INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

4198-4200

Authors: Chinnu K Antony*, Navya Sunil, Haritha B Nair, K. Menaka2, S. Haja Sherief, T. Sivakumar

Addison ’s disease is a rare endocrine disease which is commonly due to autoimmune adrenalitis and tuberculosis. Usual manifestations involve chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension and hyper pigmentation of skin. A 64 year old female, presented with complaints of cough with expectoration, fever, breathlessness, darkening of skin and diarrhea. The treatment given for the patient was Inj. Dexamethasone for 4 days. Her symptoms resolved gradually after starting the therapy. Keywords: Addison’s disease, Cortisol, Autoimmune Adrenalitis, Treatment, Dexamethasone.

4207-4213

Authors: Dr. M. Sunitha Reddy* and Gadam Charitha

The purpose of this study is to formulate and evaluate bilayer anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic tablets. Bilayer tablet contains Losartan potassium for immediate release and Repaglinide for a sustained release. The bilayer tablets were prepared using crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate as super-disintegrants for the immediate release layer, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose K 100M and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose K 15M as polymers at various concentrations to retard the release of drug for a period of time. Immediate release layer was prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method was followed for sustained release. FTIR studies revealed that there was no incompatibility between drugs and excipients. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation test, hardness, thickness, friability, tablet disintegration time, content uniformity and in vitro dissolution studies. In vitro drug release studies were performed using the type-II dissolution apparatus (paddle) using 0.1N Hydrochloric acid for first 2 hours and the remaining hours with 6.8 pH phosphate buffer. Among all the formulations, optimized formulation F5 showed a maximum of 99.4% drug release at 45 minutes for Losartan potassium and Repaglinide has an in vitro drug release of 99.87%. Therefore, bilayer tablets in combination of these two drugs can be used to improve the management of hypertension (high blood pressure) and diabetes mellitus. –II. Keywords: Bilayer tablet, Losartan Potassium, Crospovidone, and Sodium starch glycolate, Repaglinide, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K100M, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K15M.

4226-4235

Authors: Vinitha Edula* and Papagatla. Poli Reddy

The aim of the present study was to develop an sustained release formulation of Hydrocodone to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 8 hrs. Various grades of eudragit and HPMC were employed as polymers. Hydrocodone dose was fixed as 4 mg. Total weight of the tablet was considered as 100 mg. Polymers were used in the concentration of 10mg and 20mg concentration. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters and they were found to be within limits. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation (F3) showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e.,98.43 % in 12 hours. It followed zero order release kinetics mechanism. Keywords: Hydocodone, Eudragit, HPMC, Sustained release tablets

4243-4247

Authors: Naser Abbasi†, Ayub Ghorbani†, Yaser Seifinejad, Mojtaba Mohamadpour, Ehsan Shirzadpour, Mansour Amraei*

Narcotics abuse and addiction have been turned to a major problem in the communities. Addiction to any type of narcotics is known to be followed by side effects both physically and psychologically. One way to control addiction is the use of another maintenance medication. The current research paper aims at investigating the effect of one such a drug as methadone on the serum levels of Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. A total number of 28 male adult Wistar rats were completely haphazardly assigned to four group (n=7): a control group that received an ordinary daily dietary regime and Experimental groups one, two and three that were administered through oral gavage with 5mg/ml, 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml of methadone syrup, respectively, on a daily basis besides the ordinary dietary regime for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the beginning and at the end of the study for the determination of serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. In the end, the data were analyzed via taking advantage of one-way variance analysis (one-way ANOVA) and TUKEY Test. The serum levels of all three ALT, AST and ALP enzymes were significantly increased in the groups that had been given different doses of methadone (P<0.001). According to the results obtained herein and the effects that methadone has on the elevation of liver enzymes levels and also due to the fact that this maintenance medication is being increasingly administered on a daily basis for the treatment of addiction to various narcotics, it seems that there is a need for devising better strategies and better planning for the amount and method of methadone use as well as the way this medication has to be distributed within the society. Keywords: Methadone, Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Rats.

4253-4264

Authors: Ejaz Agha* , Haroon Khan , Nisar Ahmed , Ghulam Murtaza , Ashiq Hussain, Muhammad Saood

Dose structures are basically pharmaceutical items in the structure in which they are showcased for use, normally including a blend of dynamic medication parts and nondrug segments (excipients), alongside other non-reusable material that may not be considered either fixing or bundling, (for example, a container shell, for instance). The term unit measurements can now and then envelop non-reusable bundling too (particularly when every medication item is exclusively packaged. Different measurements structures might exist for a solitary specific medication, since various medicinal conditions can warrant distinctive courses of organization. For instance, steady queasiness and heaving might make it hard to utilize an oral dose structure, and in such a case, it might be important to use a backup course of action, for example, inhalational, buccal, sublingual, nasal, suppository or parenteral. The primary objective was in vitro comparative study of 5 different brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets available in markets of Pakistan by The in vitro comparative study of 5 different brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets available in markets of Pakistan Weight variation Test, Disintegration Test, Hardness Test, Chemical Assay and In vitro dissolution study was conducted. After conducting color, friability, weight variation, hardness test and disintegration tests of various brands of Ciprofloxacin, the results were found under the acceptance range. The hardness showed variation among the tablets of various brands but there was no significant variation of hardness among the tablets of same brand. The Axcin indicated maximum drug potency (102%) and (101%) respectively while minimum potency was 93.07%. The in-vitro evaluation of 5 different F.P.Ps of Ciprofloxacin HCl film coated tablets available in the pharmaceutical market of Pakistan showed that all of brands of Ciprofloxacin satisfied the USP potency specifications and showed evidences of satisfactory initial in-vitro dissolution behavior.

4272-4279

Authors: Sunil S. Choudhare, Gopinath S. Khansole , and Vijay N. Bhosale*

Heterocyclic compounds are the most global moieties in chemical compounds which exhibit wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Multicomponent reactions are important tool in the hands of organic chemist’s,researcher. Since they offer improved atom economy for construction of complex molecules over the stepwise liner convergent synthesis. A simple, efficient and green protocol has been developed for the synthesis phenyl 1H-Indazolo [1,2-b] Phthalazine trione derivatives from a one pot four componant condensation of Phthalic anhydride, Hydrazine hydrate, Dimedone and different substituted aromatic aldehydes was refluxed independently in ethanol using Cesium Chloride as an efficient catalyst. Synthesized compounds were screened for their Antioxidant activity. These newly synthesized compounds were evaluated by their spectral analysis. Keywords: MCRs, Phthalic anhydride, Hydrazine hydrate, Dimedone, Aromatic aldehyde

4287-4292

Authors: Zahir Jamali*, Noman Ul Haq, Aqeel Nasim, Sohail Riaz, Muhammad Saood khan, Ghulam Murtaza

Background: Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the major public health threats. COPD severely affect the health related quality of life of patients suffering from it. Aims and objective: The present study aims to assess the health related quality of life of COPD patients in Quetta Pakistan. Methodology: A questionnaire based cross sectional study was conducted in different hospitals of Quetta city from April to August 2016. Convenient sampling method was used to collect data. A self-administrative pre validated slandered questionnaire, SGRQ, was distributed among patients and collected after completion. The data was computed and analysed using IBM SPSS V. 22. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were applied. Results: A total of 253 patients participated in study. Among these, 156 (61.7%) were males and 224 (96.4%) were married. One hundred and twenty four (49.0%) patients were suffering this disease from 1 to 5 years. The mean duration of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was 8.5 years. Smoking status, co-morbidities and span of illness were found to have a statistically significant relationship with health related quality of life scores. Conclusion: The finding of the present study revealed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in Quetta City, Balochistan had a low health related quality of life (HRQoL). Keywords: COPD, HRQOL, Pakistan

4301-4309

Authors: M. A. Tareen*, Z. A. Mirani, M. U. Malla, B. N. Siddiqui, I. A. Sani

:Present study sought to assess the “National Programme for Improvement of Water-courses/water Storage Tanks” project in Baluchistan province of Pakistan. The study selected purposively five districts of Balochistan province namely (1) Loralai, (2) KillaSaifullah, (3) Pishin, (4) Mastung and (5) Sibi. Sample of 300 farmers; sixty (60) farmers from each district were selected by using simple random sampling method. The quantitative data thus collected were statistically analyzedusing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results indicated that per hectare yield of various crops, fruits, and vegetables was increased to a greater extent due to the improved irrigation practices in the area. Farmers’ knowledge regarding latest irrigation methods was enhanced. However, only the farmers of Mastung district were satisfied with the construction and maintenance of watercourses/tanks whereas other four districts farmers were not satisfied. Farmers indicated that their income level was also increased. Results further depicted that farmers also faced problems in adopting the latest improved technologies of irrigation such as rough lining of water courses, improper utilization of raw material and low competency of EFS which affect the farmers understanding of improved irrigation practices in their area. Key words: Assessment, Balochistan, Impact, NPIW, water-courses

4315-4324

Authors: Dr . M. Sunitha Reddy*, Raju Eddagiri, S. Muhammad Fazal Hl Haq, Dr. V. Venkateswarlu

The aim of the present research was to design and characterize delayed release Multi Unit Particles (MUPS). These were produced primarily for the purpose of oral modified release dosage forms having gastro resistant and delayedrelease properties. During the development of MUPS agglomeration, generations of fines and twins formation are identified as critical issues. The delayed release multiple units were prepared by layering drug suspension using Wurster technology. The prepared multi unit particulates consist of successive layers of drug layer (Esomeprazole), barrier coat and enteric coat (Eudragit L30 D55) on to inert seeds (sugar spheres #50/60). Finally the MUPS are filled into capsules (white to off white hard gelatin). The MUPS were evaluated for drug content, moisture content, particle size distribution, good flow properties and the filled capsules were evaluated for acid resistance (0.1N HCl for 2 hrs) test and In-vitro drug release (pH 6.8 phosphate buffer) and compared with the innovator product. The characterization of pellets was completed and capsules were packed into HDPE bottle (60cc with 33mm closure) and subjected to accelerated stability testing (40°C/75%RH) for six months and results were compared with initial results. Key words: Delayed release, multi unit particulates (MUPS), Wurster technology, Sugar spheres #50/60, Eudragit L30 D55, Q point at 30minutes NLT 75±5 %, 0.1N HCl, pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.

