INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

3787-3791

Authors: Orogu J.O.*, Akpobire D. and Adebisi O.O

The comparative study of the bacteriological quality of new naira notes and naira currencies in circulation was carried out with a view to access the bacteriological quality of the Nigerian currency note in Nigeria and to compare the bacteria load between mint notes and dirty notes in circulation. The naira notes comprising of all denomination were collected from different chosen occupational groups in Ozoro town (for dirty naira notes), while the mint was collected from a commercial bank in Ozoro. The notes were surveyed for bacterial contaminant using dilution method. The bacteria isolated from the notes were Esherichia coli (33.3%), Salmonella sp (50%), Streptococcus sp (50%), Staphylococcus aureus (33.3%), Proteus mirabilis (50%), Micrococcus sp (50%) and Psuedomonas aeruginosa (50%). The total bacteria count ranges from 3.6 x104CFU/ML to 9.6 x104CFU/ML. Lower denomination notes were more contaminated than higher denomination notes. Dirty and wrinkled notes had more contaminants than the mint notes. This study has demonstrated that naira could be a source of contamination by microbial pathogen. Key words: Naira notes, Bacteriological, quality, comparative study

3798-3802

Authors: Hesamedin Ramezani and Fatemeh Akbari

What nowadays cause the development of organic farming is the long-term effects of various types of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural products and on the environment. Therefore, the management of plant diseases using natural herbal products is an important strategy in this direction that is always considered by agriculture sciences researchers. In this research, the antifungal effect of Zataria multiflora was studied for the purpose of optimal use of herbal products in 4 techniques. In all the methods used in this study by increasing the concentration of volatile oil to 1000 ppm, the longitudinal growth was reduced and mutually the growth inhibitory ratio was increased. However, at concentration of 50,150 and 450 ppm of the volatile oil after 48 hours, the highest inhibitory percentage was observed in Food Poison Technique method with 20, 53 and 68.5, then the highest percentage of inhibition in the aforementioned concentrations was visible in surface Technique, volatile Technique, and disc Technique, respectively. Keywords: Growth control techniques, Growth inhibitory percent, Volatile oil, Plant disease control

3806-3809

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian and Zohreh Havasian*

Test anxiety, which is one of the main obstacles of education systems at different levels, is one of the most common phenomena among students. Regarding the effect of test anxiety on academic performance, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between test anxiety and parenting in Malekshahi city of Ilam. The present research is a descriptive cross-sectional study and the statistical population includes all male and female students of high school in Maleshahi city. The subjects were randomly selected from female students and graduated students. For this purpose, Sarason's test anxiety questionnaire was used, which has 25 questions. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test. 100 high school students, 50 females and 50 females, with mean age of 48.78±1.74 for the fathers and 40.94±1.60 years for the mothers, participated in the present study. There was a significant relationship between the decisive method of childbearing and test anxiety (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between the level of test anxiety and parenting education (P<0.05). According to the findings of the present study, there is a direct relationship between parenting, education, and occupational status of parents with test performance of students; therefore, strict parenting, low level of education, and unemployment can be considered as predisposing factors in increasing the amount of test-anxiety. Therefore, holding counseling and distributing brochures for parents can help reduce testanxiety. Key words: Test Anxiety, Parenting, High school students, Malekshahi, Ilam.

3814-3818

Authors: Jafar Panahi, Sajjad Panahi, Arezoo Sabbagh Hadi, Mohamad Reza Havasian*

The respiratory system infections have been one of the biggest problems for the pilgrims and the medical organizations of hajj in the recent years. Viral agents play an important role in these diseases; more than 200 viral agents can cause infection in the respiratory system. This research aimed to study of viral pattern of respiratory diseases among pilgrims of hajj- Mecca. A comprehensive review of all studies conducted on respiratory diseases among Hajj pilgrims from 2000 to 2017 was carried out using Pub Med, Science Direct and Google scholar and web of science websites. This study indicated that Influenza and parainfluenza virus, Rhinovirus, Corona viruses and Respiratory Syncytial Virus is most common viruses among pilgrims. Corona viruses were first detected in 2011 on Hajj pilgrims with a prevalence rate of 8.3 percent According to the results and an average of about 30-40% of respiratory diseases among pilgrims, careful planning must be done to prevent this disease. It is suggested pay special attention to vaccination of pilgrims and treatment of patients before departure as well as continuous use of masks during the pilgrimage ceremony. Key words: Viral Respiratory, Viral Pattern, Pilgrims, Hajj

3825-3829

Authors: Mansour Amraei, Ehsan Shirzadpour, Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Safoura Mohamadpour, Azim Hasanbeigi*

Cardiovascular diseases are amongst the most important mortality causes worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to offer a drug that meanwhile lacking the side effects of the similar chemical medications is capable of reducing the risk factors of such diseases. In the present study, the effect of hydroalcoholic extract taken from the plant Teucrium Polium on the atherosclerotic plaques has been studied herein. In the current research paper, 20 male Wistar rats with mean weights ranging from 150 g to 180 g were randomly divided to four groups: a control group and a sham group that, respectively, received ordinary dietary regimen and high cholesterol (2%) nutrition. Experimental groups 1 and 2 that received ordinary dietary regimens plus Teucrium Polium extracts, with dosages equal to 0.85 mg/ml and 1.7 mg/ml, respectively, on a daily basis. After eight weeks of treatment, the rats’ aortas were dissected and kept in 10% formalin solution to undergo histological evaluations. The weight results were analyzed in SPSS software by the use of one-way variance analysis (ANOVA). There was not observed any atherogenic lesion in the control group that had received a normal nutrition. In sham group that had received high cholesterol dietary regimen, atheroma plaques were visible. Experimental groups 1&2 that had been treated with extract dosages of 0.85 mg/ml and 1.7 mg/ml, no sign of any atherogenic lesion and plaque formation was observed even with their being fed on a high cholesterol dietary regime. Also, the sham group members’ mean weights showed a significant increase in respect to the control group. Experimental group two demonstrated a significant reduction of weight in contrast to the control group. The hydroalcoholic extract of Teucrium Polium was interestingly successful in preventing the atherosclerotic plaques. According to the side effects of the anti-atherosclerotic chemical medications, it seems that the use of traditional medicine and the medicinal herbs can be an appropriate solution to the reduction of cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: Atherosclerotic plaques, Teucrium polium, cardiovascular disease, Medical plants.

3840-3849

Authors: Bahram Baloch*, Shafi Muhammad, Muhammad Younas, Gul Muhammad, Muhammad Siddique, Almas Kanwal, Sameera, Salwa

Balochistan is the native home of many medicianl plants. Local people use thses medicinal plants cure of different disesase. Current reserch work descibes the knowledge in traditional practices of plants identified among the peoples of district turbat, balochistan pakistan. Information was collected from 50 informants. 38 informants were female and 12 were male. The informant was grouped into four distinctive age groups. Number of male herbalist were 12 from age 45 between 65 and number of female herbalist were 38 from age 38 to 70. Medicinal plant were used for different diseases from which 14 were used for diseases of git, 11 plants were used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, 5 plants are used due to anti microbial effects, 4 plants were used for different blood disease, 3 plants were used in fever, 3 plants for skin disease, 2 plants for CNS effects and 2 used in liver disease, only one is in cough.

3856-3862

Authors: B.J.Divya, B.Suman, V. Nagalakshmamma, PV Chalapathi and K.Thyagaraju*

In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and is gaining popularity among the globally developing and developed countries. Currently there has been an increased interest to identify plants and explore their therapeutic potential. The plants show pharmacological potency and have low or no side effects for use in preventive medicine and health care. Also they represent a potential source of new compounds with different pharmacological activity. Ayurveda, the oldest medicinal system in the world, finds active and therapeutically useful compounds from plants. Considering the growing interest in the field of plant drugs, assessing different pharmacological activities, two plant families Fabaceae and Amaryllidaceae, are available as vegetables all over the country. The therapeutic potential of these families reported activities are inhibition of invasion of carcinoma, cardiovascular protection, lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure, anti-platelet activities, and thromboxane formation with their numerous chemical values and rich phytochemicals. In addition the biological activities include antibacterial, antithrombotic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic modulation of drug metabolism etc. In this study we have discussed about the therapeutic potential and chemical constituents and their antiinflammatory activity. Several researchers have provided a mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects in this area. Keywords: therapeutic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, pharmacological.

3869-3873

Authors: Dr. M. Sunitha Reddy and Anusha Kunduru

The purpose of this study is to improve the bioavailability and dissolution of Glibenclamide in the preparation of a dried emulsion. This dry emulsion formulation is filled in HPMC capsules as it is of vegetarian source but not gelatin because of several drawbacks. The animal source of gelatin may be a problem for some consumers, such as vegetarian and religious groups or ethical groups, since unmodified gelatin is subjected to cross linking in contact with aldehydes, solubility problems can be expected with certain fill formulations. Dry emulsions are prepared by the drying of liquid emulsions in which there is a solid form in the aqueous phase. The solid support provides the dry and bulk emulsions. In this preparation the emulsion was dried, sesame oil in which the drug is soluble, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose as the organic filler and Tween 80 as the surfactant is used. The dried emulsion was evaluated for the drug content, determination of the globular size and surface characterization, in vitro release of the drug in dry emulsion was studied by a type II USP-type paddle dissolving apparatus. This study revealed that the solid dry emulsion technique proved to be promising and useful for improving dissolution. Key Words: Glibenclamide, Dry Emulsion, HPMC capsules, Sesame oil

3879-3887

Authors: Gunpreet Kaur*, Vikas Gupta, Parveen Bansal, Richa Raturi, Ram Gopal Singhal

Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends are rapidly changing towards increase in reproductive disorders and decrease in fertility. A recent study reflects appreciable decrease in populations in Japan and European Union due to persistently low total fertility rates (TFR). The sexual urge is the most powerful biological drive next to the need for food, water and sleep. Sexual activity should be a healthful and pleasant experience. However many people face anxiety, humiliation, frustration and disappointment because of inadequate sexual functioning. The importance of sex in human life was duly recognized by ancient Rishies and aphrodisiac power of herbs was found out by founding fathers of Ayurveda thousands of years ago. Ancient texts also describe reproduction as one of the prime duties of an individual towards humanity and it was a matter of proud for the kings to practice polygamy. These practices gave origin to development of formulations to enhance sexual potency and reproduction. So there had been a demand for search of such formulations of herbal origin that could give a boost to satisfying sexual activities and justified reproduction. Present manuscript compiles therapeutic potentials of a wonder plant Kakoli for its use in multiple reproductive disorders. Systemized clinical studies have been conducted on a number of plants for different disorders but no plant has been reported for multiple uses. Compilation presents more than 10 ancient textual references made for use of this plant in very potent formulations however planned clinical studies/trials are needed to create scientific evidences. Keywords: Kakoli, Vajikaran, fertility, spermatogenesis, ejaculatory dysfunction.

