INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

3381-3383

Authors: Fateme Parooei , Sara Zamanpour , Morteza Salarzaei*

Introduction: Many studies have shown the role of various factors in the incidence of Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The patients have different clinical symptoms and depend on several factors, including host microbiological and the environment characteristics. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study the Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis were selected. Findings: Tuberculosis is one of the oldest known diseases in humans; this disease is known to have high mortality rates, so that this rate might rise up to 50% in case of non-treatment. Mycobacterium has more than 100 species, some of which are pathogenic in humans and some others in animals. Conclusion: The probability of tuberculosis is one of the differential diagnoses that can be considered in the case of respiratory symptoms in these people. Consequently, designing an effective programs and screening patients opens new horizons for controlling and preventing tuberculosis. Keywords: Eosisxtra-pulmonary, tubercul

3387-3389

Authors: Fateme Parooei , Mahmood Anbari , Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction: One of the most serious forms of meningitis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which affects the lining of the meninges covering the brain and the spinal cord and is usually associated with high mortality and morbidity. One of the most serious complications of meningitis is intracranial tuberculoma. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Brain tuberculoma. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study the Brain tuberculoma were selected. Findings :In most developed countries, resources, budgets, high standards of living and extensive pharmacotherapy have reduced tuberculosis in the past 40 years, and there is currently little problem with this disease; however, in developing countries, the disease is still a big problem. Conclusion: All patients with chronic meningitis should consider the possibility and risk of meningitis tuberculosis, and both central nervous system and eyes should be examined in order to guarantee the safety of these two organs. Keywords: Brain, tuberculoma

3396-3401

Authors: Somayyeh Kargar Dolatabadi1 and Nazanin Honarparvaran2*

The present study compared the feeling of loneliness, cognitive distortions and attitudes toward life in the second wife and ordinary wife of Shiraz. In terms of the nature and objectives, the research is of causal-comparative (post-event) type and the statistical population includes 70 second wife-women who are targeted by sampling method And 70 normal women by multistage cluster sampling that was selected after homogenization (age, education, social class). To collect data, questionnaires were used to assess the emotional self-sufficiency of adults, Abdullah Zadeh cognitive distortions; attitudes toward the life of Batista and Almond have been used. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used and at the level of inferential statistics, multivariate analysis of variance (Manawa) was used. The results showed that there is a meaningful relation between loneliness, cognitive distortions (except personalization) and attitude toward life in the second and normal wife. Cognitive distortions in the personalization component have no significant difference between the second wife and the normal wife. Keywords: loneliness, cognitive distortions, attitude towards life, second wife (polygamy).

3406-3410

Authors: Fatemeh Baneshi1 and Dr.Hossein Aflakifard*

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of water painting on creativity and social adjustment of students. This research was applied in terms of its nature and purpose. Semi-experimental method was used with pre-test and post-test, and control and control groups. The population of the study consisted of all primary school girl students in Marvdasht who were studying in the academic year 2015-2016. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, 40 people were selected as the statistical sample. In order to collect information, Child Behavioral Questionnaire (CBCL) and Torrance Creative Thinking Test Questionnaire (visual form B) were used. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis method. Results showed that painting with water had a positive and significant effect on creativity and social compatibility of primary school students. Keywords: Creativity, Social Adaptation, Water Painting

3416-3422

Authors: Reda Ansari1 , Kapeel Nawani2 and Hafsa Nusrat

Background: Tuberculosis is a potentially life-threatening, airborne bacterial infection that can be found worldwide. The treatment regimen is a lengthy one, but if you stick with it and take medications the way you should, you can beat the disease. Even with treatment, however, you can get tuberculosis infection again. Objective: TB recurrence, relapse and re-infection are becoming more common every day in successfully treated patients of tuberculosis. This study aims to determine the common factors influencing T.B recurrence, relapse and re-infection. Methods: This multi-center, cross-sectional study comprised of 200 patients (64.8% males and 35.2% females) chosen via simple random sampling and undergoing treatment for recurrent, relapsed or reinfection of tuberculosis at different T.B centers namely: Government T.B Sanatorium Kotri, Bhittai Hospital Hyderabad, Civil Hospital Hyderabad and Civil Hospital Mirpurkhas, from 1st December 2014 to 10th February 2015. Verbal informed consent was obtained before administering structured self-administered questionnaires. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 19.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. Results: The study shows that males are more prone (27.3%) to get a relapse within 2 years while females are less prone 15%. According to social economic status, there is 74.9% chance of low economic class for TB relapse, 19.6 % in case of middle class and 5.5% in case of high economic class. TB is 55.3% more common in those patients whose family members are suffering from same disease. Among cases of relapse within 5 years, 95.6% took medicine without supervision, 86.6% were supervised by the family and 84% by the health professional. Urban areas are less affected with TB relapse within 5 years than the rural areas. Non-smokers are more affected within 5 years while smokers are comparably less affected with TB. Conclusion:My study concluded that secondary TB relapse cases gender variation , social economic status , medical monitoring , TB regimen coarse , family history, smoking all are the common factors which influence TB relapse within 5 years or above 5 years. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis relapse, Tuberculosis Recurrence and Tuberculosis Recurrence.

3430-3438

Authors: S.Prathyusha , Syed Umar Farooq , Dr.A.Narsimha Reddy , Dr.D.Sudheer kumar , Dr.P.Kishore

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is defined as the presence of hyperandrogenism (clinically and/or biochemically) chronic anovulation in the absence of specific adrenal pituitary gland abnormality. The clinical features of PCOS are Hyperandrogens, Hirsutism, Acne, Obesity, Insulin resistance. The impact of these symptoms on a woman quality of life may be profound and can results in psychological distress that threatens her feminine identity. The study shows factors impacting quality of life in women. It has been measured by using chi-PCOSQ (Chinese PCOS Questionnaire) Likert scale. PCOS quality of life assessment is demonstrated by 1- 7 point likert scale. Amongst all domains impairment was seen in infertility domain followed by menstrual irregularity, acne, and hair loss. Spontaneous abortions were found to be frequent in PCOS patients whose BMI range is above normal. In present study of assessing Quality of life, treatment with metformin shows effective results in overweight and obese patients. Clomiphene citrate and inositol are highly effective in non-obese and underweight patients. Keywords: Quality of life, HRQoL (Health related quality of life), PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome), Clomiphene citrate, Metformin.

3445-3450

Authors: Muzaffar Ali Shaikh1 , Muhammad Iqbal2* , Mumtaz Ali Lakho3 , Syed Jahanghir4 , Sadia Shaikh5 & Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon

Objective: This study hopes to compare the rate of symptom resolution achieved with different recommended speeds of initial atropinization as part of treatment of patients presenting with accidental organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Methodology: The casual-comparative analysis was conducted at the department of medicine, Liaquat university hospital, upon a total of 117 patients from October 2016 to July 2017. Informed consent was acquired from each patient before administering each of the recommended dosage regimens. Results: The best performing regimen was administration of a beginning bolus of one to two milligrams of atropine, seconded shortly (five minutes) by a doubled dose of atropine. This practice of administering a doubled dose after 5 minutes is followed till complete atropinization is obtained. Among the many up sides of our most successful regimen, most notable were the facts that, administration of a mean dose (25 mg) required not more than twenty minutes, it worked well even for rare cases that required rather large quantities of atropine, allowing 75 mg of atropine to be administered in no more than 25–30 minutes, and finally, it even catered to the needs of patients that require small doses owing to the fact that the beginning bolus can be a mere 1 mg. Conclusion: After careful consideration and deliberation on the obtained results, the use of a dosage regimen with the high pace of initial atropinization to halt the adverse effects seems to be the best choice. It shall help to considerably decrease the mortality owing to organophosphate poisoning. It addition to that, the use of a simple and easy to follow dosage regimen is more likely to be followed correctly. Keywords: Atropinization, Organophosphate Poisoning, Accidental Poising, Symptom Resolution, Treatment Speed and Modality Speed Comparison.

