INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

8-12

Authors: S. Kumaravel1 and K. Srinivasan

Silver is a proven antimicrobial compound and silver nanoparticles are gaining their importance due to their biological activities. The aim of the current study was to use cinnamon bark extract for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate their antibacterial and anti- oxidant activity in vitro. The physical characterization of these silver nanoparticles was verified using UV - visible spectroscopy. The reaction mixture of silver nitrate with bark extract was monitored from 350 to 600 nm for 70 min. The surface plasmon resonance band was formed at 450nm for silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles containing cinnamon extract showed a higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activity compared to bark extract alone or silver nitrate. Free radical scavenging assay showed 22.41 % activity for silver nanoparticles derived from cinnamon bark extract. It could be concluded that C. zeylanicum bark extract can be used effectively in the production of potential antioxidant and antimicrobial nanoparticles for commercial application. Keywords: Cinnamon, Nanoparticles, Silver, Surface plasmon resonance

20-25

Authors: Ravi Pratap Pulla* & Veena Rani Inugala

In the modern era, technology has taken a radical avant-garde towards social media. It is presently being used as a stature household need by every mankind. The revolutionary of social media has brought a dynamic impact in networking health information between the professional and patient, irrespective of age group. This laid a “bleeding-heart” platform for pharmacist, escalating the utilization by improving the health outcomes and meeting the urge. There is a vague informative literature around this upcoming subject. To bridge this gap, the authors reconnoitre the positive potential areas concentrating on the use and applications of social media by pharmacist to improvise & reinvigorate determinants of health outcomes. The subject was extensively studied in five main modules. 1. Encapsulating the complete medical information 2. Innocuous usage of medicine 3. In perpetuity medication usage 4. Document based medicine & implementation guidelines & 5. Clinical inquisition. In each of these perceptive modules, an increase in manoeuvre & habitude of social media platforms by pharmacists & other health care professionals have brought a great impact and changeover in improving patients need and outcome. In this busy competitive world, most of the young generation (≤ 35 years) are falling in the usage of upgraded and popular social media, leaving behind the majority of old group. However, the majority of patients fall in the category of old generation (≥50 years), and the usage of this type of platforms will definitely stabilise and improve the health outcomes in the nearby future. Keywords: Social media, Pharmacist, Outcomes, Health, Patient

33-39

Authors: Ashok Patel, Arunoday Kumar Prajapati, Badaruddin, Vaishali Rathi, Kuldeep Patel*, Jagdish Chand Rathi*

The present work aimed to develop and validate spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of rabeprazole sodium and aceclofenac in a pure and capsule dosage form. A simple, sensitive, spectrophotometric method in UV region has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Rabeprazole sodium and Aceclofenac in bulk and semi dosage form (Capsule). Standard solution of Rabeprazole sodium shows maximum absorbance at 283 nm and Aceclofenac shows maximum absorbance at 276 nm. Beer’s Lamberts law is obeyed in concentration range 10-60 µg/ml for Rabeprazole with regression, slope and intercept of 0.991, 0.0918 and 0 respectively while for, Beer’s Aceclofenac Lambert law is obeyed in concentration range 10-60 µg/ml with regression, slope and intercept having 0.9984, 0.2069 and 0.0253 respectively. Method was validated for linearity, range, accuracy, precision, recovery studies and interference study of mixture. All these parameters showed the adaptability of the method for the quality control analysis of the drug in bulk and in combination formulations. Keywords: Rabeprazole sodium, Aceclofenac, Simultaneous equations, absorbance interference study.