3894-3900

Authors: Sheela. D and Uthayakumari Kalavathy*

The methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant (Family: Aizoaceae) was investigated for it antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect in Wistar Albino rats. Diabetes was induced in albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg i.p). The Methanol extracts of Sesuvium portulacastrum at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg of body weight were administered at single dose per day to diabetes induced rats for a period of 14 days. The effect of methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant extract on blood glucose, serum insulin, urea, creatinine, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum lipid profile[total cholesterol (TC) triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL -C), very low density lipoprotein – cholesterol (VLDL-C) high density lipoprotein – cholesterol (HDL-C)and phospholipid (PL)].Serum protein, albumin, globulin, serum enzymes [Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases (SGPT), and Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases (SGOT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were measured in the diabetic rats. The Methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant was non toxic at 2000 mg/kg in rats. The increased body weight, decreased blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and other biochemical parameters level was observed in diabetic rats treated with both doses of methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant compared to diabetic control rats. In diabetic rats, methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant administration altered lipid profiles were reversed to near normal than diabetic control rats. From the above results, it is conducted that methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant possess significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Keywords: Sesuvium portulacastrum, antidiabetic, Hypolipidemic, Alloxan, Glibenclamide.

3911-3918

Authors: Poorandokht Barzin, Poorandokht Afshari *, Shahnaz Najar, Mohammad Hossein Haghighizadeh

Introduction: Violence against women is a global phenomenon that is so characteristic of the cultural, social, ethnic, racial and even the rules governing a community at any time and place to appear different statements. The extent of violence against women is widespread in human history. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with violence in middle-aged women referred to health centers in Ahvaz done. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. number of 1266 middle- aged women, 45- 64 years were randomly selected by lottery from among six health centers in Ahvaz city. The questionnaire included a demographic and related factors to violence consists of 30 items And the questionnaire of violence, scale abuse with the woman is a scale that consists of three domains: psychological, physical, and life-threatening form of the modified instrument, "Strauss conflict tactics scale" have been revised conflict Tactics scale is intended. To obtain scientific validity of the content validity and reliability, Cronbach's alpha was used to determine and In order to verify the reliability of the questionnaires were completed by the researcher from the thirty people who were eligible for the study. The results were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation coefficient was 0/85. Results: The results showed that 32. 1 percent of the samples had experienced violence and frequency of violence, including, psychological violence 30.5, verbal16. 6, financial 10.6 and physically 8. 9 percent were reported. duration of abuse, violence agent, history of husband previous marriage and have children from husband previous marriage [p0. 001], health status of women [p =0. 012], supervisor [p =0.024], number of children [p =0.017], and the supervisor of addiction to tobacco or drugs [p =0. 006] have Significant relationship with the experience of violence. Conclusion: According to the results, paying attention to abused women and appropriate strategies to reduce the mentioned problem, it seems necessary. Keywords: domestic violence, middle-aged women, individual characteristic

3928-3934

Authors: Kapila Arpita*, Rambabu Sharma, Agarwal Shweta

Pulsatile drug delivery systems are the systems which deliver the drug according to the circadian rhythm of the body. The product follows a sigmoidal drug release profile characterized by a time period of no release (lag time) followed by a rapid and complete drug release. Thus, these systems deliver the drug at the right site of action at the right time and in the right amount, thus providing spatial and temporal delivery and increasing patient compliance. Various capsular, osmotic, single and multiple unit systems that are modulated by soluble or erodible polymer coatings, rupturable membranes are available in the market. Chronotherapeutics have been used for number of diseases like asthma, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, hypotension, ulcer, hypercholesterolemia etc. These are beneficial for diseases showing chronopharmacological behaviour where night time dosing is required and for drugs having high first pass effect or having site specific absorption in gastrointestinal tract or drugs having high risk of toxicity or tolerance. Keywords: Pulsatile, circadian rhythm, chronotherapeutics, hypercholesterolemia, chronopharmacological behaviour

3942-3946

Authors: Sumalatha G. 1 * and Sreedevi A.

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate antiepileptic activity of chloroform extract of leaves of Barringtonia racemosa (CBR) in mice. Methods: The antiepileptic activity of CBR was evaluated in mice at 30, 100, and 300 mg/Kg, p.o. by the convulsions induced by maximum electroshock (MES), Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and Isoniazid (INH) methods. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s t test. Results: In MES method, CBR (30, 100, and 300 mg/Kg) inhibited convulsions significantly potent than Diazepam. In PTZ method, CBR inhibited convulsions potent than Phenobarbitone sodium (PS). In INH method, CBR delayed the onset of convulsions less potent than Diazepam. Conclusion: In Present investigation, CBR showed significant dose dependent antiepileptic effect potent than Diazepam and PS. Keywords: Epilepsy, Barringtonia racemosa, Pentylenetetrazole, Isoniazid.

3951-3953

Authors: M.Hareesh Reddy1* and Dr.A. Sambasiva Rao2

Ramipril is an anti-hypertensive drug, a category of ACE inhibitor that inhibit the actions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), thereby decreasing the production of angiotensin II and decreasing the breakdown of bradykinin. The decrease in an enzyme angiotensin II results in relaxation of arteriole smooth muscle leading to a lowering the total peripheral resistance, reducing blood pressure(BP) as the blood is pumped through widened. Ramipril, a precursor or prodrug, is converted to the active metabolite ramiprilat by carboxylesterase. It is mostly excreted by the kidneys. Its half-life is 3-16 hours and is prolonged by heart and liver failure, as well as kidney failure. The medication used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. The drug is also used to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack in patients at risk for these types of problems and to improve survival in patients with heart failure after a heart attack. Key words: Ramipril, Ramiprilat, Angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carboxylesterase, Blood pressure.

3960-3966

Authors: Gholamhossein Barekat and Abdolreza Gilavand*

Introduction: Perceived organizational justice has a positive impact on the performance of organizations’ employees and their satisfaction. Thus, the current research was carried out to evaluate the relationship between social capital and organizational justice from the perspective of employees. Methods: This research was conducted using descriptive and correlational method of study. Research population included all nonfaculty employees of central organization and all schools of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, in Southwest of Iran. Out of all employees, 230 employees were randomly selected in 2016. The data collection tool in this research included Nahapit and Ghasal Standard Social Capital Questionnaire and Niehoff and Moorman Organizational Justice Questionnaire. SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data and Pearson correlation and stepwise regression and t-test were also used in this regard. Results: Significant correlation was not found between organizational justice and social capital of the employees [P> 0.05]. Most of the respondents did not show high satisfaction with organizational justice status and they evaluated the level of observing the justice in the organization at relatively low level, and no significant correlation was found between organizational justice components [distributive, interactive, and procedural] and social capital [P> 0.05]. However, significant correlation was found between distributive justice and employee trust. Moreover, significant correlation was found among six components of social capitals [P <0.05]. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the importance of organizational justice and social capital in organizations, it is essential to strengthen all dimensions of it. Justice in the organization results in creation of a positive image of organization in their minds, leading to enhanced accountability and improved organization status in the external environment. Keywords: Social capital, Organizational Justice, employees, Iran.

3974-3981

Authors: Gita Sangestani, Pantaleo Greco, Ali Reza Soltanian, Mahnaz Khatiban*

Pap test is a lifesaving tool which can detect atypical cellular changes before the cervical cancer develops. In developing countries just 5% of women are typically screened for cervical cancer by Pap test. So having a risk factor assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes can be very helpful in order to approach an early diagnosis and treatment by physicians, midwives and the other health care givers in face with their clients. To develop a valid and reliable risk factors assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes towards cervical cancer. This is a methodological study. In order to identify full content domain, items generation and creation of the initial tool draft, an extensive article study was conducted. Then, the validity and reliability of the research tool were confirmed. Results of this study led to develop a valid and reliable tool entitled: “Risk factors assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes towards cervical cancer”. It has 50 items in three parts including demographic characteristic, health history and clinical manifestations. As the risk factors assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes towards cervical cancer is valid and reliable, we strongly recommend applying this tool in facing with the patients in all clinics that are open to women about gynecological problems. It can help the professionals to have a suitable and quick action especially in those areas with limited access to the specialists. Keywords: Risk factor, Pap test, Assessment tool, Cytological changes, Iran.