4334-4342

Authors: K. Ganesan, S. Kaveriammal and S. Sridhar*

The present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and their inhibitions way were investigated by Ethyl acetate extract of Cyclea peltata. Initially the phytochemical analysis was performed to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the inflammatory activity. These plant possessed alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid and polyphenols, glycosides. Among the phytochemicals identified flavonoid extract found to have higher antiinflammatory activity against inflammatory enzymes like cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase. The strategies of in-vitro cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity were used to evaluate the efficacy of these compounds as antiinflammatory properties. The Ethyl acetate extracts of Cyclea peltata was studied, effective antibacterial activity by using the disc diffusion method. The Bacteria used for the determination of antibacterial activities were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Key words: Cyclea peltata, flavonoid, Staphylococcus, Ethyl acetate, cycloxygenase, anti-inflammatory

4350-4355

Authors: Ashtari faranak , Afshari Poorandokht *, Najar Shahnaz

Introduction: In each of the four stages of labor, including dilatation, embryo withdrawal, placental withdrawal, and an hour after labor, there is a potential for multiple complications that can lead frequent increase in maternal mortality and morbidity. Despite the vital importance of maternal control at the first hour after labor, referred to as the fourth stage of delivery due to its importance, unfortunately, there are still few studies with emphasis on the fourth stage of labor in the world and Iran. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the management procedure for the fourth stage of labor in Khuzestan Province. Method: This study was a descriptive study conducted on 14 randomly selected hospitals in Khuzestan. The information form used was a researcher-made form, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed by content validity and simultaneous observation. The researcher completed the first part questions after entering the delivery department, and then then personally observed the process of controlling parturient woman from the beginning of the fourth stage and completed other parts of the information form in accordance with the measures taken by the childbirth agents. Results: Uterine massage was immediately performed after labor and follow-up on the basis of the routine of the hospital and not according to the country's protocol of natural delivery. Inadequate care needed in the early hours after delivery, during which the highest maternal mortality and maternal complications occur, was seen in a number of cases. Family planning education, baby care, postpartum nutrition and personal health care were performed in 64.9%, 67.7%, 59% and 77.8% of deliveries, respectively. Conclusion: It is recommended that authorities put emphasis on the implementation of childbirth practices consistent with the national protocol for normal delivery and the assessment of maternity hospitals based on this protocol. Keywords: Fourth stage of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, maternal postpartum education

4365-4369

Authors: J. Lavanya*, S. Arshiya Banu, A.Lokesh, S. Asadulla2, M. Venkata Subbaiah

Thalassemia syndromes are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by inherited mutations that decrease the synthesis of adult haemoglobin, Hb-A [alpha2 beta2]. Depending on whether the genetic defect or deletion lies in transmission of alpha or beta globin chain genes, thalassemia are classified in to Alpha and Beta Thalassemia. Materials and methods: A Retrospective study was carried out in RIMS Kadapa for two months. Patient demographic details, type of thalassemia, prevalence of thalassemia, Hb levels, known & new cases were collected. Results: A total of 139 cases were diagnosed as having thalassemia in between February 2017 – March 2017. Among which 55 cases were seen in between 11-15 years followed by 6-10 years [38cases] later 0-5 years [38 cases] , 16-20 years [2 cases] 31-35 years[1case]. Highest number of cases was observed in males [91 cases] than females [48]. In our study we couldn't identify type of thalassemia in 122 cases as it was not written in the case sheets. Conclusion: There is a urgent need for making the people aware of this threatening disease Thalassemia, as this disease increasing day by day in the population silently. Health education programmers in the society may reduce the burden of the disease. Moreover, the complications of Thalassemia are one of the major problem on which one has to focus. Diagnosis of Thalassemia, treatment in the early phase may reduce the economic burden and complications in the society. Key words: Alpha thalassemia, Beta thalassemia, RBC destruction, Anemia.

4387-4396

Authors: Leila Hosseini, Hossein Vatanpour*, Mehdi Mohammadzadeh, Mohamadreza Abdolahi, Rita Motidostkomleh

Objectives: the economic impact of smoking on developing countries such as Iran has not been well documented still. This study aimed to develop the estimates of the direct costs of medicine for smoking in Iran during 2014. Methods: A prevalence-based approach was used to estimate the annual costs of smoking. Then, an econometric model was applied to estimate the Smoking-Attributable Fraction (SAF) for direct costs (prescription medicine) of smoking-attributable diseases. A variety of sociodemographic, economic, and behavioral factors were controlled by the model. Results: In 2014, the estimated proportions of medicine expenditures attributable to smoking in Tehran (capital of Iran) were totally 8% for chemotherapy and 1% for other medical treatments. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking was found to account for a significant portion of national medical expenditure. The varied range across the individuals was due to the difference in smoking prevalence, health status, and other socioeconomic variables used in the model. The cost methodology presented here can be useful for policy-making. The levels of cigarette taxes and other policies relevant to smoking can be assessed through cost estimates. Keywords: Smoking-attributable fraction, smoking-related disease, cost-based treatment, health policy

4411-4414

Authors: Soumya Shaji*, Christy Sara Andrews, Adith Pillai, Alwin Jose, Rinto Paul Raju, Robin Jose, S .Hemalatha

Background:High alert medications are drugs with narrow margin of safety and require heightened vigilance. Although any drugs used improperly can cause harm, high-alert medications cause patient harm more likely when used in error and the harm they produce is likely to be more serious and leads to patient suffering and additional costs associated with care of these patients. Objective: To ensure safe medication practices and to eliminate medication errors that cause harm to the patients and standardize high-alert medication-handling practices Methodology It is a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital for period of 3 months.75 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in study and conducted by using a high alert medication audit tool Result: Among the high alert drugs collected, it was observed that anti-thrombotics [34.57%] was found to be highly used as it place an effective role in orthopaedics and cardiac cases followed by opiods and narcotics 24.77%. Conclusion: Educational classes should be provided for all medical proffesionals who handling these medications thus medication errors can be reduce thus the significant injury cause by this drug can be prevented. Keywords: High alert medication, patient harm,educational classes.

4420-4423

Authors: Vladimir F. Kulikovsky, Alexander V. Soloshenko, Alexander A. Karpachev, Andrei L. Iarosh, Sergey B. Nikolaev, Anjela V. Gnashko

We carried out the retrospective analysis of the results of treatment of 386 patients with periampullary cancer, complicated by obstructive jaundice. All patients were divided into two groups: the first group included patients who underwent traditional surgical interventions, and the second group included endoscopic transpapillary surgeries. Pancreas head cancer was detected in 177 patients, major duodenal papilla cancer - in 145, cancer of the common bile duct terminal portion - in 64 patients. Duration of the bile ducts obstruction lasted from 3 to 45 days. The presence of obstructive jaundice in this category of patients was considered an indication for performing endoscopic transpapillarydecompressive interventions, regardless of whether the volumetric formation was determined in the projection of the major duodenal papilla. The authors showed that the endoscopic transpapillary interventions are the main method of decompression of the biliary tree, enabling to completely abandon the performance of traditional surgical interventions with unresectable cancer of organs of the pancreatoduodenal region complicated by obstructive jaundice. Key words:endoscopy interventions, periampullary carcinoma, obstructive jaundice

4429-4435

Authors: Sareh Rahimi1*, Hamid Reza Ebrahimi1

Introduction: The side products of cellule metabolism like ORSs can damage DNA alkalis and cause restrain in simulation. To avoid any kind of damages and disturbances in cellules they should be controlled and eliminated. Active kinds which are produced in stress oxidation can cause damages to DNA and so they are mutagenic which can prevent cellule dying, increase in reproduction, invasion and metastasis. Different fruits' juices especially pomegranate juice is studied as anti-oxide synthesis that cause better anti-oxide condition and prevent DNA break. Yet black grape juice is a natural one that contains the most beneficent group of flavonoids and pro anti cyanide oligomers. Grape (vitis vinifera) is one of the most different fruits that are used fresh or processed. The stone and peel of black grape contains active compounds specially flavonoid, anthocyanidin, pro anthocyanidin, pro cyanidin and resveratrol that are strong eliminators for free radical. Because of the importance of genome protection, in this study the protective effect of black grape juice as a resource of anti-oxidant in controlling the DNA break is discussed. Materials and Methods: pBR322 plasmid and a nucleotide sequence which is reproduced from ITGB3 gene has been chosen as a model of PCR output. Some kinds of DNA were exposed to different density of black grape juice. Results: According to results of this study, the best concenteration of black grapes juice for prevention of DNA damage of genomic DNA and plasmid pBR322 were 3.100 and 1.100 respectively. Conclusion: The results indicatedthat the antioxidant activity of black grapes juice can inhibit the production of free radicals and DNA damage. Key words: DNA damage, Fenton reaction, black grape juice, ITGB3 gene, Antioxidant activity, Free radical