46-59

Authors: Nivedita S. Bhatkal*, Shreya Dhopavkar, Pramod Kadu, Dr. Prabha Singh

The objective of the present research was to formulate a chronotherapeutic oral delivery system for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The active ingredients were a combination of Boswellia serrata & ginger extracts. To achieve a chronotherapeutic system many polymers were used as retardants. Formulation of uncoated tablets was done by direct compression method. Powder blends were evaluated for precompression parameters like bulk density, tapped density, Hasuner’s Ratio, % CI and angle of repose.The results showed that the powder blends exhibited good flow properties. In this method, Superdisintegrants like cross PVP were used in concentrations (4-11%w/w), sodium starch glycolate were used in concentrations (8-10%w/w) and disintegrant starch was used in combination with cross PVP in 7.5%w/w concentration each. Optimization was done by varying the disintegrant concentrations. Various post compression parameters like hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies were checked for optimizing the formulation. Batches showing disintegration of less than 30 mins were taken further for coating experiments. Formulation of coated tablets for chronotherapeutic release were done by different polymer coatings to achieve chronotherapeutic release. Eudragit S-100 coat was optimized as it provided a better lag time than other formulations. Characterization and Evaluation of coated tablets: Chronotherapeutic tablets of Boswellia serrata and ginger were formulated and batch ET2 was optimized which showed percent drug release 82.32% of Boswellia serrata and 98.98% of ginger at the end of 12 hours. Key words: The objective of the present research was to formulate a chronotherapeutic oral delivery system for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The active ingredients were a combination of Boswellia serrata & ginger extracts. To achieve a chronotherapeutic system many polymers were used as retardants. Formulation of uncoated tablets was done by direct compression method. Powder blends were evaluated for precompression parameters like bulk density, tapped density, Hasuner’s Ratio, % CI and angle of repose.The results showed that the powder blends exhibited good flow properties. In this method, Superdisintegrants like cross PVP were used in concentrations (4-11%w/w), sodium starch glycolate were used in concentrations (8-10%w/w) and disintegrant starch was used in combination with cross PVP in 7.5%w/w concentration each. Optimization was done by varying the disintegrant concentrations. Various post compression parameters like hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies were checked for optimizing the formulation. Batches showing disintegration of less than 30 mins were taken further for coating experiments. Formulation of coated tablets for chronotherapeutic release were done by different polymer coatings to achieve chronotherapeutic release. Eudragit S-100 coat was optimized as it provided a better lag time than other formulations. Characterization and Evaluation of coated tablets: Chronotherapeutic tablets of Boswellia serrata and ginger were formulated and batch ET2 was optimized which showed percent drug release 82.32% of Boswellia serrata and 98.98% of ginger at the end of 12 hours. Key words: Chronotherapeutic delivery, Boswellia serrata, ginger and Eudragit S-100

67-73

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Eryngium creticum showed that it contained alkaloids, tannins, resins, saponins, coumarin, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that Eryngium creticum possessed antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antileishmanial and many other effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Eryngium creticum. Keywords: Eryngium creticum, constituents, pharmacology, therapeutic.

85-94

Authors: Sumathi .R *, Tamizharasi.S, Gopinath.K, Sivakumar.T

Objective: The main objective of this research was to carry out formulation and evaluation of polymeric nanosuspension for silymarin drug by using suitable surfactants to improve its bioavailability. Methods: The silymarin nanosuspension was prepared and lyophilized for enhancing the dissolution of poorly soluble drug. The high pressure homogenization technique was adapted to produce the silymarin nanosuspension respectively using polymers such as Poloxamer188, Poloxamer 407 and Soya lecithin with TPGS as stabilizers in various proportions in combinations. Further, the prepared silymarin nanosuspension were characterized for particle size, poly dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug content, solubility study, in vitro release study, compatibility studies (FT-IR, DSC), in vitro permeability studies and stability studies. Results:The silymarin nanosuspension were prepared and lyophilized. The mean particle size ranged from 100.6 ± 0.16 d.nm to 275.0 ± 0.21 d.nm and the drug content ranged from 94.73 % to 99.61 %. Drug content of polymeric nanosuspension was increased by increasing drug to polymer ratio. The FTIR study confirmed the stable nature of silymarin in the drug-loaded polymeric nanosuspension. In DSC thermogram of pure silymarin a short melting endothermic peak was observed at 148.3°C due to melting point of the pure silymarin. At 263°C owing the presence of amorphous form of the drug in nanosuspension or the dissolution of crystalline drug into the molten carriers. From thermogram it was concluded that the drug and the surfactant do not interact with each other. All the silymarin nanosuspension showed good dissolution property ranging from 90.49 % to 97.96 % in the in-vitro release study after 12 hours. The in-vitro permeability study were shows enhanced diffusion due to huge specific surface area of the nanosuspension droplets and improved permeation of the drug because of the presence of surfactant, which reduces the interfacial tension of formulation. Stability studies were carried out for the best formulation, SF2 indicates that there is no change in drug content and dissolution profile of the formulation. Conclusion: The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated that nanosuspension seems to be a promising drug delivery system, which can provide an effective and practical solution to the problem of formulating drugs with low aqueous solubility and poor systemic bioavailability. Key words: Nanosuspension, high pressure homogenization, Poloxamer 188, poloxamer 407, soya lecithin, TPGS.