3987-3990

Authors: Farideh Shojaee*and Hamid Sadeghi Rine

Exercise is one of the important factors in the prevention, treatment and maintenance of mental and physical health. The immune system is one of the vital systems, the proper functioning of which guarantees the health of individuals. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of strength exercises on the immune system's performance of athletes in the bodybuilding clubs of northern Tehran in 2012. The study is a randomized-clinical trial, in which 96 athletes from northern Tehran were surveyed in 2012. Demographic data and disease history was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire; for this purpose, the subjects were divided into two groups, with each group including 48 subjects; one group was made to do regular exercises one hour per day and 4 days a week in Hirbad Gym (Tehran, District 3), and the other group was asked not to do any exercise. The medical tests were performed once a week after the exercise was completed. Finally, data analysis using SPSS software version 16 were analyzed. The mean age of the subjects included in the control group was 28±7.56, and the mean age of intervention group was 26 ±6.02, with the oldest and youngest subjects being 37 and 17 years old in order. There was no significant relationship between Eosinophil, Lymphocytes, Neutrophil, IgM, WBC neither in the control nor in the intervention group (P>0.05); but, CD4, CD8, Basophil, Cortisol turned out to be significantly related in both groups (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that, in addition to increasing the function of cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and nervous system, heavy exercise and physical fitness training weaken the immune system, in comparison with non-athlete subjects. In addition, regular exercise may have a beneficial effect in treating people with immunodeficiency by increasing muscle strength and muscle tone, and possibly by reducing mental stress and increasing the systemic immune function. Keywords: Strength Exercises, Immune System's, Physical Fitness, Body Building, Tehran.

3999-4012

Authors: Dr. Sejal.G. Patel*, Dr. Rakesh jat, Dr.Hiren .R.Chaudhary

The present research work is mainly concened with the natural compounds that are obtained from traditional medicinal plants. There are number of natural compounds have been available in the nature. Some natural compounds are very useful to human being and have life pontential to save human from many uncurable disease. Keeping view in the mind the research is focused to extract and isolate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihyperlipidmic, antidiabetic, antiulcer activites containing compounds are studied. The major natural compounds are liquorice, ginger, alliuam, triphala (harda, bahera, pipali, amla and guggulu). The glycyrrhyza glabra is obtained from rhizomes of liquorice and useful as expectorant and ulcer healing properties with carbenoloxolone as major constituents. All components are isolated from the concerned extracts. The extractions of all plants are based on successive solvent extraction method for all drugs. The constituents are confirmed by structure elucidation. The structure of each compounds are intrepereted by different spectral techniques like Infrared spectrum, nuclear magnetic spectrum (hydrogen anc carbon thirteen spectra) and mass spectroscopy for molecural formula and molecular weight of the unknown compounds. Key words: Liquorice, extraction and chromatography

4023-4026

Authors: Maryam Yaghoubi, Shahram Baraz* , Mohammad Adineh, Mohammad Hossain Haghighi zadeh

Introduction: One of the most common ways put into practice to the clearance of the airway of patients who are under mechanical ventilation is applying suctioning into trachea. Some physiotherapeutic procedures including rib cage compression parallel to exhale and prior to suctioning can facilitate the egression of discharges. The present study aimed to determine the effect of rib cage compression during the exhale before suctioning on O2 saturation changes in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Methodology: The research is a clinical trial study. The sample involved 55 patients who received mechanical ventilation hospitalized in special sections of health centers at Golestan and Emam-Khomeini hospitals in Ahvaz. The patients were divided into control and intervention groups by convenience sampling as paying attention to random involvement criteria. Blood oxygen saturation, within 5 minutes before and 15 and 25 minutes after suctioning were measured for intervention group using rib cage compression technique and the data were analyzed by independent t-test, and paired t-test as well as repeated measures design. Findings: The level of oxygen saturation increased by the trachea suctioning through rib cage compression technique and it is statistically meaningful at p< 0.05 . Conclusion: With respect to the improvement of blood oxygen saturation in intervention group, the technique is recommended for intubed patients. Keywords: Suctioning, compressing the rib cage, O2saturation, mechanical ventilation

4043-4047

Authors: Zahra Azeem, Iffat Naheed, Sara Ejaz, Khadija waheed*, Amna khanum, Asim Khan

Background: Oxytocin and Misoprostol are considered to be the two most effective drugs in preventing PPH. But contradiction in literature was observed. So to confirm whether misoprostol is more effective than oxytocin for prevention of PPH, we conducted this study. Objective: To compare the mean blood loss with sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in low-risk females undergoing normal vaginal delivery Material & Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted at Unit IV, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore. The duration of the study was six months from July 2016 to December 2016. The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. The patients were randomly divided into two groups by using lottery method. The patients in group M received misoprostol 400µg sublingually and patients in group O, 20 units of oxytocin immediately after delivery of the baby. No Additional Oxytocin injection was given. Uterine massage was done if obstetrician noticed poor uterine contractions. Blood loss was estimated separately by measuring the blood in the kidney tray. Results: In this study the mean age of the patients was 29.33±7.06 years with mean gestational age of 38.74±1.22 weeks. The mean value of total blood loss of the patients was 429.97±135.06ml. In this study the value of total mean blood loss in misoprostol group was 356.29±84.89 ml and the mean value of total blood loss in oxytocin group was 503.66±135.98 ml. Statistically there is highly significant difference was found between the study groups and total blood loss of the patients i.e. pvalue=0.000 Conclusion: Our study results concluded that misoprostol showed more effective and satisfactory results as compared to intravenous oxytocin in low-risk females undergoing normal vaginal delivery. Keywords: Blood Loss, Sublingual Misoprostol, Intravenous Oxytocin, Vaginal Delivery

4053-4061

Authors: Muhammad Javed Khan*, Imran Khan, Irshad Ali, Sheikh Ahmed, Ghulam Mustafa Khan

In most epithelia, desmosomes are important adhesion structures which have a key role in linking the intermediate filament network of one cell to its neighbor, thus forming a strong bond. These junctions are essential for retaining the integrity of organs, subject to mechanical stress, particularly the heart and skin. Desmogleins and desmocollins belong to super family of cadherin, which mediate adhesion at desmosomes. Through a series of protein interactions, desmosomal cadherin tails get associated with Cytoplasmic components of the desmosome, the sites of desmosome assemblage are employed with intermediate filaments. There are four types of desmogleins (Dsg1, Dsg2, Dsg3 and Dsg4) and three types of desmocollins (Dsc 1, Dsc 2, and Dsc 3). These types of desmosomal cadherins are involved in various defects. This review outlines the structure, function and associated diseases of cadherin superfamily. I believe that this review will assist researchers to enhance their basic knowledge regarding desmogleins, desmocollins and their major associated diseases. Key words: Desmosomes, desmogleins, desmocollins, diseases.

4071-4077

Authors: Saurabh Gupta*, Dilip Kumar Chanchal and Surabhi Rashi

Introduction: Topical drug administration is simplest and easiest route of localized drug delivery anywhere in the body by routes as ophthalmic, rectal, vaginal and skin. These are applied as wide spectrum of preparations in case of both cosmetic and dermatological, to the healthy or diseased skin. Drugs are administered topically for their action at the site of application or for systemic effects. Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria, but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. It is a common topical treatment for acne and can be useful against some methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Objective and aim: The aim of present study was to develop an emulgel formulation of clindamycin phosphate using Carbopol 934 or HPMC 2930 as a gelling agent. The influence of the type of gelling agent and the concentration of both the oil phase and emulsifying agent on the release of the drug and its microbial activity were investigate using 2 3 factorial design in addition, rheological properties were also evaluated. Conclusion: The present work is to develop Clindamycin emulgel adaptable topical drug delivery systems which provide protection against oxidation, fast absorption, prolonged release and enables reduction in dose and evaluate the emulgel using an ideal topical drug candidate of Clindamycin by suitable method with its release. Keywords: Clindamycin emulgel, Formulation, Evaluation.

4083-4087

Authors: Abdul Sattar*, Ghulam Razaque, Nisar Ahmed, Syed Umer Jan, Ghulam Mustafa, Abdul Qadir, Qaiser Rasheed, Basera Akhtar, Waheed Shah

The plants which are using as to cure the illness long before the use of herbs. Herbal medicines are mostly used for the remedy of different diseases including postoperative diseases. Toxic heavy metals such as Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Iron, Aluminum, Cobalt and Manganese are present during all processes of the natural drugs. All of these are being considered as toxic dangerous heavy metals. The toxic heavy metals in medicinal plants or its derivatives during formulations it may be a consequence of accidental addition of pollution or it may be intentionally combined for the purpose of therapeutic characteristics. Totally four products were selected to check their constituents. All the samples were kept in normal temperature (room temperature) to evade any humidity and deterioration. 1g of each sample were taken in flask with 10 ml of nitric acid 67%. After this process percholic acid (4ml) were incorporated with the sample and were kept in fume hood at room temperature for 24 hours. A hot plate was used for heat to make the sample concentrated up to 1 ml, when these samples were concentrated deionized water (50 ml) was incorporated in this sample and it was filtered by Whatman’s filter paper. After filtration process added sufficient amount of deionized water made 100ml. Each of this solution was labeled as a stock solution. All of these stock solutions were examined according to the specified procedure by the help of atomic absorption spectrometer for the detection of different heavy toxic metals if present in the natural formulations. The findings of this research work were showed that Ninety percent of these herbal products have heavy toxic elements. Key words: Elements, Iron, copper, lead, Zinc

4094-4099

Authors: Amareshwar Shabada, Nikhat Fatima, Humera Badar, Syeda Saba Sultana

A simple, accurate, precise, sensitive and stability indicating RP-HPLC method has been developed for the determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form, in which separations are done using develosil C18, 5μm, 150 × 4.6mm i.d. column at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min with an injection volume of 20μL. The beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration range of 5 - 35μg/mL. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.996 and it showed good linearity, reproducibility, precision in this concentration range. The aim of this paper was to develop and validate the stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The % recovery values were found to be within the limits, which showed that the method was accurate. The LOD and LOQ were calculated using statistical methods. The % RSD values were less than 2. The developed method was successfully applied for determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. The results obtained are in good agreement with those obtained by using the standard method. Keywords: Pazopanib hydrochloride, Develosil, Stability indicating, Method Development, Validation.