3458-3463

Authors: Maryam Hosseini Moghadam1 , Pegah Larki2 , Jafar Panahi3 , Niloofar Mojtahedifard4 , Abbas Shakoori5*

Some pregnancies are abnormal in human genetically and end with the spontaneous abortion, which is the most common problem of pregnancy. The recurrent abortions are often referred to as multifactorial disease that one of which is thrombosis. The thrombosis in placenta capillaries seems to disturb the blood circulation between the mother and the fetus and eventually lead to abortion. Recently, studies have shown that genetic basis for thrombophilia relates with recurrent abortion. The aim of this study is the survey of G1691A and G4070A mutations in the Factor V gene, -455G>A mutation in the gen of XIII factor, G103T mutation in Beta fibrinogen and A20210G mutation in the thrombin gene. The samples were collected from 60 patients referred to Tehran Imam Khomeini hospital .DNA was extracted from patients' blood samples by multiple PCR simultaneously containing different mutations were duplicated then the existence of mutation was evaluated by the strip technique. The genes mutation of G1691A in Factor V, G4070A in Factor V, G103T in Beta fibrinogen, -455G>A in the XIII factor and G20210A were identified 6.6%, 45%, 36%, 40% and 3.3% respectively. Studies on the other population showed that frequency of examined mutations varies with other communities. Anyway, more samples are required in order to obtain more accurate statistics related to the frequency of mutations. Keywords: Factor V, Factor XIII, fibrinogen, prothrombin, spontaneous abortion, thrombosis, thrombophilia, strip technique.

3467-3469

Authors: Fateme Parooei 1 , Mahmood Anbari 2 , Morteza Salarzaei 1*

Introduction:. Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women in the world. Unlike industrialized countries, poor countries struggle with cervical cancer as one of the most important causes of death. It is quite difficult, and required precise examination and logical suspicion, to diagnose this disease before it kills the patient. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Cervical cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study Cervical cancer were selected. About the patient:The patient was a 51-year-old lady who had visited Amiralmounin Hospital in Zabol and had complained of having an irregular bleeding disorder for 2 months. She was examined due the possibility of lesion in the cervix and pathological report confirmed the cervical stone cell carcinoma. Pre-operation ultrasound confirmed the presence of an 8 * 9 cm mass with a specific limit on the left side of the pelvic cavity. Discussion and conclusion: Only third to breast and endometrial cancers, cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers specific to women; although early diagnosis of this disease makes treatment possible in 95% of cases, the absence of treatment or lack of response to treatment often results in the death of the patient in 95% of cases in only 2 years after diagnosis. Key words: Cervical, cancer

3476-3478

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Mahmood Anbari 2 , Morteza Salarzaei 1*

Introduction: Gastric cancer in most cases is diagnosed in symptomatic patients with an advanced disease lacking a definite treatment. The common symptoms of the primary diagnosis include weight loss (0.62), stomachache (0.52), nausea (0.34), and swallowing disorder (dysphagia) (0.26). Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Gastric cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 those were conducted to study the Gastric cancer were selected. Findings Cutaneous metastases are the infrequent symptoms of solid tumors. Cutaneous metastases are mostly seen in tumors of breast, lung, colorectal, kidney, and ovaries and they are uncommon symptoms in the stomach. Gastric cancer metastasis involves adrenal glands, lungs, and bones and it hardly affects the skin. Discussion and conclusion: Cutaneous metastasis is usually formed after the initial malignancy diagnosis. However, it can be the first symptom of malignancy at times. Cutaneous metastases frequently show the bad prognosis of the disease. Key words: Gastric, cancer

3482-3490

Authors: Md. Tarique Nadeem**1 , Manoj Kumar2 , Manasa.P3 , Panakala Rao4 ,Sanjesh Kumar

Introduction: Paediatrics is the branch of medicine which deals with the development, growth, diseases and disorders in children. Materials and Methods: Our research as a prospective observational study was performed on 140 type 2 paediatric patients in Mahabubnagar (INDIA). Patients diagnosed with multiple diseases were included in the study. Patient demographic details, medication chart, cost of drugs and Pharmacy bills were collected from the patient. KUPPUSWAMY SCALE was used to analyse the socio economic status of guardians of patients. Gained data was analysed by using SPSS statistical software version 22.2 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: It is observed that male infants are more prone to diseases than female infants. The most commonly occurring diseases among paediatricswas found to be fever. Antibiotics were found to be most commonly used drugs. The most common type of antibiotics prescribed were penicillin's, cephalosporins, macrolide, aminoglycoside, tetracyclines, glycopeptides antibiotics. The mean cost of generic drug prescriptions is 169.27±47.2 whereas that of brand drug prescriptions is 347.85±59.6. The P value was found to be 0.015. Conclusion: There should be close monitoring over prescription pattern in paediatric population. It also highlights the need of rational use of drugs, prescribing by generics and from EDL. Continuing education regarding rational prescribing and developing easy guidelines for prescribing in common diseases in children is highlyrecommended. Key Words:Paediatrics, prescription pattern, cost minimisation analysis, rational drug use

3494-3497

Authors: Farhad Soltani 1* , Mojdeh Forouzan 2 , Alireza Olapour 3 , Mohammad Adineh4

Background and Purpose: Accurate assessment prior to surgery helps the anesthesiologist to improve the patient's condition before surgery and to have a better approach toward the specific condition of each patient. Numerous studies show that in the absence of evidence of underlying illness in history or clinical examination, the usefulness of radiography is quite low. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive epidemiologic study conducted in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran in 2010. we evaluated the incidence of abnormal lesions of chest x-ray in patients with grade 1 and grade 2 ASA who had elective chest surgery . We examined 323 chest radiographs. The data gathering tool includes a questionnaire for the Features of the individual characteristics and the chest x-ray check list . Data were analyzed using descriptive-inferential statistics in SPSS version 20 Findings: Results showed that natural lesions were detected in 112 (34%) radiographs, 62 people of men (40%) and 50 people of women (29%) had an abnormal lesion in the chest radiography. Abnormal lesions were found in 14 patients (0.08%) with class 1 ASA and in 98 patients (63%) with class 2 ASA and it was higher in patients with the age of more than 65 years. Conclusion: This study suggests that chest radiographs before surgery are not useful for women under the age of 65 who have class 1 ASA. Keywords: Thoracic surgery, Abnormal lesions, chest x-ray, , ASA

3503-3509

Authors: Gayke Amol U* , Aglawe Sachin B, Thakare Girish, Kale Nitin, Gujarathi Tanmay, jagdale Ashok, Khandagle Sandip

Atorvastatin Calcium was microencapsulated using rosin by o/w emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The effect of three formulation variables including the drug:polymer ratio, emulsifier (polyvinyl alcohol) concentration and organic solvent (dichloromethane) volume were examined. The prepared batches were characterized for microspheres particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release behavior. The study reveals that drug:polymer ratio had a considerable effect on the entrapment efficiency, however particle size distribution of microspheres was more dependent on the volume of dichloromethane and polyvinyl alcohol concentration rather than on the drug: polymer ratio. Drug, polymer concentrations were varied to obtain optimum release profile for sustaining the action of the drug. Keywords: Atorvastatin Calcium. Rosin. Microspheres. Sustained release