4442-4448

Authors: Sareh Rahimi1*, Hamid Reza Ebrahimi1

This study has the goal of investigating the effectiveness of sexual education concentrated on cognitive schemas on sexual functioning and emotional regulation in women. The method used here was Semi-experimental research with pre-test - post-test and with a control group. The statistical population is all the female students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz during the years of 2015 and 2016. Sampling was done by available method and sexual performance index questionnaire of Rosen et al and emotional regulation of Granvesky from 30 respondents who got the lowest score, and then they were divided into two groups of test and control. Test group got 10 sessions, each one and a half hour, of sexual education based on cognitive schemas, but the control group received no intervention. After the sessions the post-test was taken and the data was analyzed by covariance analysis. The results show that sexual education concentrated on cognitive schemas has significant effects on sexual functioning of women, also the effect of sexual education concentrated on cognitive scheme on emotional regulation of women was significant. Keywords: sexual education, cognitive schemas, sexual functioning, emotional regulation

4454-4458

Authors: Aziz Shahraki vahed, Hossein Shahdadi, Ali Mansouri*, Mohammadreza Firouzkouhi, Abdolghani Abdollahimohammad

Introduction and Objective: The topic of professional ethics has been considered in different countries and professional groups and different languages. It is necessary for the medical profession students to increase their skills in this area, while being aware of the principles of professional ethics. Therefore, the current research was conducted due to the importance of this issue and since no study has been conducted regarding nursing & midwifery faculty students’ knowledge of the principles of professional ethics in Zabol. Materials & Methods: This is a semi-experimental study conducted in in the form of group trail with pre-workshop and post-workshop method on Nursing and Midwifery Faculty students of Zabol University of Medical Sciences, with cooperation of professors of the Nursing and Midwifery students for four months. After coordinating with the education department and professors of the faculty and announcing the holding the workshop for each academic level, subjects received the training and film for 21 days from 8am to 12am in 20-subject groups and each group in two days for four hours in the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that out of 300 participants in the training workshop of professional ethics, majority of people (66%) were female, and 60% stated that they did not have information about training and guiding the patients, and after the workshop, 97% of them stated that patient training is one of the requirements for patient knowledge. Before the workshop, the students' knowledge of stating the professional errors report was 30%, while it as 100% after the workshop. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between the variables of academic semester and ethnicity and the mean score of knowledge of professional ethics. Conclusion: The findings of the research indicate that it is necessary to increase the training courses of the professional ethics for all students of different medical sciences. Therefore, observing the principles of professional ethics in students will result in providing desirable services and patients’ satisfaction. Keywords: Professional ethics, student, nursing, midwifery, training workshop, principles

4467-4472

Authors: Shahraki Vahed Aziz, Allah_yari Jasem, Sargolzaei MohammadSadegh*, Mansouri Ali, Harati Qhadir

Introduction and Objective: Self-care and sleep are essential factors for improving quality of life and reducing the complications of the disease in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-care behaviors and sleep quality in diabetic patients referring to Zabol Diabetic Clinic in 2017. Method: The present study was a descriptive-analytic research. 80 patients who referred to Zabol Clinic of Diabetes were selected by census. Then, data were collected using some questionnaires including demographic information, summary of self-care behaviors and Pittsburgh sleep quality .collected data were analyzed using SPSS23 software and descriptive statistical tests, independent t-test and Spearman correlation. Results: The level of self-care behaviors in 52.1% of patients was reported as semi-desirable while it was reported to be poor in 16.5% of them. Sleep quality was conveyed in 96.3% of patients in the semi-desirable state and it was reported to be well in 3.8% of them. Reverse relationship and significant statistical difference was shown by Spearman correlation coefficient between the score of self-care behaviors and sleep quality scores (r = -0.4, p = 0.000). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that patients who gained a higher score in sleep quality, were at a lower level in terms of self-care behaviors. Training in the field of Self-care behaviors is recommended to improve the quality of sleep in diabetic patients. Keywords: Self-care, Sleep quality, Diabetic patients

4482-4490

Authors: Meraj Fatima, Nikhath Begum, Syeda Fathima Sultana Safura, Syeda Saleha Farheen Syeda Rana Nikhat*

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients develop chronic complications, which are the leading causes of premature mortality among them. The contribution of poor glycemic control and other risk factors must be identified so that preventive strategies can be considered. This observational study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and identify the various risk factors for these complications. Methodology: A Prospective observational non-invasive study carried out with established type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in the Department of General Medicine in Osmania General Hospital, for a period of 6 months. In patients and Out patients of either gender with more than 30 years of age were included. Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, any other severe illness and pregnant diabetics were excluded. The selected patients were observed for presence of Microvascular and Macrovascular complications by making enquiries and collecting data in a data collection form designed for the recording all the relevant parameters and diagnosis. Morisky Medication Adherence scale MMAS-4 was used for assessing medication adherence. Results and Observations: During the study period a total of 200 Diabetic Patients were enrolled. Amongst the total participants, 135 subjects were with Diabetes Mellitus complications Out of which 115 were males and 20 were females and remaining 65 subjects with Diabetes Mellitus are without complications. The Cerebrovascular disease (32.8%) has highest prevalence followed by Coronary Artery Disease (28%) Diabetic Nephropathy (14.8%), Diabetic Foot (13.3%), Diabetic Neuropathy (7.4%) and Diabetic Retinopathy (4%) which are associated with various risk factors. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of Macrovascular complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. It is found that cerebrovascular disease and Coronary artery disease were the most prevalent of all the complications of diabetes in the study population. Low medication adherence, Body Mass Index (BMI), Family History of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, History of Hypertension are the significant risk factors in our study. The progression of most complications can be halted or delayed if detected early and appropriate therapy is instituted. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Complications, Macrovascular, Micro vascular and Risk Factors.

4502-4507

Authors: Alwin Jose*, Christy Sara Andrews, Robin Jose, Rinto Paul Raju, Soumya Shaji, Hajasherief S, Sivakumar T

Empirical treatment is given without knowledge of the cause or nature of the disease and based on experience rather than logic. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics create a challenge for clinicians when treating a patient with infection and thereby empirical antimicrobial therapy is important as it decreases the emerging resistance and reduce the economic burden to society. This study was done among 75 patients for 2 months to analyse the empirical antimicrobials used in the medical intensive care unit. It was found from the study that lungs was the major site of infection and E.coli was the most grown microorganism in the culture. In the treatment with empirical antimicrobials, azithromycin was the most common antibiotic used among the patients and there was no change in the treatment pattern after obtaining the culture results. Key words: Empirical Antimicrobials, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Escalation, De-escalation, Culture

4517-4523

Authors: Farah Deeba*, Nadia Ali , Khalid Khan

The importance of school environment in to of students in secondary schools today in particular cannot be overemphasized. Participation in sport reduces the time off the classroom and shifts the student's attention from the study. They added that it was not probable for students to attain superiority and gratification in sports as well as in schooling. Researchers showed that extracurricular (sport and physical) activity participation was positively related to Grade Point Average, educational aspirations, educational /occupational attainment, and standardized achievement test scores. This study was done in different government and Private high schools comprised of both genders i.e., male and female from Quetta city were included as papulation in this research. Questionnaire responses were recorded to analyze sports impact on education. Most of respondents 49 (42.2%) strongly agreed on participation in sports activities has a link with academic's achievements. Current findings showed respondents were agreed on students participating in sports activities get good marks than those not participating in sports activities which is consistent with findings where they observed contribution in school sports, solely with other additional actions, is related with higher levels of psychosocial functioning and strong conduct than participation in other supplementary doings alone or nonparticipation. Participation in these activities improves mental development or cognition of students, grade point average and test scores. These activities have a positive effect on the memory and concentration of students in education. Key words: Sports, Participation, Academic Performance, Secondary

4532-4539

Authors: Firooz Baharvand, Salah Pouya, Khabat Ahmadi, Hadis Alipoor, Soran Mowlaie*

In the current situation of increasing competition in most industries, reaching the saturation stage, increasing international interactions, invasion of imported products and price pressures, the sales department is the front-line area confronting customers. The performance of the sales department staff has been brought into focus due to its importance and sensitivity. Considering the importance of this issue, identifying the relationship of neuromarketing and sales skills with customer behavior were regarded on behavioral performance and feedback of sales staff members in the form of a descriptive-correlational study at the bank insurance agencies of Tehran; accordingly, a conceptual framework was designed with three dimensions of neuromarketing, sales communication skills and customer behavior. Standard questionnaires in proportion to the research variables were distributed in the active agencies in Tehran and 290 questionnaires were eventually collected. The methods of mean, correlation and path analysis were used for data analysis. The results of data analysis indicated that the research hypotheses were accepted. In conclusion, some suggestions have been made for future researchers to improve research variables. Key Words: Neuromarketing, sales skills, customer behavior, bank insurance