4107-4111

Authors: Dr. Rizwanullah Junaid Bhanbhro*, Dr. Shahida Khatoon, Dr. Shahnawaz Abro

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of intra-abdominal injuries associated to abdominal trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted at general surgery departments of Isra University Hospital and LUH Hyderabad with the duration of one year from 2014 to 2015. All the patients with abdominal trauma (blunt trauma and penetrating trauma) were incorporated in the study. All cases less than 12 years of age and having brain injuries and unconscious patients were excluded from the study. Details of history, clinical examination, ultrasound abdomen and all required laboratory investigations were carried out. All the causes of abdominal trauma were noted. Frequency of all intra-abdominal injuries including spleen, kidneys, liver, and pancreas), stomach, ureters, small intestine, and urinary bladder were noted. All the findings according to study objective were noted in the Performa. RESULTS: Total 60 cases were selected, male gender was found commonest 86.6%, while female were only 13.4%. 23-33 years age group was found commonest 25.0%. Majority of the cases 66.66% had blunt trauma, while 33.34% of the cases had penetrating trauma. Clinically mostly patients were found with abdominal pain and vomiting, 92.30% and 55.20% respectively. Liver was the commonest intra-abdominal injury in both blunt and penetrating trauma, 37.5% and 20.0% respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that intra-abdominal injuries are significantly more prevalent in Blunt abdominal trauma as compare to penetrating trauma. Liver and spleen were commonest intra-abdominal organ injuries. Key words: Abdominal trauma, intra-abdominal organ injuries

4121-4125

Authors: Milad Borji, Hassan Nourmohammadi*, Akbar Nourmohammadi, Asma Tarjoman, Safoura Mohamadpour

Background: Since patients within a community are in need of help from caregivers, the health status of caregivers is of utmost importance. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the levels of care burden among family caregivers of patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 220 caregivers of patients with cancer in the city of Ilam in 2017 were surveyed. The instruments used in this study included a Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview. The data obtained from this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics [means and standard deviations] and inferential statistics [Chi-square test and paired and independent t-tests]. Findings: Of the 220 caregiver participants in our study, 102 were male [46.4%], 116 were non widowed [52.7%], 77 were housewives [35%], 87 were parents [39.5%], and 135 were high school graduates [61.4%]. The average income level was 145 [65.9%] and none of the caregivers were caregivers without pressure. Most of the patients [201; 91.4%] had received intensive care. The average perceived caring pressure of caregivers was above 63.64% [17.77]. Conclusion: Considering the high levels of care burden in caregivers of patients with cancer and given the different effects of care burden on quality of life and health status of the caregivers, it is necessary to administer interventions in order to reduce levels of care burden among caregivers of patients with cancer. Keywords: Care Burden, Caregivers, Cancer

4130-4136

Authors: A. G. Isaeva*, A S. Krivonogova, I. M. Donnik, I. A. Shkuratova, L. I. Drozdova, E. N. Bespamyatnykh

In article influence of technogenic pollution of agricultural territories by heavy metals on quality of meat raw materials of pigs is described. Also research results of heavy metals accumulation in bodies and tissues of pigs, their influences on amino-acid composition of meat raw materials, intensity of lipid peroxydation processes, features of a muscular tissue morphogenesis are given in article. Keywords: heavy metals, pigs, liver, muscular tissue, amino-acid structure, malondialdehyde (MDA), morphogenesis

4149-4162

Authors: Awad Nasser Albalwi*, Ahmad Hamed Alghamdi, Omer Abdurrahman Al-Dayel , Saud Abdulaziz Alghamdi, Hicham Al-Nachawati

This study uses a chemical analytical approach for the characterisation of 36 ancient pottery shards from an archaeological site in Dedan, Saudi Arabia. Dedan (Al-Ula) was one of the main towns in the northwestern area of the Arabian Peninsula during the first millennium BCE and was located along the ancient spice route connecting Arabia with Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis were used to identify 29 elemental properties in the pottery fragments and to separate the studied samples into groups. The study findings support the existence of four major groups: Abbasid, Nabataea, Tayma and Dedan. Principal component and cluster analyses validated the existence of these four groups. The ICP-MS results demonstrated that concentration measurements of elements, such as Ti, Mn, Ga, Sc, Cs and Rb, can be used to discriminate the four groups of ancient potteries. Keywords: Dedan, Pottery, ICP-MS, Multivariate statistical analysis

4170-4177

Authors: Ruslin*, Henny Kasmawati, Sunandar Ihsan, Suryani1, Nur Samsiar, Ardiyanti, Zulfikar Tahir, Rahmat Darmawan, Elsa Alexander

Lansau is a traditional medicine of Muna ethnic which comprised of 44 kinds of plants that was inherited and believed to have a restorative power in healing kinds of diseases that are consumed based on the trust and the philosophy values by Muna ethnic. This study aimed to find out the characteristic of pharmacognistic on traditional plats of lansau comprised of determination of the plants, the experiment on macroscopic (experiments on organoleptic, the observation to the characteristic of morphology) and the experiment on microscopic. The sample of this study was the plant of lansau consisted of: bhangkudu, kamena-mena, patirangka, soni, katapi, ghontoghe, Libbho, kaghai-ghai, lansale, daru, sirikaya, Sandana, Katabatabako,Sambiloto,Kambhadawa,Lakoora, Kerseni, Kusambi, Bhea, Dana,Radhawali, Katimboka, Wonta, Bandara, Bumalaka, Kulidawa, Gondu, Patiwala ngkadea, Komba-komba, Ladha, Tongkoea, Kaghuse-ghuse, Kumbou,Kaembu-embu, Rogili, Rogo, Kalamandinga, Kula, Ntanga-Ntanga, Padamalala, Kumis Kucing, Kabote-Bote, Tulasi dan Kasape. The sample was obtained in the District of Bata Laiworu the Regency of Muna Province of southeast Sulawesi. The determination result which was conducted in LIPI Bogorwas gained datas of name of plants from 44 of the medicine used in the extraction of lansau. Result of macroscopic experiment on color, odor, taste and size of the plants was different from the outcome of plant’s microscopic which has the type of stomata, trichomes, and the concentrate of different vessel. Keywords: Lansau,experiment on pharmacognistic, determination, macroscopic, microscopic.

4190-4199

Authors: Surendranath Betala*, M.Mohan Varma, K.Abbulu

Metformin hydrochloride is a hypoglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus. It is a BCS class III drug having high solubility and poor permeability. Plasma half life ranges from 1.5 to 3 hours and oral bioavailability is 50 to 60 %. Hence require frequent oral administration for adequate treatment of Diabetes. In order to extend the gastric retention time, oral sustained release dosage form was develop in the form of microspheres using different polymers (sodium CMC, HPMC K100M). All the formulations were evaluated for in-vitro dissolution, entrapment efficiency, and percentage buoyancy. Metformin hydrochloride microspheres of formulation F-4 was optimized on the basis of in-vitro drug release pattern, entrapment efficiency, percentage buoyancy. The percentage yield of optimized formulation was 72%, entrapment efficiency was 70.56%, percentage buoyancy was 86% and the cumulative percentage drug release after 11 hours was found to be 90%. The optimized formulation was tested for its stability for 6 months as per ICH guidelines and the formulation found tom be stable during the test period. Keywords: Hypoglycemic agent, Diabetes mellitus, Entrapment efficiency, Microspheres.

4205-4208

Authors: Arsala Khan, Ghulam Razaque*, Nisar Ahmed, Shafi Muhammad, Ghulam Mustafa, Qaiser Rasheed, Basera Akhtar, Waheed Shah

Good manufacturing practice explain the procedures as well as quality control methods for better and satisfactory result, key methods to ensure the quality control of drugs has been followed during all research to maintain the required standard .Flurbiprofen is rapidly and almost completely absorbed following oral administration and used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. The half-life of the Flurbiprofen is 0.5 - 4 hours after oral administration. Seven different brands of Flurbiprofen were selected to perform their Quality test. In this study, safest and most suitable brand among other available brands in Pakistan were selected. Several methods for quality control were done such as thickness, hardness, weight variation, disintegration, dissolution were performed according to the specifications. Drug release percentages of different brands were from 99.58, 98.52, 98.25, 100.0, 99.10, 99.12, and 99.85. The Quality control tests of all the different brands of Flurbiprofen which are tested are within the limits. All Physical tests and dissolution tests were done according to the specified specifications. All the test included hardness, thickness, weight variation, disintegration and dissolution were tested and the results were within acceptable range. Key Words: Quality control, Flurbiprofen, Physical tests, Dissolution.