3528-3831

Authors: Hesamedin Ramezani

The antifungal bacterial and essential features of essential oils have been reported in many sources around the world which illustrates the potential role of plant bioactive compounds in the various sciences. The identification of the main components of these natural herbal products can be very effective in the pursuit of research in the various fields of science, In this regard, the present research has been carried out to identify and introduce the main components of eucalyptus of the citriodora species. The volatile oil of young and adult eucalyptus leaves was extracted utilizing a Clevenger apparatus and after injection to the extent necessary to the chromatograph gas, using inhibition time and inhibition index, the essential oil composition was studied. From the decomposition of volatile oil of the young and mature eucalyptus leaves of the citriodora, 11 mixtures were extracted. The composition of the citronella in the volatile oil of mature leaves and young leaves were respectively 65.23% and 77.49% as the main composition of the volatile oil and the amount of compounds such as a-pinene, cineol and linalool were reported in the mature and young leaves' volatile oil. Keywords: Eucalyptus species citriodora, Citronella, Biological control, Chromatographic Gas

3536-3544

Authors: Neeraj Mishra*, Rani Rai and Chirag E Hayat

The aim of study is to assess the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of aqueous and alcohol extracts that were prepared from green leaves of Spinacia oleraecea, Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus. The antimicrobial activities of the extract were tested bacteria against E.coli, P.aurignosa, S.aureus, and B.subtilis by the use of agar well diffusion method. Antioxidant activities were tested by Reducing power assay method, Superoxide anion scavenging activity, Total antioxidant capacity. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, leaves of Spinacia oleraecea, Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus

3556-3560

Authors: Batool Ghorbani-yekta*, Ali Arab Kheradmand , AmirHossein Milani , Shahrzad Khakpour

Background: In pattern skin flap, distal flap necrosis happens as a result of insufficient blood reserve. Micro needling with a roller device is a new treatment. In this study, the we search micro needling to increase flap viability. Methods: 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups of 15. The study group was exposed to McFarlane flap elevation and repositioning. The microneedling procedure was performed four times: 3 days before, on the day of, and on the third and sixth days after surgery. The control group was only exposed to surgery. The skin flap necrosis area was measured on the seventh postoperative day topographically by digital imaging and scintigraphy. After determination of necrosis area, the amount of neovascularization and number of vascular structures within the papillary dermal layer were counted Results: The mean percentages of necrosis in the flap area as determined by the Digimizer analysis program were 37.51 ± 5.08 in the control group and 29.42 ± 7.37 in the study group. The comparison of flap necrosis percentages showed that the study group is equal to study group. Vessel counts in the study group also do not showed significantly with control group (p> 0.05). Conclusions: The authors’ study showed that the microneedling method applied directly on the flap could modality flap viability but we suggested microneedling method apply 1 week before operation. Keyword: Microneedling - roller device--flap viability-RAT

3567-3571

Authors: Naveen Kumar G S* 1and Srinivasa U

A new sensitive, accurate, precise and validated RP-HPLC method was developed for the concurrent assessment of cefuroxime axetil and linezolid in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. The wavelength selected for quantitation was 276 nm. The method has been validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 2‑12 µg/ml for cefuroxime axetil and 6‑36 µg/ml for linezolid. For RP‑HPLC, the chromatographic separation was achieved by systronics C18 (250×4.6 mm) 5 µm column using phosphate buffer (pH 7): methanol (60:40 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 ml/min. The retention time of cefuroxime axetil and linezolid were found to be 3.127 min and 11.986 min, respectively. The developed method was simple, specific and economic, which can be used for simultaneous estimation of cefuroxime axetil and linezolid in tablet dosage form. Keywords: Cefuroxime axetil, Linezolid, RP-HPLC and Validation

3576-3582

Authors: . Rajesh Kumar , Shashi Kant Shukla , Afifa Qidwai , Anand Pandey and Anupam Dikshit

Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum) L. belongs to family Lamiaceae which comprises the most employed medicinal plants as a worldwide source of spices and also as a consolidated source of extracts. The phytochemical constituents of sweet basil essential oil have been investigated for several therapeutic importance from many regions of the world. They include terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponin glycosides and ascorbic acid. These compounds have been reported to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal, antidyspepsia, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiulcer, antiviral, insecticidal, wound-healing etc. activities. The plant parts of O. basilicum have been widely used in preparation traditional medicine. The plants also been used as a folk remedy to treat various ailments such as feverish illness, poor digestion, nausea, abdominal cramps, gastro-enteritis, migraine, insomnia, depression, gonorrhea, dysentery etc. Externally, they have been applied for the treatment of acne, loss of smell, insect stings, snake bites and skin infections. The present review is aimed to cover the pharmacological investigations on this important medicinal herb. Key Words: Ocimum basilicum, phytochemical constituents, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, insecticidal.

3589-3595

Authors: Samira Adhami1 , Mojgan Tansaz2 , Amal Saki Malehi3 , Mojgan Javadnoori4*

Iranian traditional medicine is based on the concept of Mizaj (Temperament). Mizaj is the overall quality of body and any of its organs in terms of the amount and the proportion of combination of each of four elements, i.e. warmness, coldness, wetness, and dryness in it. If an organ or the whole body gets out of their natural temperament, a disease will be developed. Uterine infections are caused by the wet dys-temperament (Su'e Mizaj) of the uterus, from this perspective. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between uterine temperament and vaginitis. This case-control study was conducted on 223 women aged 20-40 years living in Tehran who referred to two clinics affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences by matching the age and contraceptive method. In the case group (n=112) one kind of vaginitis was detected and the control group (n=111) were healthy in this regard. The data were analyzed using chi-square test, independent t-test, or Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression. Uterine compound temperament was cold-wet in most patients (62.5%). Uterine singular temperament was cold in 73.7% of the patient in terms of coldness and hotness and was wet in 74.6% of the patients in terms of dryness and wetness. There was a significant relationship between uterine singular and compound temperament and risk of vaginitis. It can be said that uterine dis-temperament is a predisposing factor to develop vaginitis and this finding validates the theory claimed in traditional medicine literature. Keywords: Temperament; Vaginitis; Iranian traditional medicine; Uterine

3599-3601

Authors: Fatemeparooei1 , Mahmood Anbari2, MortezaSalarzaei1*

Introduction: Trophoblastic tumor caused by ectopic pregnancy is a very rare occurrence, reported to be around 1.5 in one million births. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Gestationaltrophoblastic tumor following ectopic pregnancy. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Gestationaltrophoblastic tumor following ectopic pregnancy were selected. Results: GTT following ectopic pregnancy is a very rare phenomenon and 4-76% of these cases are reported to be caused by ectopic pregnancy. Choriocarcinoma , in which the function of tube is faked, has also been reported in some cases as one of the complications of EP. Discussion and conclusion:The most important part in interstitial ectopic pregnancy is timely diagnosis that will affect the course and outcomes of pregnancy. Key words: Gestational,trophoblastic tumor ,ectopic pregnancy

3605-3607

Authors: Fateme parooei1 , Mahmood Anbari 2 , Morteza Salarzaei1*

Introduction: Abdominal pregnancy is one of the rare cases of ectopic pregnancy and it occurs when pregnancy gums are located in places other than uterus, ovaries, and tubes. Abdominal pregnancy directly affects the frequency of ectopic pregnancy. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the abdominal pregnancy . In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Abdominal pregnancy were selected. Results: Abdominal pregnancy is a potentially dangerous condition that has been become more and more important in both underdeveloped and developing countries due to the use of assisted reproductive techniques in recent years. Discussion and conclusion: Clinical diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy is difficult due to the lack of specific symptoms and sings. Recurrent or persistent abdominal distension, vaginal bleeding and gastrointestinal symptoms can be the first evidence of a good diagnosis, especially if it is associated with an abnormal fetus or the patient has undergone infertility treatments or has a history of uterine surgery. Key words: Abdominal, pregnancy

