oral contraceptive pills and aura. Conclusion: Stroke is a major contributor to the disease burden in the developing world and particularly in Pakistan. Predictors and contributors to stroke deserve great importance and thus should be kept under a watchful eye. Individuals who happen to exhibit such predictors should be identified as the “at-risk” population and advised to take greater care of themselves to prevent ultimate incidence of stroke. Key Words: Ischaemic stroken, Haemorhagic stroke, Migraine, Aura.