4212-4218

Authors: Ayesha Siddiq*, Aamna Sajid, Asia Iqbal, Naheed Bano and Saleha Sadeeqa

Background: Stable angina is widespread diseases in Pakistan so; this study was designed to evaluate the prescribing trends and to find out the most prescribed drug in Stable angina in public sector hospital Lahore, Pakistan and assessing its prevalence in both genders. The purpose of the study was to identify the therapeutic agents being prescribed majorly in Pakistan and to analyze that whether the current prescription patterns are in accordance with evidence based guidelines. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-2015 to April-2015, through collection of data from prescriptions of patients suffering from stable angina in public sector hospitals of Lahore Pakistan. Data observations from the total 200prescriptions collected from the hospitals of Lahore graphically demonstrated the trends of drug classes per prescription. Results: The study identified that in the treatment of stable angina Antiplatelet are the most frequently prescribed drug class in Lahore and adjacent areas. Followed by CCBs on 2nd rank and nitrates on 3rd rank, ACE inhibitors and ARBs on 4th number, after which statins occupy the 5thposition, lastly comes the position of beta blocker i.e. 6th and diuretics are the least prescribed class. Conclusion: The anti-platelet blocker drugs were the most prescribed drug class followed by calcium channel and vasodilators occupying the second and third rank respectively. The study also revealed that men are 1.5 times more vulnerable to the development of angina than the females. The study is also showing sound evidence that there is need to follow guidelines for proper treatment. Key words: Background: Stable angina is widespread diseases in Pakistan so; this study was designed to evaluate the prescribing trends and to find out the most prescribed drug in Stable angina in public sector hospital Lahore, Pakistan and assessing its prevalence in both genders. The purpose of the study was to identify the therapeutic agents being prescribed majorly in Pakistan and to analyze that whether the current prescription patterns are in accordance with evidence based guidelines. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-2015 to April-2015, through collection of data from prescriptions of patients suffering from stable angina in public sector hospitals of Lahore Pakistan. Data observations from the total 200prescriptions collected from the hospitals of Lahore graphically demonstrated the trends of drug classes per prescription. Results: The study identified that in the treatment of stable angina Antiplatelet are the most frequently prescribed drug class in Lahore and adjacent areas. Followed by CCBs on 2nd rank and nitrates on 3rd rank, ACE inhibitors and ARBs on 4th number, after which statins occupy the 5thposition, lastly comes the position of beta blocker i.e. 6th and diuretics are the least prescribed class. Conclusion: The anti-platelet blocker drugs were the most prescribed drug class followed by calcium channel and vasodilators occupying the second and third rank respectively. The study also revealed that men are 1.5 times more vulnerable to the development of angina than the females. The study is also showing sound evidence that there is need to follow guidelines for proper treatment. Key words: Stable angina, prescribing trends, prevalence, treatment strategies.

4226-4233

Authors: Seeram. Hari Prasad*, G.Susheela Bai, B.Kishore Babu, M S N A Prasad

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles are applied to photodegradation of methyl orange organic dye and their photo-kineics also studied. silver nanoparticles are prepared from green method by using Areva lanata stem extract. The kinetic studies are carried out at different time intervals under sun radiatuin of expourse of time is 180 minutes. The degradation percentage is 74.02. the rate constant obtained from this studies is 3.0706 ×10-4 Sec-1 . The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by using various techniques like UV-Visible, FT-IR, SEM, TEM. Keywords:Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), Areva lanata, methyl orange, photodegradation

4243-4251

Authors: Hamid Kassiri * and Parvaneh Farajifard

Objectives: leishmaniasis is one of six major tropical diseases that the World Health Organization has supported study and research about various aspects of the recommendations. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is considered a common parasitic disease. This study was performed to determine the frequency of patients with CL and the epidemiological situation in the county of Shushtar during 2009- 2013. Methods: In this descriptive study, information about subjects such as age, gender , number and location of wounds , city or village , month and season collected and have been interpreted with SPSS software and descriptive statistics. Results: Totally, 248 cases have detected during this study. About 82.7 percent percent of patients had more than 10 years of age and most cases (66.1 percent) were found in males. Nearly 48.4 percent of patients had one ulcer and 37.1 percentage of the wounds were observed on the hands and then in feet, face and in other parts of the body. Approximately 83.9 percent were in rural areas and most cases were in March month (16.9 percent). Conclusions: According to the environmental conditions for sand fly activity in some months in this area prevention and treatment of patients in urban and rural areas of Shushtar is a key priority. Key words: Epidemiology, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Iran.

4263-4271

Authors: Hamid Kassiri*, Reza Farhadinejad , Masoud Lotfi

Objectives: Head louse (Pediculus capitis) is a major health challenge in many parts of the globe. Pediculosis capitis is a serious infestation related to the communities with poor hygiene. The aim of the present research was to determine some epidemiological and demographic features of human head louse in the western area of Ahvaz, Southwestern. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional research was done on the patients with head louse infestation who referred to the western Ahvaz Health Center during 2010- 2014. A patient was defined as being infested by the presence of nits or live lice. Data collection was done by questionnaires and physical examination of the hairs. Analysis was done by Chi-square test, using SPSS software version 18. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Totally, 21000 children and adolescents were screened and 7148 people (%34) were infected by pediculosis. The overall prevalence of head lice infestation was 2.36 per 1000 population during the five- year period. The most prevalent rate was observed in 2014 (35.2%) and the lowest prevalence rate was observed in 2010 (11.9%). A statistical significant correlation was observed between Pediculosis capitis and age, gender, month, history of infestation and residence place (P<0.05). About 18.1% of those infested with pediculosis had a previous history of this infestation. Approximately 1.9% of the males and 98.1% of the females were infested to head lice. Pediculosis capitis infestations were highest (60.2%) in subjects aged 6-10 and lowest in those aged less than six (5%). The most prevalent rate of infestation was observed in urban areas (77.4%). The prevalence of pediculosis was higher in the winter (50.3%) than other seasons. Most of the cases were found in March (20.5%) and February (16.2%). Conclusions: Individuals aged 6-10 years old were most often infested with pediculosis capitis, which could be due to their head to head contact and their age. Meanwhile, girls were 52.9 times more likely to have head lice infestation than boys. The educational system should clarify all of people from all families to play a more effective role to eliminate head louse infestation among populations. Key words: Pediculosis capitis, Epidemiology, Iran

4278-4287

Authors: Brijesh Kumar, Rajesh Kumar*, Hetal Patel, Ashutosh Kumar

Objective: An isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatograpic assay method was developed for the quantitative determination of amlodipine besylate (AML) and indapamide (IND) in bulk and tablet dosage form. Material and method:A Inertsil C8 (150mm x 4.6mm) column with a mobile phase containing KH2PO4 buffer: Acetonitrile (70:30) total pH-adjusted to 3 using o-phosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1: 1.5 ml/min and effluents were monitored at 242 nm. Results and conclusion: The retention times of both amlodipine besylate and indapamide were 14 minutes. The proposed method was validated with respect to system suitability, Specificity and selectivity, Stability of analytical solutions linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of amlodipine besylate and indapamide in bulk and tablet dosage form. Keywords: RP-HPLC, Amlodipine, Indapamide, Tablet, Validation

4298-4304

Authors: Soodabeh Aghababaei (PhD), Ali Reza Soltanian (PhD), Shokofeh Sharifi (B.S), Elnaz Torkzaban (B.S), Nahid Mohammadi (M.Sc), Mansoureh Refaei (PhD), Fatemeh Shobeiri (PhD)*

Background: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is the most common medical condition of pregnancy, affecting up to 80% of all pregnant women to some degree. The objective of this study was to determine the severity and management of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Methods: In a descriptive cross- sectional study a number of 160 pregnant women with nausea and vomiting in pregnancy referred to health centers, Hamadan city, 2013 were selected based on cluster random multistage sampling. Data was collected through interview. The instruments of data gathering were pregnancy nausea and vomiting assessing intensity and management questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS/16 software using descriptive analyze and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The results revealed that the highest frequency in the age group 24-28 years for women (24.4%) and diploma and higher education (41.8%), respectively. Nearly sixty percent of women had BMI 19.8-25.9 Kg/m2 . About 87.5 percent of them were housewives. Nearly 48% of mothers were primiparous. Out of the 160 women included in the study, 80% experienced mild nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, 16.2% experienced moderate whereas 3.8% of women reported sever type. Majority of them (56.2%) reported such as breathing oxygen, eating foods and having rest for decreasing nausea and vomiting. vitamin B6, Demitron and Zintoma were the most popular pharmacological drug that used, respectively. Mint extract, Ginger, Chamomile were the most popular herbal drug that used, respectively. Conclusion: Mild nausea and vomiting are very commonly experienced by women in early pregnancy. There are several strategies that have been helpful in decreasing pregnancy nausea and vomiting. Health care providers should be aware of the evidence-based information regarding various treatments to their patients when appropriate. Keywords: Pregnancy, Nausea and Vomiting, Intensity, Management.