3618-3624

Authors: Muhammad Muneeb*, Abid Ali, Anam Shaikh, Aatir H. Rajput, Qirat Modi Shaikh, Sadia Khan , Ali Muntazir Naqvi, Abeeha Batool

Objective: To determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in diabetic population presenting at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Methodology: This observation- cross sectional study was conducted over 510 diabetic patients at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Patients above 45 years of age, of either gender, diagnosed with diabetes for more than 2 years duration were evaluated for serum vitamin B12 level. The data was analyzed in statistical software (SPSS) and the p-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: During seven month study period, total 510 patients with diabetes were evaluated, Vitamin B 12 deficiency was found in 183 patients i.e. 35.88% with a level of <200 ρg/ml while 327 i.e. 30.6 % patients were having normal B-12 levels. Among Vitamin B12 Diabetic Population, 112 (61.2%) were males and 71 (38.8%) were females. Around 2/3rd of the patients were using metformin as hypoglycemic agent while the rest were on other oral hypoglycemic agents or on insulin. 81.17% patients were taking either H2 Blocker or Proton Pump Inhibitor, while around half (46.86%) were on multivitamins. Conclusion: The Vitamin B12 deficiency is diabetic population was found to be 35.88%. This leads a serious concern for the primary care physician to look for vitamin B-12 deficiency even if the patient is asymptomatic for B12 deficiency. Key Words: Diabetic population, Vitamin B12, Megaloblastic anemia.

3630-3634

Authors: Shaheda Sultana*, Shaheda Khatoon, Syed Umar Farooq, Dr. D Sudheer Kumar.

The objective of the present investigation was to develop an effective insitu proliposomal gel formulations for treatment of Non-insulin dependent diabetes.The proliposomes containing Miglitol was prepared by film deposition on carrier method using vacuum rotary evaporator. The optimization of Miglitol proliposomes was done by preparing the different formulations by varying the concentration of mannitol, phosphatidyl choline and cholesterol. Formulation prepared by using 50mg of miglitol, 1g mannitol, Phosphatidyl choline 150mg, Cholesterol 100 mg, chloroform 6ml and methanol 4ml was selected as optimized formulation. The cumulative amount of drug release of various proliposomal formulations and conventional Miglitol gel in 7.4 pH after 16hrs showed 80.5% and 95.1% for conventional gel. The drug release followed Peppas model.which confirms that release of proliposomal formulation was Fickian diffusion. Key Words: Miglitol proliposomal gel, Mannitol, cholesterol, phosphatidyl choline

3638-3640

Authors: Fateme parooei , Mahmood Anbari, Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction: Pregnancy and childbirth are among the most important events in every woman’s life. Although pregnancy is not a disease and is a physiological and natural process, it may be followed with complications, and pregnancy cares can prevent the incidence of many problems. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia were selected. Results: Hemoglobin hematocrit test is one of the common tests of pregnancy. Hematocrit includes the ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to the total volume of blood that is shown as a percentage or a decimal fraction. Discussion and conclusion: Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy is one of the most important complications of pregnancy that account for three most important causes of maternal mortality together with hemorrhage and infection. Key words: hemoglobin ،hematocrit ،first trimester ، pregnancy ،preeclampsia

3644-3646

Authors: Fateme parooei, Mahmood Anbari, Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction:. Every year, 75 thousand maternal deaths occur owing to hypertensive disorders. Although numerous studies have been conducted on this disease, its cause is still unknown. Although some risk factors have been reported for preeclampsia, this disease is only diagnosed with its own clinical presentations and it is often diagnosed late. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the relationship of the first and third trimester hematocrit levels and preeclampsia .In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study. The relationship of the first and third trimester hematocrit levels and preeclampsia were selected. Results: The studies indicate that hemodynamic changes during pregnancy have no effect on the increased plasma volume in the second trimester in women suffering from preeclampsia. Thus, it can be concluded that disruption in the increased plasma volume in the second trimester is likely to be a risk signal of suffering from preeclampsia in the subsequent weeks of pregnancy. Discussion and Conclusion: Determining hematocrit is one of the common and necessary measures taken during pregnancy. If hematocrit level of the first trimester is more than 43%, it has to do with the preeclampsia at the end of the third trimester. Every year, 75 thousand maternal deaths occur owing to hypertensive disorders. Key words: trimester hematocrit ، preeclampsia

3650-3654

Authors: Rajendra Mogal*, Madhavi shinde, Ashwini Shelke, Rahul Sable, Anil Jadhav

The main objective of present work was to develop simple spectrophotometric multicomponent method of analysis i. e. simultaneous equation method. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate & Emtricitabine was first approved in US in July 2003 and is indicated for adults aged > or =18 years. This method is used for dissolution study of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Emtricitabine in combined tablet dosage form. As per USFDA guidelines, dissolution study was carried out in 900 mL 0.01 N HCl. Dissolution study was carried out using a USP Type 2 (Paddle) apparatus at a stirring rate of 50 rpm for 45 minutes as per USFDA guidelines. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Emtricitabine showed 258 and 286 nm as λmax in 0.01N HCl respectively. The drug release from tablet was evaluated by developed spectroscopic methods i. e. simultaneous equation method. At the end of 45 minutes, % Cumulative drug release of Emtricitabine & Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was found to be 104.9 & 98.8 % based on developed method. The developed method was found to be simple, rapid, less tedious & economical compare to other reported methods in literature. The developed method can be a good alternative method for quality control testing of Emtricitabine & Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in combined dosage form. Keywords: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Emtricitabine, Simultaneous Equation method, Dissolution, USFDA

3661-3664

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian and Sepideh Amouzadeh*

Cardiovascular diseases are nowadays included as one of the factors threatening health of all humans. In many countries of the world, including our country, they are known as an important mortality cause. Given the importance of heart attacks diagnosis in the early hours, the present research aims at studying positive and negative cases of Troponin-I diagnostic test in patients referring to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 3 months from March to May 2015 on patients referring to the emergency department of Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test. Moreover, P<0.05 was considered as the significance level. From among 1420 patient studied, only 200 patients had the inclusion criteria for entering this study. From this number, 110 patients were male, and 90 patients were female with the mean age of 46.87±1.098. The job frequencies of the patients were as follows: 80 patients (40%) were office worker or had parttime jobs; 88 patients (44%) were either unemployed or housewives; and 32 patients (16%) were students. The incidence rate of positive troponin was four patients; three men and one woman. The findings of the present study indicate that over-prescription of Troponin test in unnecessary cases by the doctors is likely to impose high costs and stress on both the patient and the personnel of the laboratory. Thus, the doctors are recommended to be more cautious in prescribing this test. It is also recommended to change the method of the test from Troponin-I to Troponin-T. Key Words: Troponin-I, Diagnostic Test, Ilam, Iran

3665-3673

Authors: Ali Jan, Javid Iqbal, Marvi Blooch, Abid Hussain, Muhammad Akhlaq*, NisarShahwani Muhammad Siddique, Muhammad Younis

The current research was aimed to estimate and compare the antioxidant effect of selected medicinal plants collected from different areas of Balochistan, Pakistan. The antioxidant activitywas determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) a radical scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation assay and total antioxidant assay. Plant extracts demonstratedhangups alongside thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) tempted by pro-oxidant 10uM ferroussulphate (FeSO4) or sodium nitroprusside in the brain region of mice. Plants extracts showed significantferric reducing and free radical scavenging activity and also showed the higher concntration of both flavonoids and phenols. It was observed that higher thetotal polyphenolicand falavonoidscontentsbetter the antioxidant effect. All the plant samples showed the order of their antioxidant activity as SolanumNigram>Momordicacharantia>SolanumVillosum>TinosporaCordifolia> Ginkgo Biloba>Cuscutareflexa. The data obtained in the present study shows that all selected plants have inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant effect of the selected plants might be related to the higher concentration of phenolic. Contents,ferric reducing ability and free radical scavenging activity.In this study we tried to provide the scientific proof for the traditional use of the selectedmedicinal plants as antioxidants. Key Words: Antioxidant activity, Free radical, DPPH, Medicinal plants, Oxidative stress, Mice brain.