4546-4550

Authors: Dr. Sanam Khan, Dr. Jai Parakash, Dr Chetan Das, Dr. Priya hotwani, Dr. Suresh Kumar Rathi

Acute Poisoning in children is still an important public health problem and represents a frequent cause of admission in emergency rooms . Objective: To determine the frequency of pattern and factors leading to acute poisonings and outcome in children presenting to emergency room at tertiary care hospital Method: A descriptive study conducted in national institute of child health from September 10, 2015 to March 09, 2016. All children age 2 to 12 years with history of accidental poisoning and with duration of ingestion less than 6 hours were enrolled. Descriptive and bivariate analysis has been conducted through SPSS. Results: Kerosene was the most factor observed in 69 (47.3%) patients, organophosphorus 37 (25.3%), alkali 28 (19.2%) and acid in 12 (8.2%) patients. Majority of the children admitted for > 24 hours due to acute poisoning. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed kerosene as the most common pattern. Awareness generation and interventions are the need of hour. Keywords: Kerosene oil, Poisoning, emergency room

4563-4565

Authors: Sreeram vandavasi guru*,G. Ramya Sree, P. Vinod Kumar,P. Gowtham Reddy

Gynacomastia is a rare condition in males with a symptom of enlarged breast tissue size. It is generally caused by altered ratio of estrogens to androgens in the male individuals. A cause includes several diseases and nearly25% is associate with drugs. A mostly used drug that causes gynacomastia includes spironolactone, amlodepine, TCAs, and ketoconazole. It is a rare side effect. But it has a occurrence of 1% in amlodepine and 1.2% in spironolactone. Diagnosis is majorly done by presence of symptoms like increased breast tissue, and it should be differentiate with pseudo disease, and the increasing nature may be of one side or on both side of individuals. Presence of polactin secreting tumor may induce milk ejection from male breasts. Mostly it is resolved with in one to two months of discontinuation of suspected drug. Mastectomy is the only surgical procedure where the increased breast tissue is removed. Drugs like aromatase inhibitors, estrogen receptor modulators can also be used, but has no clinical practice in males

4580-4583 M

Authors: Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao*, S. Selva Kumar

The study of phytochemicals in plants has great significance in understanding their various medicinal properties. Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, quinons, proteins, cardiac glycosides of the whole plant extract of selected medicinal plant, Hygrophyla auriculata was performed. The plant was collected from paddy fields near Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. Ethyl acetate was used as solvent. Alkaloids and proteins were present in abundant amounts whereas tannins and quinones were absent. Other phytochemicals, namely, saponins, flavonoids, terpinoids, steroids and cardio glycosides were present in moderate amounts. This knowledge could be of great value for ascertaining the medicinal role of this plant. Keywords: Phytochemicals, Hygrophyla auriculata, Ethyl acetate, flavonoids, Terpenoides, Saponins.

4590-4594

Authors: Iniya Udhaya, C. and John Peter Paul J*.

In the present study, the preliminary phytochemical constituents were screened from Gracilaria cylindrica Boergesen from Koothankuzhi, Tirunelveli district in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was conducted in seven extracts namely methanol, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, benzene and hexane by Harborne method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanin, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, diterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, phlobatannins, steroids, quinones, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Alkaloids showed the maximum presence being found in seven different extracts, followed by cardiac glycosides, coumarins and flavonoids in six extracts, phenols, saponins and steroids in five extracts, glycosides and tannins in four extracts, anthocyanin and diterpenes in three extracts, anthraquinones, phlobatannins, quinines and terpenoids in two extracts. From the results, it was concluded that the extracts of Gracilaria cylindrica Boergesen was found to be the presence of a number of active secondary metabolites. This report will lead to the isolation and characterization of these active secondary metabolites for bioefficacy and bioactivity. Keywords: Phytochemical, Seaweed extracts, Gracilaria cylindrica, Tamil Nadu

4600-4609

Authors: Hossein Shahdadi, Zeinab Zare*, Mojgan Rahnama, Abdolghani Abdollahi Mohammad

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is one of the most important causes of disability among the elderly, which causes pain, decreases the quality of life, and increases the dependence. Herbal medicine, as one of the nursing interventions, eliminates the symptoms of pain and, as a result, improves health. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of the use of broccoli and turmeric on reducing the pain of joints in the elderly with knee osteoarthritis. Method: The randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. The participants were divided into three groups; 20 controls, 20 broccoli recipients and 20 turmeric recipients. In this study, broccoli as 10 gr powder, and turmeric as 180 mg gelatin capsule were provided to the elderly. They were examined for 4 weeks. Also, koos questionnaire was used to determine the pain. Findings: Findings of the study showed that there was no significant difference in pain intensity in broccoli, turmeric and control groups before intervention (P-value> 0.05). According to the paired t-test, the severity of pain in the three groups was statistically significant after the intervention (P-value <0.05) Also, the Bonferroni test showed a significant difference between the control and broccoli groups after intervention (P-value <0.05) However, there was no significant difference between pain severity in control and turmeric, turmeric and broccoli groups after intervention (P-value> 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that any of the above interventions (Turmeric and Broccoli) can reduce the pain of knee joints in the elderly withosteoarthritis.Given that the effect of broccoli and turmeric was at the same level, and many elderly people cannot use turmeric, broccoli is suggested to be included in the elderly diet. Keywords: Broccoli, Sulforaphane, Knee pain, Elderly, Osteoarthritis, Turmeric

4615-4618

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian, Sepideh Amouzadeh, Jasem Mohamadi*

Infections are one of the most common causes of death in infancy. 2% of embryos and 10% of newborn infants are afflicted with infection during the first 6 months of life. Blood culture is one of the most important diagnostic methods in severe infections. The aim of this study was conducted investigate positive blood cultures in infants admitted to NICU of Mustafa-Khomeini Hospital, Ilam. The present descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in Mustafa-Khomeini Hospital Laboratory on all infants admitted to the NICU in May and September 2016 whose pediatricians requested a blood culture. For this purpose, required blood samples were collected. blood cultures were rapidly transferred to the laboratory, where it was transferred to the 37c° carburetor and the microbial examination was carried out. The interpretation of real and fake positive cases was conducted based on clinical and laboratory symptoms. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test. 185 infants blood samples, of which 87 (47.1%) cases were boy and 98 (52.9%) cases were girl, were examined in the present study. The highest frequency of differential diagnosis of the type of microorganisms was related to Staphylococcus-Epidermidis and the lowest frequency was related to E.coli. The results of the present study are based on the high incidence of false positives in the blood culture of the neonates in the early stages, which impose huge costs on the therapeutic system, wasting time and manpower and worsening of the treatment process. Therefore, it is essential to establish better coordination between the clinical and laboratory departments and medical centers. It is also necessary to educate health personnel in order to collect blood sample with utmost precision and do their best to maintain proper blood stream. Keywords: Positive Blood Cultures, Infants, NICU, Ilam, Iran

4626-4639

Authors: V. B. Khot*, D.A. Bhagwat, J. I. D’Souza, S. S. Shelake, S. V. Patil

The purpose of this study was to optimize the best granulation techniques for development of tablet dosage form. The present study explains comparative study of different wet granulation techniques including Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation, Fluid bed granulation with Direct compression method. Similar formulations were used to evaluate Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation and Fluid bed granulation method. The granules prepared by different techniques were evaluated for particle size distribution, porosity, spherisity, bulk density, flow property and compressibility, compatibility and tablet properties of Diclofenac sodium tablet. The fluid bed granulation technique had superior flow properties, compressibility, compactibility measured by Kawakita, Hekel, Walker and Leuenberger equation. The granules prepared by Fluid bed granulation showed better tablet properties (weight uniformity, hardness, friability and disintegration, drug content, dissolution) and accelerated stability study compared to other granulation techniques so finally, it was concluded that Diclofenac sodium tablets prepared by using fluid bed granulation which meets the required specification compared to other wet granulation techniques and direct compression method. Key words: Granulation technique, Flowability, compressibility, compactibility, Diclofenac sodium tablet.

4635-4643

Authors: Kiamars Hajizadeh and Gholamhossein Barekat *

Introduction: Medical sciences universities are the places where specialized and committed workforces required by the society in such fields as healthcare and treatment are fostered and educated. Thus, the present study aims at investigating the application status of knowledge management and its relationship with learning organization amongst the nonacademic staff members of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciencesi n southwest Iran. Materials and Methods: The study population of the present descriptive research included all of the nonacademic staff members working in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. A total of 180 employees were selected based on a simple randomized method as the study sample volume. Two questionnaires, namely the learning organization questionnaire and knowledge management questionnaire, were employed to collect the data. The data extracted were analyzed in SPSS, ver. 21. Findings: The results of the study hypotheses analyses by the use of one-sample t-test indicated an intermediate score for all of the five components of learning organization, i.e. personal mastery, mental model, shared vision, team learning and systems thinking. Also, the results of the correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive relationship between the five learning organization components and the knowledge management. The results of the regression analyses indicated that systematic thinking and mental patterns are the best predictors of knowledge management. The significance level was set as 0.05. Discussion and Conclusion: Since the scores obtained for organizational learning and knowledge management were in an unacceptable level and the today’s world is currently bearing witness to very rapid variations in various areas of science and technology, it is necessary for the nonacademic staff members of the university to have plans for creating learning and knowledge as well as knowledge distribution and transfer in the organization. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Learning organization, Ahvaz, Iran.