4312-4316

Authors: Sohrab Dehghan, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Saeed Sadr, Zahra Gorji, Rasool Choopani*

Background: Asthma is becoming a major health issue globally. Despite a range of short and long acting agents for the management of acute and chronic asthma, these are not effective on all patients. This encouraged us to find other mechanisms for the treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to present the uterine conditions which can play a role in development of asthma. Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) describes a type of inter-organ relationship in the form of uterine asthma, in which the asthma symptoms are a result of uterine ailments. Hence, the management of uterine asthma depends on controlling the uterine problem first. Methods: In this review, we searched the major TPM manuscripts and compared our findings with modern studies by searching databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: Two uterine ailments can show symptoms of asthma. These are ‘Ehtebase tams’ (amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and hypomenorrhea), and ‘Ekhtenaghe rahem’ (uterine strangulation or respiratory and neuropsychiatric symptoms of uterine origin). Each of these has its own set of symptoms. Through the association mechanism described in TPM, they can result in symptoms of asthma. Conclusion: New medical studies support the relationship between menstrual irregularity and asthma symptoms. In addition, there is new evidence to suggest that distant organs in the body are connected to each other through a special network, a concept that is mentioned in TPM manuscripts. Further investigations in the near future can help us better understand these relationships, especially in the field of asthma. Keywords: Asthma, Traditional Persian Medicine, Menstruation, Uterus

4320-4325

Authors: Muhammad Shoaib*, Amanullah Khan, Muhammad Kamran Taj, Saima Ghazal

Berberis lycium (berberidaecae) is a conventional medicinal plant of Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is traditionally used as an antipyretic, anti inflammatory, anti hypercholesterolemia, antidiabetic and for wound healing. This present study has evaluated the pharmacological (analgesic) and antibacterial activities of the crude ethanoic extract of the roots of Berberis lyceum. Disc diffusion and Well methods were used for antibacterial activities where as acetic acid induced Writhing and Formalin tests were used to determine analgesic activities. Berberis lycium crude extracts showed significant antibacterial activity on Gram +ive anaerobe Clostridium perfringens and Gram -ive Escherichia coli. However, it did not show analgesic activity in albino mice at both 250 and 500 mg/kg oral doses. It is therefore concluded that B. Lycium has a very positive effect on both Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. Keywords: Analgesics, antibacterial, Berberis Lycium, Ziarat, Balochistan

4333-4339

Authors: Mansour Amraei, Yaser Seifinejad, Mahmoud Mohamadpour, Ayub Ghorbani , Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Ehsan Shirzadpour*

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important factors contributing to the cardiovascular diseases. There are various chemical drugs for regulating the lipid profile level. According to the side effects proved for the chemical drugs, we, in the current research paper, investigate the effect of wall germander (Teucrium polium) hydroalcoholic extract effect on the lipid profile in the hypercholesterolemic rats. Wistar male rats, ranging in weight from 150 g to 180 g, were assigned to four groups (n=5): control group (ordinary diet), sham group (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime), experimental group one (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime plus 0.85mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract) and experimental group two (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime plus 1.7mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract). The treatment was run in an eight-week period with the termination of which blood samples were collected from the animals. To determine the lipid profile, commercial diagnostic kits were applied. The results were analyzed by the use of SPSS software, ver. 16. From the week six on, the weights of the rats from the experimental group two (high, 2%, cholesterol diet plus 1.7 mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract) showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) even in comparison to the control group (ordinary diet). The serum level of triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL-c was found significantly decreased in the experimental group two (P<0.001) as compared to Sham group but it did not any significant change in contrast to the control group. In experimental group one (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime plus 0.85 mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract), only the cholesterol and TG serum levels were found significantly decreased in respect to the sham group (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Regarding the lipoprotein amount, a significant increase was documented in the experimental group two, featuring high density cholesterol (HDL-c), in contrast to the sham group (P<0.001). The present study’s findings indicated that an appropriate dosage of T. Polium can cause the regulation of lipid profile as well as the weights of the hypercholesterolemic rats. According to the side effects of the chemical drugs similar in their functions to the effect of T. polium, it can be suggested as an antihyperlipidemic drug. Keywords: Hyperlipidemic, Teucrium polium, Lipid profile, Medical plants, Rat.

4348-4352

Authors: Prof. Dr. Shamsuddin Shaikh*, Prof. Dr. Bikha Ram Devrajani , Dr. Naveed Aslam Lashari , Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah , Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the frequency and pattern of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with chronic liver disease. Patients and Methods: Total fifty patients of age ≥12 years and either gender had liver cirrhosis (known / diagnosed cases) with ascites were included in this six months cross sectional study. The ascitic fluid analysis was done by taking 10 ml of ascitic fluid in a 10 CC sterilize syringe and ascitic fluid neutrophil count greater than 250 cells/µL was considered to be the case of SBP. The frequency and percentages was calculated for categorical variables whereas the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD in SPSS 16. Results: During six months study period total fifty patients with chronic liver disease were evaluate for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The mean ± for age (years) & duration of chronic liver disease (years) for whole population was 45.62±5.98 & 7.93 ±2.41 respectively. The SBP observed in 37 (74%) while the common pathogen detected were E. Coli 10 (27%), S. aureus (18.9%) and Klebsiella 6 (16.2%) whereas regarding outcome 26 (70.2%) patients were recovered, recurrence observed in 5 (13.5%) and mortality in 6 (16.2%) respectively. Conclusion: SBP is a common and recurrent complication of cirrhosis and the ascitic fluid examination including culture and sensitivity is more sensitive and best tool as far as diagnose and management is concerned Keywords: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Chronic liver disease, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.

4358-4361

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany *, Dr. Tariq Zaffar Shaikh, Dr Abdul Rahim Memon, Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah , Dr. Jesse Suarez, Dr. Samreen

Objective: To evaluate the AST/ALT ratio to predict fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease at tertiary care hospital Patients and Methods: Total fifty patients, of 12 to 50 years either gender had chronic liver disease by positive HCV RNA PCR and/or HBs Ag, and had liver biopsy done for evaluation purposes were enrolled and entered in this six months cross sectional study after informed consent. The brief history was taken and relevant clinical examination was performed while the laboratory investigations includes liver function test, serum albumin, ultrasound abdomen, prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), and partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The AST / ALT ratio was calculated and ≥1 was considered as significant fibrosis while the data was saved on pre-designed proforma. The SPSS 16 was used to analyze the data and to manipulate the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages. Results: During six months study period total fifty patients with chronic liver disease were evaluate for cirrhosis and fibrosis by serum indirect markers. The mean ± for age (years) & duration of chronic liver disease (years) for whole population was 42.63±6.55 & 6.62±2.74 respectively. The AST/ALT ratio (≥1) was detected in 32 (64%) patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Conclusion: AST/ALT ratio is non-invasive with no risk of complications, eliminates sampling and observer variability, may allow dynamic calibration of fibrosis and can be performed repeatedly to evaluate the severity of liver disease. Keywords: AST/ALT ratio, chronic liver disease and Non invasive marker

4366-4369

Authors: Dr. Abdul Haque Khan*, Dr. Muhammad Zaman Baloch , Dr. Ghulam Hussain Baloch, Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Imran Karim, Dr. Sajjad Ali and Dr. Samreen

Objective: To determine the association of C-reactive protein (CRP) and essential hypertension at tertiary care hospital Patients and Methods: All the patients with ≥30 years of age, either gender with essential hypertension for ≥3 years were included in the six months cross sectional study after taking informed consent. The essential hypertension was labeled when the average of multiple systolic BP readings on two or more subsequent visits was consistently ≥140 mmHg on presentation or average of 02 or more diastolic BP measurements on at least 2 subsequent visits was ≥90 mmHg for ≥ 03 months duration. All the hypertensive population was screened and evaluate for serum C-reactive protein by withdrawn of venous blood sample and considered as raised when it was ≥ 06 mg/L. The data saved on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages was calculated. Results: During six months study period total fifty patients with essential hypertension were evaluate for C-reactive protein. The mean ± for age (years) & duration of chronic liver disease (years) for whole population was 56.81±4.95 & 7.92±3.64 respectively. The CRP was raised in 34 (68%) of the patients with male gender predominance 28 (58.8%) while the mean ± SD for CRP in male and female population was 20.75±7.92 and 22.92±8.86 respectively. Conclusion: Increase in blood pressure was significantly associated with raised circulating C-reactive protein in patients with essential hypertension. Keywords: Essential hypertension, C-reactive protein and inflammatory marker

4375-4380

Authors: Dr. Ishrat Bibi *, Prof. Dr Mohammad Akbar Kazi , Dr. Aisha Khalid,Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Mehrab Khan, Dr. Pir Naveed, Dr. Sajjad Ali and Dr. Samreen

Objective: To identify the frequency of criminal acts/type of crime among different psychiatric diagnosis. Patients and Methods: All the inpatient and outpatients above 18 years of age, involved in crime brought by law enforcing agencies of Pakistan through a valid legal documentation with history of offender crimes.The data was collected on semi structured proforma designed with the help of supervisor depict demographic variables, types of crime and psychiatric diagnosis. Results: The crime distribution killing cases were found most common 50.5%, wound were 40%, while assault by sexually were found 7.50% with 38.3% in age roupd 20-30 years with rural population predominance 62.5%. Conclusion: Killing and wounding are the most important criminal acts in the psychotic disorder patients and lack of education is the commonest demographic features behind psychiatric patients involve in the crime. Key Words: Demographic features, Psychotic disorders, Crime

4386-4390

Authors: Dr. Taimoor Ahmed Jataoi, Dr. Adeel Mahesar, Dr. Javed Altaf Jat * andDr. Muhammad Ayyaz

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of low dose tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy in patients with lower ureteric stones. Patients and Methods: The six months randomized control trial was conducted on all patients with either gender, age range 30-60 years and stone size 4-10 mm in the lower 1/3rd of the ureter determined on ultrasound at tertiary care hospital. Group A patients was offered low dose tamsulosin (0.2 mg) one tablet daily in the morning for a maximum of 4 weeks and group B served as control. The final outcome was measured at the end of 4th week of treatment. Patients were instructed to note the time and the date of expulsion of stone. Absence of echoic shadows on lower 1/3rd of ureteric line on ultrasound was taken as effectiveness (expulsion of stone). Results: In control group mean age was 45.52 ±6.70 years whereas in low dose Tamsulin mean age was 46.72 ±6.73 years. Frequency of male was higher in both control and low dose Tamsulin group, i.e. 39 (78%) and 21 (42%) respectively. In control group effectiveness was found 3 (6%) patients whereas in low dose Tamsulin group effectiveness was found in 47 (94%). Conclusion: In our study the effectiveness of low dose tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy in patients with lower ureteric stones was higher as compared to control. Keywords: Low dose tamsulosin, Lower ureteric stones, Medical expulsive therapy

4398-4403

Authors: Nayak C, Hati AK, Dash SK, Paital B

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by proliferation of the cellular elements of the prostate. The complications faced by elderly people need to be minimized and most of elderly don not prefer a surgical approach. Therefore, treatment of BPH with medicines is prioritized by elderly people. The present case report adds a little to the field that how to treat BPH cases in elderly without surgical approach but with homeopathic formulations. Case report presented here is diagnosed case of BPH having grade III prostatomegaly on USG. Patient presented with increased frequency of urination in feeble stream and sudden urging occasionally. Patient was treated with homoeopathic medication and assessed using Ultrasonography, International Prostate Symptom Score, and Uroflowmetry with significant improvement. Hence, it is suggestive that homoeopathic treatment could be effective in the management of cases of BPH in elderly people. Keywords: Homoeopathy, BPH, Uroflowmetry, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Constitutional medicine, Organopathic medicine, Sabal serrulata.