3673-3677

Authors: Saerah Simon, Sidhi Sunil, Mrs. Renuka R*, Dr. Elessy Abraham

SGLT2 inhibitors are a class of prescription medicines that are FDA approved for use with diet and exercise to lower blood sugar in adults with type II diabetes. When untreated, type II diabetes can lead to serious problems including blindness, nerve and kidney damage, and heart disease. SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood sugar by causing the kidneys to remove sugar from the body through the urine. These medicines are available as singleingredient products and also in combination with other diabetes medicines such as metformin. The safety and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors have not been established in patients with type I diabetes, and FDA has not approved them for use in these patients. Reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and is carried out by two isoforms of SGLT. SGLT-2 is located in the S1 and S2 segments of the PCT and has a high capacity but low affinity for glucose transport. In healthy individuals, it reabsorbs ~ 90% of filtered glucose. SGLT-1 governs glucose transport in the S3 segment and is a low-capacity, high-affinity glucose transporter that reabsorbs the remaining 10% of the filtered glucose.SGLT-2 inhibitors have a novel mechanism of action that is independent of insulin secretion and action. These agents block glucose reabsorption, leading to urinary glucose excretion. The advantages of this approach are reduced hyperglycemia without hypoglycemia, along with weight loss and blood pressure reduction. [2] Keywords: SGLT2 inhibitors, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Type II diabetes.

3678-3688

Authors: Natalia Vladimirovna Valitova*, Svetlana Fedorovna Kolosova, Mikhail Sergeevich Danilov, Sergey Sergeevich Lutai, Sergey Adamovich Weinberger

Objective: The study of mycobacterium susceptibility to the combined application of anti-tuberculosis drugs and "Alcohol Balsam" based on beekeeping products. Methods: The anti-tuberculosis activity of ATD (anti-tuberculosis drugs) and dietary supplements "Alcohol Balsam" combination was studied in in vitro experiment in 2016. The results of swabs microscopy were assessed by the amount of bacteria within microsopic view and intensity of the "curve". The growth of MBT (mycobacterium tuberculosis) surface culture in test tubes was determined visually according to the number of colonies on the surface of the breeding ground. The research scientists tested 11, 12, 13 and 14 days’ drug effects on mycobacterium culture. Findings: In case of the main anti-tuberculosis drugs and "Alcohol Balsam" combined application, the growth of drugsensitive and multidrug-resistant strains of tuberculosis bacterium is suppressed by 100% in earlier phases compared to the anti-tuberculosis drug application alone. Conclusions: Various dilutions of ‘Alcohol balsam’ based on beekeeping products being added to the breeding ground of the first and second line anti-tuberculosis drugs increase their drugs bactericidal effects. Moreover, in earlier phases they suppress the growth of drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains of tuberculosis mycobacterium in 100 % of cases. Thus, the efficacy and expediency of Galleria mellonella larvae based drugs application for human tuberculosis prevention and comprehensive treatment have been proved. Keywords: Treatment and prevention of tuberculosis; beekeeping products; Galleria mellonella larvae; Galleria mellonella; Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

3689-3693

Authors: Dr. Rafi Ahmed Ghori , Dr. Tariq Zaffar Shaikh* , Dr. Mona Humaira, Dr. Syed Nadeem Shah , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Umair Ahmed Ghori , Dr. Sidra Ghori, Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To evaluate the demographical and clinical profile of patients with various hematological disorders. Patients and Methods: This one year cross sectional study was conducted at tertiary care hospital for the evaluation of various haematological disorders. Complete clinical data were recorded including detail history, clinical examination and haematological study along with specific investigations and proforma filled. All the patients of ≥12 years of age, either gender presented with prolonged fever, repeated infections, unexplained weight loss, refractory anemia, recurrent bleeding episodes and on blood complete picture (CBC) had abnormalities of red blood cells /hemoglobin, white blood cells, platelet count for long duration along with abnormal peripheral smear shown the atypical / blast cells were recruited and enrolled in the study to had bone marrow aspiration & biopsy. The frequency and percentages was calculated while the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD. Results: During one year study period total thirty patients diagnosed with various haematological disorders were observed. The mean age ±SD for whole population was 42.92±7.97, of thirty individuals 18 (60%) were males and 12 (40%) were females. The common clinical presentation identified as Pallor(83.3%), fever with night sweats (66.6%), recurrent infections (63.3%), loss of appetite (76.6%) and weight loss (70%). Regarding hematological disorders, megaloblastic anemia (13.3%), aplastic anemia (26.6%), acute myeloid leukemia (13.3%), myelo-proliferative disorders (13.3%) and lympho-proliferative disorders (16.6%). Conclusion: The common hematological disorders detected were megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, acute myeloid leukemia, myelo-proliferative disorders and lympho-proliferative disorders while the bone marrow biopsy is a safe and simple diagnostic procedure. Keywords: Hematological disorders, Bone marrow biopsy and Bone marrow aspiration.

3695-3700

Authors: Anna A. Peresypkina*, Anton L. Pazhinsky, Anna S. Pobeda, Alexander A. Dolzhikov, Nina I. Zhernakova, Olga A. Osipova, Alexander P. Grigorenko, Viktor A. Ruzhenkov

Introduction: It should be noted the relevance of developing an adequate model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy for further study of neuroretinoprotective properties of pharmacological agents. Research tasks: Development of the methodical approaches for evaluation of the neuroretino protective activity of pharmacological agents to objectively assess the degree of the protective activity of new and commonly used neuroretinoprotectors in ophalmology. Methods: To investigate the fundus of experimental animals a direct ophthalmoscopy was used on 29th day of the experiment. The eye drops Irifrin 2.5% were used to expand the pupil. To zoom a lens Osher MaxField 78D model OI-78M has been used. Electroretinography was performed at once after the ophthalmoscopy. To assess the degree of functional damage to the retina we evaluated the ratio of amplitudes of a- and b- waves - the coefficient b/a. For all data, the descriptive statistics were used, and data are checked for normal distribution. Distribution type was determined by using the criterion of Shapiro-Wilk. Betweengroup differences were analyzed by parametric (t-Student criterion) or non-parametric (Mann-Whitney test) methods, depending on the type of distribution. Differences were determined at 0.05 significance level. Results: The results of ophthalmoscopy have found that the optimal model of pathology was with single 5-minute intraocular pressure (IOP) increase to 110 mmHg on day 26 of the experiment on the background of daily intraperitoneal N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration in a dose 12.5 mg/kg within 28 days: «Optic disc is edematous, increased in size, edema extends to the retina. Slight blurring boundaries of optic disc. There are pockets of "cotton" exudate, indicating the growing ischemia. Veins are congested, crimped at the periphery. Arteries are narrowed. Vessel caliber is uneven. Retina is palely (ischemic). Symptom Salus-Hun I. In rare cases, the solid exudate deposits were observed». In this group ratio b/a was 1.9 ± 0.08 r.u. (p<0.05 compared with the group of intact animals), which is less than the value of intact animals by 27%. Conclusion: The study developed a model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy on rats of Wistar line, ophthalmoscopic picture and retinal electrophysiological status were assessed that allows to fully appreciate the formation of the changes in the modeling of pathology. This model makes possible to evaluate the retinotropic effects of pharmacological agents sufficiently objectively. Key words: hypertensive neuroretinopathy, ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography.