4644-4650

Authors: P. V. Raut*, P. S. Bodakhe, S. A. Waghmare, D. T. Tayade

A novel series of 2-substitutedguanidino-4-substitutedimine-6-sub-stitutedimino-1,3,5- thiadiazines (IIIa1 -e 5 ) have been recently synthesized by refluxing N-methylformamidino-N’- phenyliminothiocarbamide also called as 1-(N-substitutedcarbamimidoyl)3-{N-(E)- substitutedmethylidinecar-bamimidoyl}thiourea (Ia-e) with various isocyanodichloride (II1-5) in acetone-ethanol medium in 1:1 molar proportion. The structure of all the synthesized compounds was justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. Keywords: Guanidine, 1,3,5-thiadiazines, acetone, ethanol etc.

4651-4657

Authors: Mohammad Attarfar, Seyed Kazem Foroutan, Latif Gachkar, Mohammad Kamalinejad, Sohrab Dehghan, Fateme Ashrafzade, Mahmood Khodadoost

Introduction: erectile dysfunction (ED) is a growing problem worldwide. It is age related and the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by older patients to improve their sexual function has become common. Since Persian Medicine (PM) is one of three popular medical schools with its special view point of etiology, classification of disease, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches; current study is designed to clarify clinical characteristics of ED in PM. Methods: information on erectile dysfunction, sexual dysfunction and their related signs, symptoms and clinical tests was obtained from original documents and manuscripts; Moreover, we investigated the utilization of these findings in conventional medicine through searching PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Results: there is a rich human heritage still unstudied in PM dating back to ancient times. In PM documents, 35 clinical finding of ED were identified, about half of theme is objective, and while we still use most of Subjective ones in current patient report outcomes. Conclusions: diagnosis of ED in PM is logically like conventional medicine; however, its classification of ED is different because PM believes in etiology, therefore due to lack of research on clinical assessment methods, more investigations are required to evaluate PM diagnostic procedures and treatment tactics. Keywords: Persian Medicine; Arabic Medicine; Unani Medicine; Erectile Dysfunction; Impotence; Signs and Symptoms

4658-4663

Authors: Amane Sheikh, HosseinShahdadi*, MozhganRahnama, AbdolghaniAbdollahi Mohammad

Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most serious chronic diseases, and diabetic people are more likely to be exposed to cardiac, neurological, renal and ocular complications. High level of triglycerides is the most common form of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Also, Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a glucose marker for diagnosing type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to conduct a comparative study on the effect of pears and Psyllium Powder on triglycerides and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 120 patients were randomly selected from among type II diabetic patients who were under the care of Imam Khomeini Diabetes Clinic in Zabol. They were divided into three groups of control, pear takers, and psyllium powder takers.The purpose of the research was explained and informed consent of the patients were obtained. After measuring fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and HbA1c,pear grouptook 300 mg of pears per day and psyillium group took 28 g of the fluid twice a day for one month.After the end of the study period, all pre intervention indices were measured again and the data were analyzed. Results: The mean of HbA1c decreased by 0.96 after taking pears. The mean of triglyceride decreased by 34.9% after taking pears.As a result, eating pears decreases the amount of triglyceride and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. The mean of HbA1c decreased by 0.47 after taking psyllium powder. The mean of triglyceride decreased by 42.98 after taking psyllium powder.It can be concluded thatpsyllium powder reduces triglyceride and HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Pears and psyllium powder have a significant effect on the reduction of triglyceride and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, pears were more effective than psyllium in the reduction of triglyceride and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes.Pears, along with other commonly used treatments, can be used as a complementary therapy for type 2 diabetic patients. Key words: Psyllium powder, Triglyceride, Type II diabetes, HbA1c, Pear

4664-4671

Authors: Hossein Shahdadi , Sadegh Dehghan Mehr* , Mojgan Rahnama, Mahdi Afshari

Introduction: Major thalassemia is the most severe form of thalassemia, in which the life of patient necessarily depends on the regular infusion of blood. Blood transfusion in thalassemic patients has led to iron accumulation. The effect of green tea on the reduction of iron overload in animal samples has been confirmed. Green tea is also beneficial in the treatment and prevention of many diseases due to its antioxidant properties. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of green tea iron overload deficiency in patients with thalassemia. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 50 patients with thalassemic patients undergoing blood transfusion therapy in Zabol, Iran. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of green tea and control. At first, the demographic characteristics form was completed by patient records and the level of serum ferritin was measured before the intervention, then the patients in the intervention group received 2 grams of green tea provided by the researcher daily, three times, after each main meal for a month and after the intervention, the level of serum ferritin was measured. To measure serum ferritin, Elisa method and Tecan a-55-82 were used. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.Results: The mean serum ferritin in the green tea group decreased significantly after the intervention (p <0.05). Also, in the control group, the mean serum ferritin level increased significantly after the intervention (p <0.05) compared to before the intervention (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean serum ferritin in the two groups (p = 0.109). However, there was a significant difference between the mean serum ferritin in the two groups, after the intervention (p <0.05).Conclusion: Our study provides valid evidence that green tea reduces serum ferritin in patients with major thalassemia. Therefore, with consideration of other beneficial effects of green tea, it is recommended that this tea with iron chelators to be used in thalassemic patients to reduce the iron overload. Keywords: iron overload, green tea, thalassemia, serum ferritin

4673-4681

Authors: G.Venkata Ramana and T.Mangilal

Fluconazole is a first-generation triazole antifungal medication that generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal infections. These are generally seen in patients who are immune compromised, and include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and certain emerging fungal infections. In the present study buccal drug delivery of Fluconazole was developed to overcome the first pass metabolism and to reduce the frequency of dosing compared to oral route. Matrix type of buccal patches were developed by using polymers HPMCK4M and HPMCK100M.Buccal patches were prepared by employing solvent casting method. Propylene glycol and Tween80 were selected as permeation enhancer and plasticizer. Drug excipient compatibility studies were carried out by using FTIR, and it was observed that there were no interactions. The formulations were prepared with the varying concentrations of polymers ranging from F1-F6, and all the formulations were evaluated for various parameters like Physical appearance, Flatness, Weight variation, Thickness, Folding endurance, Drug content, Moisture uptake, Moisture content and Swelling study and all the results were found to be within the pharmacopeial limits. Invitro drug release studies are done by using dialysis membrane. Among all the 6 formulations F6 formulation which contain HPMC K100M 500mg had shown 94.7% cumulative drug release within 12 hours. For F6 formulation release kinetics were plotted and the Regression coefficient value was found to be high for Korsmeyer-peppas release model i.e., 0.989. Key words: Fluconazole, HPMCK4M, HPMCK100M, Buccal Patches and Buccal Drug Delivery.

4688-4692

Authors: Ali Reza Derakhshan*, Mahmood Khodadoost, Mostafa Ghanei, Sohrab Dehghan

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most prevalent allergic disorder across the globe which has significant socioeconomic costs. In addition to direct and indirect costs, the disease also has hidden direct costs related to comorbid conditions. AR can result in several complications such as pharyngitis, sinusitis, asthma, otitis media, eczema and lymphoid hypertrophy. Although associations between AR and other airway disorders have been investigated for years, less attention has been focused on the association of this disease with non-respiratory disorders. Cosidering the fact that AR is rarely found in isolation and reprts of traditional Persian medical literatures on the relationship between rhinitis and joint disorders, this study aimed to investigate the link between AR and rheumatic disorders. In this regard, Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine which was a well known medical textbook until 17th century was reviewed. Modern medical databases were searched as well. The results of this study showed that as mentioned in the teachings of Avicenna, allergic rhinitis may have association with some rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain and gout. Findings that support this hypothesis include the wide range of symptoms and complications of allergic rhinitis, emphasizing the association by prominent medical scholars of the past like Rhazes and Avicenna, studies found an association between AR or chronic rhnosinusitis with rheumatic diseases and common cytokines and inflammatory biomarkers that serve similar roles in both allergic rhinitis and rheumatic diseases like IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-alpha. It is suggested that studies be conducted with the main aim of investigating the relationship between these diseases and evaluating underlying mechanisms. The result of such research can be helpful in finding new treatment modalities in both groups. Keywords: allergic rhinitis; rheumatic disorder; comorbidity, traditional medicine; Persian medicine; Avicenna

4693-4698

Authors: Neenu Paul*, Meekha Mary Varghese, Neenu Baby, Jithin Antony, Shaik Haja Sherief, Thangavel Sivakumar

Abstract: Background: Wheezing is a high pitched whistling sound that occurs when smaller airways are narrowed by presence of either bronchospasm, swelling of mucosal lining, excessive amounts of secretions, or inhaled foreign body. Childhood wheeze is triggered by inhaling certain substance such as animal dander, molds, cockroaches, pollen from plants, dust mites. An asthma attack can be induced or aggravated by direct irritants to lungs such as smoking, food allergy, air pollution. Objective: The aim of our study is to assess the environmental triggers associated with childhood wheeze and to educate caretakers based on life style modifications. Methods: A prospective observational study was done on environmental triggers associated with childhood wheeze in tertiary care hospital, Coimbatore during the period of 23rd January- 22nd July (6 months). The data was collected based on the validated checklist on triggers. Results and discussion: A total of 116 patients were enrolled in age group up to 3 years, 4 years to 8 years and 9 years and above. Among them, 66 were male and 50 were females. About 112 children were suffering from wheeze in childhood. The main triggers associated with wheeze were cold, allergen, weather, air pollution and dust allergy. Conclusion: we concluded that wheeze is triggered by substance such as weather, air pollution, dust, smoke, pet animals and allergens such as animal dander, mold, pollen from plants, dust mites Keywords: Wheeze, Triggers, Allergens, Children, Pollution.