4417-4424

Authors: Seyedeh Niloofar Ashrafzadeh, Elham Moslemi PhD*, Kasra Esfahani PhD

Gastric cancer is recognized as the fourth most common cancer in the world, and is the second leading cause of cancer death. PTEN is a tumor inhibitor gene. PTEN mutation is observed in most of the cancerous malignancies. In this study, the expression and common PTEN gene polymorphism in blood samples of patients with gastric cancer were studied using REAL TIME PCR and RFLP PCR techniques in Iranian population. 45 blood samples (36 patients and 9 controls) were studied in this study. After extracting the RNA and confirming its quality, cDNA synthesis was performed and the expression of the gene was evaluated by qPCR. In order to investigate the single-nucleotide change in rs10490920, the DNA was extracted from the specimens and then PCR was performed. After obtaining ct, the samples RQ was analyzed and analysis of samples RQ showed that the PTEN Gene expression was reduced in patients compared with controls. In patients with rs10490920 polymorphisms in the PTEN gene, the risk of the disease increased. The results of the study indicate a reduction in gene expression in cancer patients. Thus, it may be possible to use Pten gene expretion assesment as a possible biomarker in early diagnosis or in the treatment process. Keywords: Gastric cancer, PTEN, gene expression, polymorphism, Real time PCR

4435-4442

Authors: Ahmed, Ghulam Mustafa, Noman Ul Haq, Aqeel Nasim* , Maria Tahir, Sohail Riaz

Patient satisfaction assessment is regarded as a major pointer of the quality of the pharmacy services patients received in the tertiary care hospitals Quetta. This study was set out to evaluate patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services. The evaluation of various literatures supports the level of patient satisfaction in various studies. A critical but defective situation in healthcare is that patient satisfaction has not been taken seriously enough; patient satisfaction and patient trust demonstrate patient loyalty and satisfaction are directly linked to services, recommending the hospital and their willingness to pay the bill. A Cross sectional descriptive study led in tertiary care hospitals of Quetta to determine the patient satisfaction with pharmacist and pharmacy services. This study was done in different government hospitals in Quetta city of Pakistan. The prime results pf current study specified that persons with middle to low or no income were not pleased with pharmacy facilities. It designates that facilities related to exact medications, particularly their obtainability, information on side effects, storage, predictable consequences from the medicines and other were accountable for the lower level of satisfaction this was consistent with studies where they have similar response. Keywords: Pharmaceutical services; Satisfaction; Hospital and Expectations

4451-4454

Authors: N K Mishra*, J R Panda, Santanu Kumar Hotta

Swine flu (2009 H1N1) is a mutational modified strain of the influenza virus. Many countries have been affected with this virus globally and it has been declared a pandemic influenza strain. 2009 H1N1 virus is a communicable disease which spreads from person to person through coughing, sneezing, nasal secretion and handling of objects which is contaminated with the virus. It is an ideal way to prevent swine flu by taking of early vaccination. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent vaccine is an inactivated influenza virus indicated for active immunization of persons age 6months and older against influenza diseases caused by pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Key words: (H1N1) 2009 virus, (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine, Swine Flu

4460-4463

Authors: Jarrahi Nahid, Elahi Nasrin , Tahery Noorollah

Introduction and Goal: today, one way of treating type 2 diabetic patients is complementary or alternative therapy aside the common medical therapies. Massage therapy is one of the most useful complementary or alternative therapies and it is known as one of the nursing special techniques. A high percent of type 2 diabetic patients uses complementary or alternative therapy. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of tellington touch on fastingblood sugar level of type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with two groups, two steps [before and after] plan. Sample of this research comprise 70 type 2 diabetic patients who refers to endocrinology and metabolism research center of Shiraz University of medical sciences that had criteria for entering the study. Samples were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Data were analyzed using statistical SPSS software and statistical tests such as [mean and standard deviation], Independent-T and paired T test. Results: Results showed that the level of fastingblood sugar of type 2 diabetic patients had reduced meaningfully in the massage group after the intervention than before it [p 0.05]. Conclusion: Results showed that massage had a positive effect on decreasing of the level of fastingblood sugar of type 2 diabetic patients; so, we can recommend this method as a complementary or alternative therapy aside the routine medical therapies in order to reduce the level of fastingblood sugar of type 2 diabetic patients. Key words: tellington touch, fastingblood sugar, type 2 diabetes

4476-4482

Authors: Ali Kasiri and Hesam Hedayati

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of topical bevacizumab for treatment of the corneal neovascularization (CNV) in a rabbit model of corneal injury. Methods: Corneal neovascularization was induced by 3 sutures of the cornea in 20 rabbits (20 corneas). Two weeks later all sutures have been removed then rabbits were divided randomly into 2 groups: group 1 received topical bevacizumab at 10 mg/mL and group 2 received only topical normal salin drops as control group, in the right eyes three times a day for two weeks. Photographs of (CNV) were obtained before drug administration and at 1 and 2 weeks after therapy. The images were analyzed using NIH Image J 1.49c software. Results: The mean percentage of CNV area estimated as 100 % before treatment. At the 1 week after treatment, the mean percentage of neovascularization area in Bevacizumab and Salin group were 75.64±4.32 and 93.33±4.57 respectively. Also at the 2 week after treatment were 61.45±6.18 and 84.96±5.21 respectively. After one and two weeks treatment, the neovascularization area in Bevacizumab group was regressed more than salin group significantly ( P<0.0001). Conclusions: Topical administration of Bevacizumab reduces corneal neovascularization in the short term,so it can be used for treatment of corneal neovascularization. Key words: Corneal Neovascularization, Bevacizumab, Topical.

4492-4496

Authors: D.T.Tayade*, R. D. Thombare, S.A. Waghmare

A novel series of 5-{(4-amino-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-o-anisamido-5-yl}-amino-3-substitutedimino-7- substitutedimino-1,2,4,6-trithiazepines was synthesized by the interactions of 4-amino-5-substituteddithiobiureto-N- [2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-o-anisamides with phenylisothio carbamoyldichloride in acetone-ethanol medium. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and spectral studies. Keywords: 5-{(4-Amino-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-o-anisamido-5-yl}-amino-3-phenylimino-7-ethylimino-1,2,4,6- trithiazepine, 4-amino-5-phenyldithiobiureto-N-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl]-o-anisamide, phenylisothiocarbamoylchloride, acetone-ethanol medium

4500-4506

Authors: Sheela .D and Uthayakumari Kalavathy*

Aim: To study aims to evaluate the antitumor activity of methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant (Family: Aizoaceae) on EAC model in Swiss Albino mice. Methods: Evaluation of the antitumor effect of methanol extract of whole plant of Sesuvium portulacastrum on tumor growth and hosts survival time was made by the study of the following parameters: tumor volume, viable and non viable cell count and life span of host. Results: The results showed decrease in tumor volume and cell viability. Hematological studies revealed that, the Hb count decreased in EAC treated mice, whereas, it was induced by the drug treated animals and showed an increase in Hb near to normal levels. Conclusion: The results suggested that, the extracts of whole plant of Sesuvium portulacastrum exhibited significant antitumor activity on EAC bearing mice. Keywords: Sesuvium portulacastrum, antitumor, lifespan, WBC.

4516-4524

Authors: M. Amin Mir*, Komal Manhas, MMS Jassal

Formation of free radicals in the human body is a daily process and in the present set up of life there occurs inclination in the formation of free radicals in every human body because of life style change. The over production and the accumulation of free radicals leads to the generation of various types of diseases like, diabetes, Cancer, Alzheimer etc. Also in the present age the most dreadful and drastic disease viz diabetes had touched the heights as most of the humans above the age of 40 had affected by the concerned disease. Various types of nourishments are being taken against the free radicals and various types of allopathic medicines are taken against the diabetes, but none finds the complete effect neither against the complete neutralization of free radicals nor against the diabetes. So Scientists finally showed their interest towards the utilisation of phytochemicals or medicinal plants as a whole. So taking these factors into consideration the study in reference have been carried out. Berberis aristata have been collected from the Kishtwar region of Jammu and Kashmir. The plant extracts have been analysed for the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. All the plant extracts have been found effective against the inhibition of free radicals, and the inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glycosidase enzymes. Among the carious extracts of the plant, the acetone extracts have been found much effective against the diabetes and also the antioxidant power of the acetone extract of plant have been found to be much more effective than the water and DCM extracts. Keywords: Antidiabetic, antioxidant, Berberis aristata, Plant extracts, DPPH, Acarbose

4539-4546

Authors: Alimohamad Madahian, Mansoureh Togha, Mina Movahhed *, Zeinnab Ghorbani Sohrab Dehghan, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Shamim Sahranavard

Objective: Headache is a common cause of visits to health care centers. According to World Health Organization Forum, migraine alone is the seventh cause of disability among all diseases. This article attempts to highlight the importance of normal bowel movement in management of headache symptoms. Methods: This study was carried out with searching through traditional books using keywords ‘Sodaa’ (headache) and ‘Yobusat’ (constipation) in Noor software, while search in modern medicine literature was performed using Medline(PubMed) and Scopus databases and Persian medical databases such as SID, with keywords “headache”, “migraine”, “constipation”, “gastrointestinal” and “autonomic”. Insufficient attention to underlining factor of headache was limitation in mentioned studies. Finally, studies evaluating the comorbidity of these two disorders were selected. Results: According to Persian medicine texts, constipation is considered one of the important factors for onset or exacerbation of headache. As well, the results obtained from studies in modern medicine, relatively confirmed this relationship and demonstrated a close association between constipation and headache (especially non migraine headache). Conclusion: In Persian medicine, constipation is one of the most important predisposing factors for headaches and the results achieved from modern literature in this study, suggested that constipation might be considered as a contributing factor; however, more researches are needed to clarify the relationship between headache and constipation. Therefore, considering the importance of treating constipation, use of medicines with no constipation as a side effect or use of traditional medicine laxatives along with the conventional treatment might be suggested. Keywords: Headache, Constipation, Persian Medicine, Modern Medicine.