103-109

Authors: Nadro, M.S. * 1 and Elkanah, G

Treatments of diabetes with available agents comes with one or more side effects, hence, there is need for continual search of alternative treatment agents from medicinal plants. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant property and hypolipidaemic effect of Phyllanthus fraternus methanolic leaf extract in diabetic rats. The antioxidant property was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Thirty rats were used out of which twenty four were diabetic. Diabetes was induced by administration of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally at 60 mg/kg body weight (bw). Five experimental groups (Group A-E) of six rats each were used, the treatment lasted for 28 days; group A was normal control, B was diabetic control while C was standard control treated with metformin at 5mg/kg bw., group D and E received (200 and 300) mg/kg bw of the extract respectively. The IC50 for free radical scavenging activity of P. fraternus and ascorbic acid were 43.98 mg/ml and 47.04 mg/ml respectively, while that of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were 48.17mg/ml and 51.95mg/ml for P.fraternus and ascorbic acid respectively. Treatments with different doses of methanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus fraternus and metformin were shown to significantly (p<0.05) decrease the hyperlipidemia observed in the diabetic control group. Similarly, the level of HDL was observed to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in all the treatment groups when compared to the diabetic untreated group. The reversal of abnormalities observed in lipid profile by methanolic extract of P. fraternus and its antioxidant potency offered a potential source of new orally active agent that can halt and reverse most complications due to diabetes. Key words: Antioxidant, hypolipidaemia, Streptozotocin, Phyllanthus fraternus, extract

117-122

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The preliminary phytochemical studies showed that Echinochloa crus-galli contained alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phytosterols/terpenes, proteins, and saponins. Nutritional analysis of plant grains showed that they contained protein 9.0-13.7%, fat 2.3-3.5%, carbohydrates 63.8-79.9%, fiber 5.2-29.9%, energy 310-364 k cal, Ca 8 mg/ 100g, Fe 2.9 mg/ 100g, thiamin 0.41 mg/ 100g, riboflavin 0.28 mg/ 100g and niacin 4.5 mg/ 100g. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that the plant possessed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Echinochloa crus-galli. Ketwords: Echinochloa crus-galli, Pharmacology, contents

137-148

Authors: Pooja Garg1 , Pankaj Verma2,*, Hema Chaudhary1

Aim: The aim of present work was to develop microspheres of Famotidine using natural bioenhancers to achieve sustained action for treatment of Peptic ulcer. Method: Ionotropic gelation method was used for the development of microspheres. During preliminary trials, optimum concentration of all the ingredients were selected through entrapment efficiency, dissolution studies method. An optimized formulation was prepared and evaluated for mean particle size, percentage buoyancy, dissolution studies, micromeritic studies. Microscopic characteristics of the optimized formulation were studied using Scanning electron microscopy. Stability studies and releae kinetics were studied for the optimized formulation. Result: After preliminary trials, F5, F9, F11 and F13 were selected on the basis of entrapment efficiency and dissolution studies and their concentrations were utilised for preparing optimized formulation. Optimized Formulation of famotidine containing bio enhancers showed excellent floatability, good buoyancy, better micromeritics properties and increment in drug release. It was observed that release follows first order kinetics and good stability was observed for 2 months during stability studies. Conclusion: Current results indicate a promising approach of Famotidine microspheres, as an alternative for treating Peptic ulcer. Keywords: Famotidone, Bioenhancers, Dissolution studies, Microspheres, Peptic ulcer

153-159

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The phytochemical analysis of Dactyloctenium aegyptium showed that the plant contained carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids , fixed oils and phenols. The pharmacological investigations revealed that Dactyloctenium aegyptium possessed antimicrobial, antioxidant, reproductive, cytooxic, antidiabetic and gastointestinal effects. The current review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Keywords: Dactyloctenium aegyptium, contents, pharmacology, therapeutic