3701-3706 A

Authors: Artur Amirovich Almukhametov*, Alena Evgenievna Kormishina, Praskovia Georgievna Mizina, Natalia Sergeevna Eliseeva, Aleksey Vladimirovich Shulaev

Aim: At present, humanity is synthesized more than 80 mln of new chemicals and drugs on their basis. Constant contact with these substances is inevitable. More than 150 thousand of them are in constant circulation in production and daily life. The extensive use of them in the activities of modern man leads to an increased risk of acute exposure of chemicals (industrial, household and criminal poisoning) [1]. Attention is drawn to the rapid increase in the number of acute drug poisonings. This trend is due to the rapid growth of chemical production and pharmaceutical industries, poorly controlled sales and irrational use of medicines [2]. This situation is typical for such large regions of the Volga Federal District, as the Ulyanovsk region and the Republic of Mordovia. The aim is to compare the characteristic structures of acute drug poisoning, based on the statistics of Rospotrebnadzor in the Ulyanovsk region and in the republic of Mordovia; to identify common patterns and differences, for the planning of targeted detoxification and preventive measures. Materials and methods: Retrospective screening study, based on the statistical form 12-07 "Information on the results of toxicological monitoring" (in the revised version - 12-12) and emergency notifications about the cases of acute poisoning of chemical etiology, in the amount of 8975 - for the Ulyanovsk region, and 5164 for the Republic of Mordovia, was carried out. The design of the study was chosen - descriptive transverse (one-stage). The results of the study were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 20. To compare the values, Pearson’s Chi-square test was used. Results and conclusion: These studies show, that the drug poisoning occupies the second place in the general structure of chemical etiology poisonings. This necessitates in-depth study of the problem of acute drug poisonings. Keywords: acute poisoning, drugs, chemicals, mortality.

3706-3710

Authors: Dr. Kiran Hafeez *, Dr. Abdul Hafeez Memon, Dr. Nisar Ahmed Shah, Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur , Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the association between C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in relation to age gender and duration. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study of six months study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad from 01-July-2013 to 31-Dec-2013. All the patients of 20 to 60 years of age presented with symptoms of metabolic syndrome for more than 01 year duration were admitted and evaluated for C-reactive protein. The data was analyzed in SPSS and the frequency and percentage was calculated. Results: During six month study period, total 142 patients (93 females and 49 males) with metabolic syndrome were evaluated for C-reactive protein. Majority of patients were from urban areas 103/142 (72.5%). The mean ±SD for age of patients with metabolic syndrome was 42.63±8.82. The mean age ±SD of patient with raised CRP was 45.86±7.21. The mean circumference for males and female patients with raised CRP was 49.53±3.73 and 46.89±4.32 while the TG for males and female patients with raised CRP was 187.82±4.61 and 191.32±3.84 whereas the HDL-C for males and female patients with raised CRP was 30.74±2.31 and 26.75±2.51 respectively. The mean ± SD for systolic and diastolic blood pressure of males and female patients with raised CRP was 145±3.32 and 100.52±2.61 while the fasting blood glucose level for males and female patients with raised CRP was 135.42±2.53 and 146.53±6.54 whereas the CRP for male and female patients with raised CRP was 3.82±1.21 and 5.9±1.73 respectively. The majority of subjects from 40-49 years of age group with female predominance (p = <0.01) while the CRP was raised in 98(69%) patients in relation to age (p=<0.01) and gender (p=<0.01) respectively. Of 98 subjects with raised CRP 73 were females and 25 were males (p=0.01). Conclusion: The raised CRP was observed in patients with metabolic syndrome. Key Words: Metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein

3711-3715

Authors: Dr. Aisha Khalid *, Prof. Dr Mohammad Akbar Kazi , Dr. Ishrat Bibi , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Mehrab khan, Dr. Imran Karim, Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To evaluate the demographical and clinical profile of patients with acute organophosphorus poisoning at tertiary care hospital. Patient and Methods: The one year cross sectional study was conducted on patients with organophosphorus poisoning and beside immediate management the patients were explored for demographical and clinical survey by taken detail history and clinical examination. The data was saved and analyzed in SPSS 21 while the frequencies and percentages and mean ± SD were calculated. Results: Total one hundred patients were recruited and studied for demographical and clinical profile with mean age ±SD 22.82 ± 1.16 mostly from rural areas (77%). Majority of them belonged to low economic status and 69% and the precipitating problems identified were financial (36%), domestic (11%) and social (9%). Majority of cases were detected during winter (50%) and spring (39%) in morning (49%) and night (29%) as suicidal (86%) and route was infestation (100%) whereas the tachycardia (100%), elevated body temperature (82%), peri orbital dryness (74%) and conjunctival injection (56%) wee the common systemic findings observed in patients with OP poisoning. Conclusion: The acute and chronic poisoning by pesticides is a serious health problem; therefore, medical and health professionals should be aware and learn about the toxicology, prevention and proper management of OP poisoning. Key Words: Organophosphorus poisoning, toxicology and Insecticide

3716-3721

Authors: Dr. Saira Jafri , Dr. Shabnam Naveed , Dr. Zeeshan Ali *, Dr. Nadia Jawad , Dr. S. Masroor Ahmad, Dr. Rafia Shahid and Dr. Aisal Khan

Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression among the diabetics presented diabetic clinic and in-patient at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Medical Unit 3, Ward 7, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, over two months in 132 diabetic (type 1 and 2) patients. Information regarding Diabetes was taken through interview and Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess for depression. Patients having a score of 5 and above were considered depressed Results: 64.5% of diabetics were found out to be depressed. Of those who were depressed, 84.4% had a bad diabetic control over the last 3 months, 71.7% had gastrointestinal symptoms, 66% had diabetes for more than 10 years. Conclusion: Depression in known diabetics can be lethal so it’s management, either supportive or with medications, should be started as soon as it is diagnosed. Also the factors which show a clear correlation with development of depression should be minimized as early as possible. Keywords: Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression among the diabetics presented diabetic clinic and in-patient at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Medical Unit 3, Ward 7, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, over two months in 132 diabetic (type 1 and 2) patients. Information regarding Diabetes was taken through interview and Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess for depression. Patients having a score of 5 and above were considered depressed Results: 64.5% of diabetics were found out to be depressed. Of those who were depressed, 84.4% had a bad diabetic control over the last 3 months, 71.7% had gastrointestinal symptoms, 66% had diabetes for more than 10 years. Conclusion: Depression in known diabetics can be lethal so it’s management, either supportive or with medications, should be started as soon as it is diagnosed. Also the factors which show a clear correlation with development of depression should be minimized as early as possible. Keywords: Diabetes, Depression and Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire

3722-3728

Authors: Dr. Nadia Jawad , Dr. Shabnam Naveed , Dr. Zeeshan Ali 2*, Dr. Saira Jafri, Dr. S. Masroor Ahmad & Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To find an association between various anthropometric measures (Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist to Hip Ratio, Waist to Height Ratio) and glycemic control in Pakistani diabetics. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted over a period of six months that is from December 2015 to May 2016 on 332 Pakistani type 2 diabetic males and non-pregnant females irrespective of age presenting to the diabetic clinic at Medical Unit 3, Ward 7, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A form with incorporated parameters required for recording gender, age and anthropometric measurements was used. Statistical analyses were performed on SPSS version 22.0. Frequencies of abnormal anthropometric measurements under categorized variables were seen. Chi square testing was done to see if there is a significant correlation between the deviant measurements and deranged HbA1c values. For data expression, percentages were used. Results: More females (64.2%) of females were enrolled in the study and majority (72.7%) of the diabetics were having HbA1c value of more than 7 which pointed towards poor glycemic control. About 2/3rd of the diabetic population fell under increased and high risk categories while hardly 12.6% having a normal body mass index. A significantly high number of people had deranged circumferences of waist and hip as well as waist to hip and waist to height ratios. When seen in conjunction with poor diabetic control, none of these measurements showed a statistically noteworthy correlation in general. Conclusion: None of the anthropometric measurements became a statistically significant pointer towards deranged sugars. Hence the serological testing for glycemic control remains the gold standard. Keywords: Anthropometry, Diabetes mellitus and Body mass index