4558-4565

Authors: Nabil Ali Al-Mekhlafi* and Anwar Masoud

Plants have been one of the important sources of medicines even since the dawn of human civilization. There is a growing demand for plant based medicines, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, health products, cosmetics etc. Pergularia tomentosa L. (Asclepiadaceae) is a perennial twinning herb widely distributed in the Sahara desert, Horn of Africa, Arabian Peninsula to the deserts of southern and eastern Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. A wide range of chemical compounds including cardenolides, cardenolide glycoside and taraxasterol-type triterpenes etc. have been isolated from this plant. P. tomentosa has been exploited in traditional medicine as laxative, tumors, warts, depilatory, abortifacient, skin diseases and anthelmintic agents. Moreover, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of this species are documented. The aim of the present review is to summarize and highlight the traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of P. tomentosa. Keywords: Pergularia tomentosa, cardenolides, taraxasteroltriterpenes, ghalakinoside, calactin

4569-4572

Authors: Gunaseelan. R *and Viswanathan. T

Nitrogen gases are used at different stages of the pharmaceutical manufacturing process for several applications. Nitrogen gas sampling for microorganisms plays vital part in the contamination control. The aim of the work was to evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic microbial count in nitrogen gas during drug manufacturing process. The Nitrogen samples were collected at two different sites about 1000 liters of air sampled by using M-Air- T air sampler and petri plates containing soya bean casein digest agar used for sampling. The processed plates were incubated for aerobic microbial count at 20-25° C for 3 days for fungal count, followed by 30-35° C for 3-5 days for bacterial count. Incubated anaerobic microbial count at 30-35°C for 3 days using anaerobic jar and anaerobic gas pack. After incubation the plates were evaluated for microbial count. The results observed during the study met the acceptance limits as per the ISPE guideline, the microbial count for non-sterile applications limit is to be established based on the product bioburden limits. Typical level NMT 5 cfu/m3 and for sterile applications as per the viable particle requirements for grade area where the product is exposed to the compressed gas (eg.Grade A, Grade A/B, Grade B or Grade C). The pharmaceutical manufacturing industries are supposed to set up the limit and acceptance criteria based on the periodic evaluation. Keywords: Nitrogen gas, Aerobic, Anaerobic microbial count, Sterile, Non-sterile Pharmaceutical industry

4576-4587

Authors: Tanmoy Basak, Arindom Chakraborty and Kashinath Bhattacharya*

The present study deals with the investigation of diversity of airborne pollen in the atmosphere of Santiniketan, West Bengal (Eastern part of India) using a Burkard personal volumetric sampler for the two-years period 2014–2015. A total of 66 pollen taxa belonging to 37 angiosperm families and one gymnosperm have been identified. Grass pollen alone dominated the airborn pollen assemblage followed by Cassia sp., Acacia sp., Solanaceae, Asteraceae and Cyperaceae. Pollen grains of Cycas sp., Lagerstroemia sp., Spathodea campanulata, Lantana camara, Eucalyptus sp., Malvaceae, Liliaceae, Parthenium hysterophorus, Carica papaya, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Areca catechu, and Catharanthus roseus were also predominant in the air of Santiniketan. The annual pollen index (API) was 77,272 (pollen/m3 of air) in Santiniketan which reflects the rich pollen diversity of this famous sub-urban tourist spot of West Bengal. The place has the highest annual concentrations of pollen in April (13024/m3 in 2014 and 12160/m3 in 2015) in both of the study years. The studies carried out established the association between aero pollen concentration, meteorological factors and air quality data (pollutants). Yearly variations of pollen seasons could be related to the influence of meteorological factors such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and wind speed which have been proven statistically by correlation analysis. PM10 and PM 2.5 were found to be statistically significant with total pollen count. We have made a statistical approach using the multivariate regression analysis and Generalized Linear Model to predict onset, duration and peak pollen season to evaluate the threat imposed by the presence of pollen allergens in the air. For this statistical approach, we have considered the influencing meteorological factors and air pollution data as predictive variables and pollen counts as response variable for 2014 and 2015. The fitted regression equation showed goodness of fit of the proposed model with such an adjusted R 2 value (0.8281) which explaining almost 82.81% of the variability for prediction of weekly pollen counts for future years. This aeropalynological survey may serve as guide for allergologiests to predict and manage the source and the incidence of allergic diseases among local inhabitants. Key words: Pollen, Santiniketan, annual pollen index, statistically significant, prediction, pollen season, Regression analysis, Generalized Linear Model.

4594-4601

Authors: Mikhalchenko D.V., Danilina T.F*., Iakovlev A.T., Danilina E.V., Iarygina E.N., Denisenko L.N.,

The gingival fluid of pregnant women was studied for interleukins 8 and 10, and immunoglobulins A and G in 31 female patients of SHI CH No.5 of Volgograd, at the age of 20-25 years - the first period of adulthood (Iordanishvili A.K., 2015), 15 of which - without IDA, and 16 - with manifestations of IDA. Treatment of mild and moderate periodontitis (K05.3) was carried out in pregnant women with IDA with the use of Lysobact; pregnant women without IDA were treated with traditional anti-inflammatory therapy according to the treatment algorithm. In both groups, professional oral hygiene, active training and monitoring of the performance of individual hygiene were carried out. It was established that the concentration of IL-10 increases significantly (p <0.05) from 0.010 [1.790] ng/ml to 3.050 [8.550] ng/ml after treatment, against the background of complex treatment of periodontitis in pregnant women with IDA with Lysobact. This confirms the importance of interleukin 10 as the main anti-inflammatory cytokine and objectively proves the correctness of the selected clinical tactics for treating mild and moderate inflammatory periodontal diseases with the drug "Lysobact" against the background of iron deficiency anemia. Keywords: pregnant women, iron deficiency anemia, periodontal disease.

4607-4609

Authors: M. Farjana*, Bandla Aswani, P. Anusha, T. Sailaja, K. Supriya

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious, infectious disease that attacks lungs. It is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Obstructive airway diseases (OAD) is a long term lung disease that causes cough and breathlessness. The main risk factor for the development of OAD is smoking and dilated cardiac Myopathy (DCM) which is a myocardial dysfunction causing heart failure in which ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. We report a case of a female patient of age 75 years was admitted in a medical emergency department of Santhiram general hospital with shortness of breath and cough since 10 days, difficulty in passing urine, constipation, and occasional fever. On examination of x-ray and ECG, there was an impression of dilated cardiac myopathy. Based on subjective and objective evaluation the patient was diagnosed with old pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) with obstructive airway disease (OAD) with dilated cardiac myopathy (DCM). Patient was treated with the medications likeT.dytor plus, T.Pansec, T.Ab.phylline, T.Cardace, Syp.Dulphalac, Inj.Febrinil, Syp.Aristozyme. Patient was discharged by stabilizing all the conditions. Key Words: Pulmonary tuberculosis, Obstructive air way disease, Dilated cardiac myopathy

4617-4621

Authors: Rashid Ahmed Khan*, Muhammad Iqbal, Nadeem Memon, Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Syed Jahangir, Maryam Iqbal, Muhammad Muneeb and Aatir H. Rajput

Objective: This study hopes to compare the severity and control of asthma among patients presenting with and without co-morbid rhinitis. Methodology:This retrospective, comparative analysis was conducted upon a total of 377 asthmatic patients, presenting at the medical out-patient department with and without co-morbid rhinitis. The data was collected using a structured interview based questionnaire (after taking written informed consent) which included in-depth inquiries regarding the asthma severity and control for the past 4 week. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 21. 0. Results: Among the 377 subjects, 200 were males while 177 were females. Mean age of the subjects was 36 years. 172 asthmatic patients in the sample suffered from the co-morbid rhinitis, while the remaining did not have the said comorbidity. Asthmatic patients with co-morbid rhinitis experienced more frequent asthmatic attacks. The incidence of visits to the emergency room and frequency of hospital admissions too was high among asthmatic patients with co-morbid rhinitis. Conclusion: The results reveal that, all attempts to draw a comparison of asthma severity and control among patients with and without comorbid rhinitis yield clear and unidirectional results, leading to a transparent conclusion i.e. the asthma severity and control is considerably poorer in asthmatics with co-morbid rhinitis. Keywords: Asthma, Severity, Control, Rhinitis and Co-morbidity.