4699-4704

Authors: K. Rajathi and A. Rajendran*

In this work, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via wet chemical method using imidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs), its activity on microorganism pathogens was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been employed for the characterization of structure and morphology of the synthesized ZnO particles. Diffraction analysis confirms the formation of cubic form and hexangular structures of nanoparticle, SEM analysis conforms the blossom like shaped morphology with nanosize is observed for the ZnO nanoparticles to IL1 and flake like shaped morphologies with IL2. Pure Ionic liquids and the as synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were screened for their antibacterial activities. In view of the results, among the nanoparticles, it appeared that nanoparticles prepared in ionic liquids with PF6 - are the most effective products against the tested bacterial strains compared with nanoparticles prepared in ionic liquids with BF4 - anion. Key Words: ZnO nano particles, ionic liquids, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Antimicrobial activity.

4705-4719

Authors: Pankaj Kumar*, Bharti Mangla, Satbir Singh, Arapna Rana

Different regulatory authorities regulate the drug development in various countries of the world. Various Regulatory authority for generic drug application Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Health Product and Food Branch (HPFB) Central Drug Standard of Organization (CDSO). Generic manufacturers may file an abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) that incorporates the safety/effectiveness data submitted by original innovator drug manufacturer and adds only bioequivalence studies. Therefore it is very difficult and challenging task to approve a drug by the manufacturing companies, simultaneously submitted in all the regulatory authorities. Regulatory authorities are responsible to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy including manufacturing, distribution of the drug product. There is lot of challenges for the pharmaceutical industry to development and filling of generic drug application, which can be overcoming by the common format of submission. This is due to the different regulatory procedure of the various countries. Through the international conference on harmonization (ICH) process common technical documents (CTD) has been developed for USA, EU, JAPAN, INDIA AND CANADA. There are few differences in the dossier submission for among these five regions. To development of any generic drug product still we need strategic planning by these regulatory authorities. Keywords: Generic drug, Regulatory authority, Drug development, FDA, ANDA, ICH

4720-4728

Authors: Dr. Zakiyeh Donyavi , Dr. Narges Heidari, Dr. Elham Khoshbin, Dr. Shahriar Shahriari , Dr. Maryam Farhadian, Dr. Rasoul Yousefi Mashouf , Dr. Mohammad Esmaeilzadeh*

Abstract: Introduction: Mineral trioxide aggregate [MTA] has extensive applications in endodontic treatment. Retro MTA, Ortho MTA and new endodontic cement [NEC] were also introduced to overcome the limitations of MTA. This study sought to compare the antibacterial activity of MTA, NEC, Ortho MTA and Retro MTA against common endodontic pathogens. Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on standard strains of Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces viscosus and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activity of the materials was tested using the disc diffusion method. Wells were created in Mueller Hinton agar plates inoculated with bacterial suspensions with 0.5McFarland concentration. The plates were incubated at 35°C for 18 hours and diameter of the growth inhibition zones was measured by a ruler. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test. Pairwise comparisons were done using Bonferroni test. Results: The mean diameter of the growth inhibition zone of E. coli was 2.916, 10.833, 10.333 and 7.25mmin presence of MTA, NEC, Retro MTA and Ortho MTA, respectively [P<0.05]; these values were 5.083, 8.916, 7.916 and 7.416mm, respectively for E. faecalis [P=0.17], 6.0, 8.916, 7.333 and 8.333mm, respectively for S. mutans [P<0.24] and 1.916, 8.083, 0 and 0.666, respectively for A. viscosus [P<0.05]. Antibacterial activity of all four materials was the same against E. faecalis and S. mutans. All materials showed limited antibacterial activity against A. viscosus except for NEC. Conclusion: Retro MTA and Ortho MTA had acceptable antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens [except for A. viscous] and thus, they can be used as an alterative to MTA in the clinical setting given that their other properties are confirmed to be optimal. Key words: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; Root Canal Therapy

4725-4733

Authors: Shirvani R, Dashtbozorgi B*, Latifi SM

Introduction: Military job and work environment in a way that creates a lot of stress for person. Attention to the mental health of military forces is an obvious case. Aim of this study is comparison of mental health staffs and soldiers in one of the Army units Ahvaz Iran. Methods: This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of all personnel staff and soldiers of one of the Army units in Ahvaz. Sample size was 250 (125 staff and 125 soldiers). In this study for gathering of information was used from general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Independent t-test for the quantitative variables and chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables. For analyze statistical data was used of statistical software SPSS version 20. Results: The means score of mental health was 40.27 for staff and 36.3 for soldiers that both were unhealthy level. Soldiers had higher levels of mental health (P-value = 0.004). This study showed that the majority of staff (97.6 percent) and soldiers (96.4 percent) had poor mental health condition. Majority of staff (59.8 percent) and majority of soldiers (70.7 percent) had mild level of psychological problems. Conclusion: Most military personnel in this study had unhealthy mental health conditions and the level of mental health problems were mild. Soldiers had higher levels of mental health. More attention has necessary for mental health in military environment, in particular psychological environment of constant military staff. Key Words: Mental health, Military Personnel , GHQ-28

4733-4742

Authors: Vroumsia Toua*, Adamou Ahmadou, Ndjonka Dieudonné

In order to seek an alternative to conventional means of small ruminants heamonchosis treatment and valorise biodiversity, an acute toxicity test was conducted by incubating adult worms of Haemonchus contortus in a Phosphate Buffered Saline culture medium, containing increasing concentrations of Burkea africana trunk bark extracts. The positive control consisted of a levamisole solution, while the negative control consisted of a PBS solution containing DMSO. The anthelmintic activity, assessed every 6 hours for 24 hours, was expressed as a percentage of mortality. The data obtained show that, the ethanolic extract of the bark of Burkea africana display anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. The average values of 18h-LC50 were of 0.56 ± 0.10 mg/ml for the levamisole and 0.75 ± 0.09 mg/ml for the peel. After 24 hours, the mean LC50 values were of 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/ml, for peel and 0.27 ± 0.09 mg/ml for levamisole. The LC50 variance analysis, both after 18 and 24 h, shows that there is no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of the bark and that of Levamisole. These results confirm the efficacy of the extract of Burkea africana, used in traditional medicine to treat diseases caused by nematodes. An acute toxicity test, performed on white mice (Mus musculus), revealed that Burkea africana ethanolic bark extract was not toxic at a dose of 2500 mg/kg body weight. Given these data, the ethanolic extract of Burkea africana bark could be envisaged as an alternative to conventional fight against small ruminant’s haemonchosis. Keywords: Acute toxicity, anthelminthic activity, haemonchosis, lethal concentration, Mus musculus, plant extract

4739-4744

Authors: Fadaei Dehcheshmeh, N.*, Mohammadi, P., Azmal, M., Goharinezhad, S.