3729-3732

Authors: VISITING AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, KARACHI Dr. Dileep Kumar, Dr. Pooran Mal *, Dr. Dileep Kumar, Prof. Dr. Abdul Manan Junejo , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur, Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine frequency of sub-clinical hypothyroidism in chronic disease patients. Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study conducted through non-probability purposive sampling from March to September 2010 in the Department of nephrology at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical College (JPMC), Karachi. Total 158 patients aged ≥18years with stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney who not on maintenance hemodialysis were included and patients with history of thyroid surgery, known thyroid disease and on treatment or neck radiation were excluded. Chronic kidney disease defined as lower glomerular filtration rate (stage III 30-59ml/min/1.73m2), stage IV (15-29 ml/min/1.73m2) and stage V (<15 ml/min/1.73m2). Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was defined as elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level >4.05mIU/dl and normal thyroxine (T4) level (0.89-1.79ng/dl). Results: Mean age was 50.63 (range 19-85years), 76 (48%) were males and 82 (52%) were females. Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found in 31 (20%) patients among patients with chronic kidney disease. Out of these, 16 patients (52%) were females and 15 (48%) were males (p=0.565). Most patients (52%) were aged between 45--59 years followed by 25% in ≥60yr and 23 % in aged 18-44years (p=0.371). Among severity of CKD patients; sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found in 38% in stage III CKD, 36% in stage IV CKD and 26% in stage V CKD (p=0.962). Among duration of CKD; sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found in 58% with less than 1year of CKD, followed by 39% between 1-2years and 03% of more than 2 years of CKD (p=0.107). Conclusion: Sub-clinical hypothyroidism is a common problem among patients with CKD and found in 20% of patients. SCH found in younger age group 45--59years and in patients with stage III and IV CKD. Key Words: Sub-clinical hypothyroidism, Chronic Kidney Disease, Glomerular filtration rate

3733-3735

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany*, Dr. Karishma Kumari, Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah, Dr. Imran Karim and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Breast tuberculosis is a very rare clinical entity, more common in tuberculosis endemic regions. It can be Primary tuberculosis of breast or Secondary tuberculosis. In this case report we report a case of secondary tuberculosis of breast presented with painless breast lump with a discharging sinus. The diagnostic workup and therapeutic approach is discussed and on follow up of patient after post anti tubercular therapy patient did not report any complications.

3737-3742

Authors: Irina V. Spichak*, Viktoria V. Platoshina, Alyona S. Spichak

The article presents the results of multifaceted research focused on the optimization of medicinal maintenance of children with weight problems. It deals with the sociological survey of the schoolchildren revealing the predisposition to overweight and underweight, the medical- social portraits of children with obesity and hypotrophy. The marketing analysis of the drug market for treatment of weight problems is carried out, the macrocontour of the Russian market and mesocontour of a regional market (by the example of the Belgorod region) is described. As a result of multidimensional examination the medical-pharmaceutical file of drug assortment for treatment of obesity at children is generated. Keywords: medicinal maintenance, overweight at children, market of medicinal preparations, medicalpharmaceutical file of medicinal preparations.

3745-3752

Authors: Howlader Saurav*, Rahman Mizanur, Rajbongshi Lata, Rahman Mahfuz

As part of our ongoing isolation of antihypertensive agents derived from natural sources, the bioactivity of the ethanolic extracts was screened for their inhibitory activities against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assays. Ocimum sanctum exhibited promising inhibitory activity against ACE and Total ROS. Among the different solvent-soluble fractions obtained from the ethanolic extract, the dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) fraction was found to cause the most potent scavenging, or inhibitory activities, against total ROS with the respective IC50 values of 3.21 ± 0.03 µg/mL. Likewise, the dichloromethane fraction also exhibited potent inhibitory activities against ACE with IC50 values of 16.19 ± 0.12 µg/mL. Silica gel column chromatography of the dichloromethane fraction yielded two flavonoids, Cirsilineol and Isothymusin, based on the comparison with reported 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic data. All of the compounds displayed concentration dependent in vitro inhibitory activity toward the ACE and Total ROS. Among them, Cirsilineol exhibited the potential inhibitory activity toward ACE with the respective IC50 values of 12.64 ± 0.02 µM. Further inhibitory kinetics analyzed from Lineweaver-Burk plots showed Cirsilineol to be a competitive inhibitor with a Ki value of 8.2 × 10−5 M. In conclusion, we identified significant ACE inhibitors from Ocimum sanctum that could have value as new multitargeted compounds for antihypertensive agents. Keywords: O. sanctum; Hypertension; Antioxidant; Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE); Total Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).

3753-3756

Authors: Kranthi Raju Palle*and Shravan Kumar Dholi

Azadirachta indica has been used medicinally throughout history by many different cultures. Many compounds have been found in the exudates of the Azadirachta indica plant that have been used medically by humans. Present study was carried out to determine the cardiotonic activity by using infusion of Neem leafextractwith different dilutions & compared with cardiotonic activity of digoxin‐the life saving cardiotonic. The a ctivity was tested by using isolated frog heart assembly. The present preliminary studies confirm the better cardioton ic activity of Neem leaf extract than digoxin. Further studies can confirm the reduced toxicity & this will be the advantage of Neem leaf extract over digitalis. Thus,in future it will be interesting to isolate the active chemical constituents are responsible for the cardiotonic activity. Keywords: Cardiotonic activity, Digoxin, Neem leaf extract, isolated frog heart.

3757-3764

Authors: Sedighe Ghobadian, Mansour Zahiri, Amin Torabipour, Farzad Faraji-Khiavi*

Operating rooms are among the special hospital wards which constitute important stages in the treatment of patients with the use of special equipment and health standards. With the purpose of ensuring the safety of patients and the staff in the operating rooms and due to the necessity of clinical risk assessment, the current research focuses on the evaluation of clinical risks occurring in the operating rooms of an educational hospital. The current study is an applied research and the required data has been collected qualitatively through focus group discussions in Golestan hospital, Ahvaz, in 2015. The tools for data collection were the standard worksheet of potential failure modes. The priority matrix was used to analyze the potential failure modes and prioritize each failure mode. By performing needs assessment via Delphi method and reviewing the 50 processes in operating rooms, 10 processes were identified as being high-risk processes. After reviewing the processes in the focus group discussions, 121 potential failure modes were discovered out of which 7 potential failure modes were in the red zone after using the standard priority matrix and thus required immediate action. In order to improve the safety of patients during surgery, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the pre-operation procedures. In addition, by the use of team activities in the field of risk management, the safety culture can be institutionalized in special wards of hospitals. Keywords: Clinical risks, Operation rooms, potential failure modes analysis

3763-3769

Authors: Natalya Vladimirovna Stepanova*, Suryana Faritovna Fomina, Daria Sergeevna Elagina, Dmitry Aleksandrovich Semanov