An organization with high social capital can lead to blossoming of new ideas in people with impacts on information sharing and implicit and explicit knowledge transfer. The new ideas make creative people and this creates innovation and entrepreneurship in the organization in the same way. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between social capital and intrapreneurship in Health Department staff at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. This is a correlational descriptive study. The population consisted of 90 managers and experts at the Department of Health in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences selected by census sampling method. Data analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 16). Two valid questionnaires including social capital and intrapreneurship were used for data collecting. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and analytic statistics (Spearman correlation coefficient) were used. Mean social capital was 101.04 of a total of 155 points. Among the dimensions of social capital, relational dimension with a mean 46 out of 70 and structural dimension a mean 36.21 out of 55 was obtained, respectively. The cognitive dimension, with an average of 18.83 total score out of 30 was the least average. The mean of the intrapreneurship was 97.11 out of 155. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the social capital and its dimensions (cognitive, structural, and relational) with intrapreneurship (P<0.001). Information is exchanged more often in organizations with higher levels of participation, commitment, and trust. Finally, it makes the individual have a lot of time for thinking, creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Keywords: Social capital, Intrapreneurship, Health

4745-4750

Authors: Fatemeh Shobeiri, Fatemeh Noori, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi*, Younes Mohammadi

Preeclampsia is not only the most frequent obstetrical complication of pregnancy, it is also one of the three leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the group counseling on quality of life in pre-eclamptic women in Hamadan city, Iran. In a randomized controlled trial, 60 primigravida women with preeclampsia who were randomly allocated into two thirty-member groups of case and control. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Four Counseling sessions were performed in the case group. The control group received routine care. The Short-Form-12 Health Survey on general state of health was completed in both groups before and after intervention. Analyzing the data was performed by SPSS/20, using T test, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test. P-value < 0.05 was regarded as significant. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the study variables at baseline (P>0.05). The global health status quality of life, based on SF-12, developed significantly in the case group (2.4±0.7 vs. 3.7±0.5) compared to controls (2.3±0.7 vs. 2.9±0.7) (P<0.001). The case group was associated with substantial development in total score of functions and symptoms of quality of life (P<0.001). The statistically and clinically crucial developments were indicated in functions and symptoms of quality of life in response to pre-eclamptic women. Self-care skills of preeclamptic women and fetal health could be improved by counseling system. Keywords: Councelling, pre-eclampsia; Quality of Life; Pregnant women

4751-4756

Authors: Maryam Babaei, Maedeh Rahimi Mohseni, Kolsum Fadakar*

One of the most influential factors in adolescence is self-esteem which is influenced by many factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and perceived social support among high school students in Rasht. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 419 high school students in Rasht were randomly selected. The data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of three sections. The first part included the demographic characteristics of the students, the second part consisted of Coppersmith Self-Esteem inventory and the third section comprised the perceived social support standard questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered P<0.05. The results showed that the mean total self-esteem scores of the sample were (34.4±6.68) and the mean score of perceived social support was (15.47±3.37). Spearman test results showed that there was a significant relationship between the family support (R = 0.488 and P<0.0001), peer support (R=0.240 and P<0.0001) and self-esteem. Given that there is a significant relationship between selfesteem and social support, understanding the ways of enhancing social support and ultimately self-esteem can positively influence the transition to adolescence stage. Keywords: Self-esteem, Social support, Students

4757-4763

Authors: N.H.Bansod* and G.N.Chaudhari

The present study reports the synthesis of pure ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO (CZO) nanoparticles for structural and antibacterial applications. The samples were synthesized by simple, low cost, sol gel method. The characterization of synthesized nanocomposite were done by using various techniques such as X – ray diffraction (XRD) UV-Visible, Fourier Transform spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM). The antimicrobial activities of synthesized materials were determined against Gram-positive bacteria and Gramnegative bacteria by using disc diffusion method. The present study demonstrated that Copper doped ZnO (CZO) has remarkable antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains.

4764-4775

Authors: Tabeel tariq*, M.Adnan ateeq, Masood T.kiyani, Nazeer Ahmed, Farooq shahzad, M.Yousaf, I. A Sani, M. Murad, Asma Yousafzai, Nisar Ahmed, Dawood Shahid, Hummaira Sadaf

The coal sites of our country Pakistan especially Baluchistan and their micro flora have not been defined properly. However, it is thought to harbour a number of microbes including harmful, non-harmful gram positive, gram negative, acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halophiles, and thermophiles within itself. The proposed study aims to seek a cultural and diversified cataloguing of the entire micro flora present in the coal sites of Mach, Baluchistan. The study spreads to a timeline of 3 months and samples will be collected from Mach coal mine. Moreover, workers, who are suffering from lung diseases in particular were, will also be subjected to analysis to assess probable correlation with microbes. Total of 150 samples were collected in which 50 of coal dust samples were collected with sterilized swabs. 50 samples of airborne debris from mines sewerage water where collected in pre-sterilized Duran bottles. Moreover 50 sputum mine worker samples were collected in sterilized stomacher bag for isolation and correlation studies. Out of 150 samples we isolate different genera of kingdom monera which are related to coal mines and environment. Isolated microbes includes harmful, non-harmful gram positive, gram negative,acidophile, alkaliphilic, halophiles sulphur oxidising and thermophiles bacteria’s which perform different activities according to the atmosphere and offered nutrient’s .obligate acidophilic, heterotropic ,aerobic motile ,gram negative bacteria are generally found. Acidiothiobacillus species is major among them. Beside it, Pseudomonas, flavobacteriu species, shigella specie, vibrio parahaemolyticuc, Staphylococcal aureus and Escherichia coli colonies are also obtained. Microscopy performs for colony morphology. During microscopy we found different shapes of bacteria’s like rod, cocci, spring shape etc. Further more we perfume APi 20 kit test for some bacterial species and compile the results. The study concluded that coal mines are riche in microbial flora which is effective for coal miners and also for the GDP growth of the country. Somehow there are also harmful bacteria’s but they do not produce great impact on miner. Keywords: coal mine microbial flora , microscopy, biochemical tests

4773-4777

Authors: I. Infant Raj and B. Kiran Bala

In MRI image to breast cancer treatment earlier detection of disease which give the better solution to the problem for that process the proposed system deals with the feature extraction process from the given input image, Initially extract the edge as a feature next color as a feature and finally extract the texture as a feature and process the extract the schema from the image and compare among those feature extracted schema with proposed method like canny for edge detection algorithm, color for BWP algorithm and Texture for histogram algorithm and finally for comparison euclidean distance is used for the better result. To make the comparison among the result two important think should be taken is FAR and FRR for earlier detection of disease to solve the problem for the present day and take the better solution of the result for the system. Keywords: Edge, Color, Texture, MRI Image, Breast Cancer

4778-4780

Authors: Sandeep R. Kane and Somkant V. Jawarkar*

Helminthes are recognized as a major problem to livestock production throughout the tropics. Parasitic helminthes affect human being and animals by causing considerable hardship and stunted growth. Most diseases caused by helminthes are of a chronic and debilitating in nature. The parasitic gastroenteritis is caused by mixed infection with several species of stomach intestinal worms, which results weaknesses, loss of appetite, decreased feed efficiency, reduced weight gain and decreased productivity. We here in explore scientifically the anthelmintic potential of medicinal plant of India and substantiate the folklore claims. In present communication aqueous and ethanolic extract of Glochidion ellipticum Linn. were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli. Various concentrations were used in the bioassay, which involved paralysis and death time of the worms. Both the extracts showed significant anthelmintic activity. Keywords: Anthelmintic activity, Extracts, Glochidion ellipticum Linn; Ascardia galli, Pheretima posthuma.

4783-4789

Authors: Gholamhossein Barekat and Nastaran Sabbaghi *

Introduction: This study is carried out to investigate the simple and multiple relationships between spiritual leadership and organizational trust with job involvement among staff members of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, in Southwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were 384 non-faculty members of the university who were selected randomly from the community of about 7739 by using the Cochran formula. The subjects responded to the Spiritual Leadership Questionnaire of Fry et al. (2005), Edward Zukil Patrickjob involvement questionnaire (1984), and Morgan’s et al. (1998) Organizational trust scale. In order to analyze the data, in addition to descriptive methods (frequency, frequency percentage, ...), for analyzing the research hypotheses, inferential statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used by the means of SPSS-16 software. Results: The results showed that separately there is a positive and significant relationship between spiritual leadership, organizational trust, and job involvement. There is also a multivariate relationship between these variablesso that the results of regression analysis showed that one could predict the job involvementfrom spiritual leadership and organizational trust, while the share of spiritual leadership was higherso that 64% of job involvementvariance is explained by spiritual leadership. The significance level in this study was α = 0. 000. Discussion and Conclusion: By training the right leadership methods and raising the level of organizational trust in the staff, it is possible to improve their relationships with each other as well as to create an attachment to the job to improve their efficiency in the organization. Key Words: Spiritual Leadership, Organizational Trust, Job involvement, Employees, Ahvaz, Iran.

4791-4197

Authors: S. Amutha and S. Sridhar*

The green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is a convenient, economical, rapid and eco-friendly method compared to physical and chemical synthesis methods. In the present study iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by Murraya exotica L. leaves extract. The formation of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by the colour change and further characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, DLS and XRD. The morphology and the size of nanoparticles were analyzed by SEM and HR - TEM analysis. The antibacterial efficacy of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited considerable activity against the tested human pathogens. Our study shows that green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles can be a good source for alternative therapy of bacterial diseases. Key words: Green synthesis, iron oxide, nanoparticles, Murraya exotica, antibacterial efficacy

4804-4809

Authors: Sumathi R*and Anuradha R

The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective role of methanolic flower extract of Allamanda neriifolia on 1, 4 dichlorobenzene (DCB)-induced hepatotoxicity in rat model. 1,4 DCB administered rats (300mg/kg/b.wt which was dissolved in 1ml of corn oil by intraperitonial injection for 45 days) were pre treated with methanolic flower extract of Allamanda neriifolia (300 mg / kg body weight) for 45 days and sacrificed after 1,4 DCB intoxication. Results showed that 1,4 DCB caused a marked rise in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), as well as marked decrease in serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), PCV, WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin and platelet compared to controls. However pre treatment with A.neriifolia methanolic flower extract produced a significant decrease in the ALT and total cholesterol level and an increase in total protein, albumin and hematological parameters compared to DCB alone group. Taken these data together, it can be concluded that natural plant components such as A.neriifolia flowers could protect the liver against dichlorobenzene (DCB)-induced liver toxicity. Keywords: Allamanda neriifolia, 1, 4 Dichlorobenzene, methanolic extract, Hepatotoxicity

4815-4821

Authors: M.Prasanthi Evangelin* , S.Manohar Babu , Konda Ravi Kumar

Simple, specific, accurate and precise reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in tablet dosage form by reversed phase C18 column (Kromasil C18 5μ, 250 mm x 4.6 mm). The sample was analyzed using 0.1% OPA: Acetonitrile in the ratio of 55:45 as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection at 230 nm. Calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient (r2 ) 0.999 over a concentration range of 100-600 µg/mL for Sofosbuvir and 0.999 over a concentration range of 22.5-135 µg/mL for Ledipasvir. The retention time was found to be 6 min. The mean recoveries were found to be 99.10% and 99.30% for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be < 2.0% for both drugs. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the estimation of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in tablet dosage form. Keywords: Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir, RP-HPLC, Validation, Stability.

4826-4832

Authors: Gholamhossein Falahinia, Samira Vash, Maryam Farhadiyan, Azadeh Mozayanimonfared, Azim Azizi*

The pain resulting from enoxaparin injection is an undesirable experience that has not yet been effectively controlled in spite of the scientific advances. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of Syzygium gel on intensity of the pain induced by enoxaparin injection in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This clinical trial was performed with a crossover design in the Cardiology Department of Farshchian Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. Samples were obtained from the ACS patients through convenience method and assigned randomly into two groups of A and B. Prior to the initiation of the intervention, written informed consent was obtained from the participants. At the first step, intensity of the pain resulting from enoxaparin injection was assessed in both groups following receiving the routine pre-injection cares. Afterwards, as the second step, in group A, 1 cc of clove gel was applied topically in diameter of 3 cm 30 min before the injection, while 1 cc of lubricant gel was used in group B instead of the clove gel. Finally, in the third step, the intervention was swapped between the groups, and the intensity of injection-induced pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale immediately post-injection. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS, version 16. In the post-injection stage, the mean pain intensities were 5.95±1.78, 5.014±1.72, and 3.321±1.52 in the routine care, placebo, and Syzygium gel groups, respectively, indicating that Syzygium gel application significantly reduced the pain caused by enoxaparin injection (P<0.001). Syzygium gel could be administered by the nurses 30 min prior to enoxaparin injection. It could be considered as an effective and efficient local anesthetic for diminishing site-pain intensity. Furthermore, placebo can assuage pain in case analgesic medications are not available or are contraindicated. Keywords: Complementary Therapies, Pain, Syzygium, Enoxaparin, Acute Coronary Syndrome

4838-4846

Authors: Mahdi Biglarkhani, Mohammad Ali Amir Zargar, Fataneh Hashem-Dabaghian, Farshad Amini Behbahani, Azam Meyari, Omid Sadeghpour*

Urolithiasis is a common urological disease with considerable recurrence and morbidity which has affected human science ancient to now. Persian Medicine, an indigenous system of Iranian Traditional Medicine, offers vast herbal list for treatment of urinary stones. This review focuses on the most common antiurolithiatc medicinal plants mentioned in four major Persian literatures and their supporting new evidence and mechanisms of action. Medicinal plants mentioned in four main traditional manuscripts of Persian Medicine, including the books of «Canon of Medicine», «Liber Continens», «Zakhire Kharazmshahi» and «The Royal Book» for treatment of urinary stones were elicited. Then common antiurolithiatic herbs in all these four books were selected and searched in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Magiran and SID to find studies that confirmed their efficacy. The findings included over all 124 plants with antiurolithiatic activities that 8 herbs were common among the all four major traditional resources of Persian Medicine. Scientific findings have revealed that these plants control urolithiasis through different mechanisms of action contain diuretic activity, antioxidant activity, inhibition of inflammatory process, inhibition nucleation, Inhibition crystallization, inhibition crystal aggregation, reducing hyperoxaluria, reducing stone size and reducing urine supersaturation. According to this study, all of the cited common medicinal plants have antiurolithiatic phytochemical reveals. Investigation of Persian Medicine literatures can lead to the identification of effective natural medicines for the management of urolithiasis; however, conclusive confirmation of the efficacy and safety of these treatments needs more evaluations especially by future clinical trials. Key Words: Urinary Stone, Antiurolithiatic, Persian Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Medicinal Plant, Herbal Medicine.

4854-4858

Authors: M. J. Ansari

Nanoprecipitation technique for preparation of nanoparticles has emerged as one of the most viable methods of all available methods, owing to its advantages such as simple, rapid, economical and surfactant free preparation method. Several kinds of polymers, lipids, proteins, and cyclodextrins can be used as matrix for encapsulation of drug. Moreover, it can be employed to prepare nanoparticles of drug product itself without use of any polymer. Nanoprecipitation is achieved by slow addition of an organic solution of the polymer with or without drug in an aqueous solution (non-solvent) with moderate stirring at moderate temperature. Nanoparticles are hardened due to evaporation of organic solvent which are then collected by filtration, centrifugation or freeze drying. This article summarizes several parameters that may influence preparation of nanoparticles include types and proportion of solvent and anti-solvent, types and proportion of polymer and drug, rate of addition of solvent, stirring speed and processing temperature. Keywords: Nanoprecipitation, Nanoparticles, Nanocapsules, anti-solvent, stabilizers, surfactants

4868-4871

Authors: Dr. Nand Lal Seerani, Dr. Gordhan Soothar , Dr. Tarachand Devrajani , Dr. Sidra Ali ,Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah , Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch *

Objective: To evaluate the pulmonary changes in patients underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy at tertiary care hospital Patients and Methods: The patients underwent upper GI endoscopy were explored, enrolled and recruited in this six months cross sectional study after taking informed consent. The respiratory system examination was performed while before, during and after the SPO2 monitoring was done simultaneously by pulse oximetry. The data saved on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages was calculated. Results: The mean age ± SD for whole population was 53.98±7.96. Of fifty the de-saturation was identified in 22 patients of which mild oxygen desaturation (SPO2 < 95%) in 8 (36.3%) of the patients, moderate oxygen desaturation (SPO2 90- 95%) in 9 (40.9%) and severe desaturation (SPO2 <90%) in 5 (22.7%) patients. The mean ±SD for SPO2 % in male and female population before the procedure was 98.62± 1.21 and 98.85± 1.56 while during the procedure it was 93.42± 1.85 and 93.81± 2.95 whereas after the procedure was 96.98± 2.52 and 98.21± 1.21 respectively. Conclusion: The present revealed transient hypoxic events during endoscopy and did not lead to significant pathology. Thus in elderly subjects and the individuals with co-morbid conditions or in the patients with pre existing lung diseases oxygen saturation should be monitored during the endoscopic procedure. Keywords: Endoscopy, Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation and Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

4876-4879

Authors: Dr. Kiran Hafeez*, Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany , Dr. Shamsuddin Solangi , Dr.Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon , Dr. Imran Karim , Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the severity of serum C-reactive protein in relation to gender and duration of metabolic syndrome. Patients and Methods: The six months cross sectional study covers fifty individuals diagnose as metabolic syndrome visited / admitted at tertiary care hospital were enrolled and recruited in the study. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the IDF criteria. All the patients with metabolic syndrome was screened and evaluate for severity of serum C-reactive protein. The data saved on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages was calculated. Results: Total 98 patients were documented as raised CRP in patients with metabolic syndrome, of which 73 (74.5%) were females and 25 (25.5%) were males. The mean age ± SD for the population with raised CRP was 47.97±7.98 (years) while the mean ±SD for CRP 22.9±6.75 mg/L in patients with metabolic syndrome. In male population the raised serum CRP in terms of mild, moderate and severe was 12 (48%), 10 (40%) and 03 (12%) while in females population the raised serum CRP in terms of mild, moderate and severe was 35 (47.9%), 27 (36.9%) and 11 (15%) and the severity also directly proportional to the duration of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: It has been found that the serum CRP level is directly proportional to duration of metabolic syndrome. Keywords: Metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein.

4884-4888

Authors: Dr. Shewak Ram , Dr. Pooran Mal , Dr. Javed Altaf Jat , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To see the incidence of prostatic cancer in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms. Patients and Methods: The one year descriptive case series study was conducted in the department of Urology - Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro / Hyderabad. A total of 100 patients of age more than 50 years had lower urinary tract symptoms were included. The complete blood count (CBC), blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes,prostate specific antigen (PSA), random blood sugar (RBS), ultrasound abdomen and pelvis and prostatic biopsy were taken if required. The data variables with measurement scale were presented by their mean ± standard deviation and incidence of prostatic cancer was presented as percentages. Results: Incidence of prostate cancer in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms was observed in 8.0%. Significant association of prostate carcinoma was observed with age groups, IPSS score, prostate weightandserum PSA level. Conclusion: It is concluded that our findings have implications for clinical practice: as the value of population-based PSA screening has yet to be demonstrated in randomized controlled trials. LUTS severity should not be used as a sole criterion of whether or not to screen for early prostate cancer. Key Words: Prostatic carcinoma, Lower urinary tract symptoms, Transrectal ultrasound sonography, Digital rectal examination, Biopsy