The investigation was conducted with the aim to study regional (local) exposure factors for assessing the intake of chemical substances with drinking water by children (3-6 years old) and adults (18-21 years old) in Kazan, in the Republic of Tatarstan. The analysis of levels of non-carcinogenic risk, using local factors and age differences in the exposure of chemical substances, ingested with drinking water, showed that the use of standard values in the risk assessment methodology led to underestimation of the actual health risk for children and adults by the factors of 1.5 and 1.57 at the median level, and by the factors of 1.9 and 1.98 at the level of 95-th percentile. The HI value, in case of chemicals ingestion with drinking water, indicates a health hazard for children, living in the 2ndand the 4th zones (HIме= 11.8 and 9.9; HI 95perс= 14.8 and 12.4) and adults (HIме= 5.52 and 6.64; HI 95perс= 4.42 and 5.59). The main pollutants of drinking water, which cause an increased risk to the health of the population in all zones of Kazan, are oil products, chloroform, nitrates (in NO3) magnesium and fluorides. Keywords: health risk assessment, impact factors, drinking tap water, children, adults

3770-3775

Authors: Oleg A. Zemlyansky*, Elena B. Tyurina, Elena V. Kalyuzhnaya, Olga A. Zemlyanskaya

Purpose of the Study: To estimate the prevalence and association with multiple drug resistance of strains of M. tuberculosis of various genetic families in the Belgorod region, to reveal the contribution of strains of the genetic family Beijing to the epidemic process of tuberculosis; evaluate the role of strains of M. tuberculosis of various genetic families in the formation of "rural foci of tuberculosis" in the region. Materials and Methods: Spoligotyping of 311 strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in the Belgorod Region in 2015-2017 has been carried out. Results.Among the strains studied, strains of the families Beijing and T. are most widely represented. The shares of other genetic families (H, X, LA. U) are insignificant. The strains of the Beijing family are much wider than others presented in previously treated patients; in patients of middle and young age, as well as among strains with multiple drug resistance. Some prevalence of strains of Beijing and T in "chronic" foci of tuberculosis was revealed. Results and Discussion: Despite the favorable epidemic situation, one can not exclude the danger of forming "chronic" foci of tuberculosis with a decrease in attention to preventive antituberculous activities in the settlements of the region. The genotyping of strains of M. tuberculosis should be included in the monitoring program of foci of tuberculosis on a regular basis, which will allow predicting the risk of forming chronic «foci» and differentiating approach to antiepidemic measures in the foci of tuberculosis. Key words: mycobacterium tuberculosis, genetic families, foci of tuberculosis.

3776-3779

Authors: Oleg Esin*, Elena Gorobets, Elena Kurtasanova, Maria Ilchenko, Anatoliy Chudinov

The article is devoted to the actual problem of clinical linguistics, namely, the problem of verbalization of pain in gynecological patients. The problem of pelvic pain evaluation is very acute in medicine. The authors analyze this problem in the world clinical practice and determine the ways of its solution in Russia where at the moment there is a lack of corresponding diagnostic tool that allows patients with specific pains to adequately and fully describe their sensations. Special attention is paid to the linguistic specificity of the diagnostic toolkit. Pain is a complex, multidimensional sensation that combines elements of different types of sensitivity. Pain is described as an emotional state (terrible pain, excruciating pain, etc.) – the protopathic components of sensations; by analogy with auditory, tactile, visual sensations and by determining the localization, intensity, duration –epicritic elements. Pelvic pain in women has specific characteristics due to localization and its causes, and also due to gender factor. The article regards this problem from the point of view of linguistics, medicine (neurology, obstetrics and gynecology) and psychology. Keywords: clinical linguistics, neurology, obstetrics, gynecology, pelvic pain, test, questionnaire

3780-3785

Authors: Oleg S. Gudyrev*, Alexander V. Faitelson, Mikhail V. Pokrovskii, Tatyana G. Pokrovskaya, Mikhail V. Korokin, Alexander P. Grigorenko, Olga A. Efremova

In an experiment on female Wistar white rats, the osteoprotective effect of atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin was studied in a model of experimental osteoporosis caused by bilateral ovariectomy. It was found that after ovariectomy in female rats develops endothelial dysfunction, including the vessels of the microcirculatory of the bone, leading to a deterioration of blood supply to bone tissue and the occurrence of osteoporosis. It was found that atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin, possessing endothelioprotective activity, prevent deterioration of blood supply to bone tissue and thinning of bone trabeculae, thus having anti-osteoporotic activity. Key words: osteoporosis, endothelial dysfunction, statins, atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, strontium ranelate.

3792-3797

Authors: Pavel D. Kolesnichenko*, Sergey V.Nadezhdin, Yuri E. Burda, Elena B. Artyushkova, Natalya A. Bystrova, Galina A. Lazareva,Vladimir Y. Provotorov

The article presents the results of a potential mutagenicity studying of a new drug from the group of erythropoietin, carbamylateddarbepoetin. The study was performed using DNA-comet assay in mice, and in micronucleus test. As a positive control there were used mice which had been injected with genotoxicantmethylmethane sulfonate at a dose of 40 mg/kg and as a negative control there were mice after administration of equivalent doses of a placebo. The results showed that the mutagenic effect of the drug in single (3.59±1.02) dosing and three times (4.0±0.78) dosing had not been different from the mutagenic effect of placebo (4.39±1.34). Micronucleus test was performed using a cytogenetic damage of bone marrow cells and checking the appearance of polychromatophil cells, containing micronuclei. It was established that carbamylateddarbepoetin within stated doses according to the used test, has no a potential carcinogenic effect. Key words: DNA-comet assay, mutagenicity, carbamylateddarbepoetin, cytogenetic damage.

3803-3809

Authors: Vladimir F. Kulikovsky*, Natalia V. Oleynik, Arina P. Krivchikova, Dmitry A. Storogilov, Andrey V. Naumov, Natalia N. Bratisheva, Maria S. Alenicheva, Olga S. Yumatova

Pelvic descending syndrome for the first time was described by A.G.Parks in 1966. But in our days the problem of it surgical treatment is not completely solved. Large number of complications and recurrence, unsatisfactory functional results forced surgeons to develop new surgical techniques. The aim of the research was to improve the results of surgery treatment of posterior compartment of pelvic floor using abdominal sacrocolpopexy and stapled trance-anal resection (STARR). 59 patients underwent abdominal sacrocolpopexy with syntheticl mesh as apical support and in 52 patients this method was complementary with STARR. The post-operative outcomes were assessed in 6 months and in 2 years. The following diagnostic methods were used: POP-Q classification, defecography, anorectal functional tests with Polygraf ID device. The quantity of post-operative complications depended of mesh graft was few and didn’t increase because of simultaneous STARR. Vaginal mesh erosion was in 2 (3.4%) patients underwent sacrocolpopexy and in 1 (1.9%) patient underwent sacrocolpopexy and simultaneous STARR, mesh contraction in 1 (1.9%) patient of the 2nd group, vaginal shrinkage in 1 (1.7%) patient of the 1st group, dispareunia de novo was noted in 3 (5.1%) patients of the 1st group and in 2 (3.8%) patients of the 2nd group (p ˃0.05). With POP-Q classification stage 0 of rectocele was achieved in 22(38.9%) patients underwent sacrocolpopexy and in 25(48.1%) patients underwent sacrocolpopexy with simultaneous STARR. In the other patients of both groups stage I was diagnosed. Defecography showed the lifting of the perineum body in all patients of two groups without significant difference, but absolute figures were closer to normal value in the group underwent combined surgery: in the rest -3.7±0.5cm and - 3.5±0.6 cm, in the straining -5.9±0.6 cm and -6.2±0.7 cm in the 1st and 2nd groups accordingly. The anatomical normalization of posterior anorectal angle measurement rentgenologically was noted in both groups and didn’t differ statistically on surgery methods. Rentgenological absence of rectal mucosal prolapse has been noted in 15 (25.4%) patients of the 1st group and in 47(90.4%) patients of the 2nd group (p ˃0.05). Voiding was better in the 2nd group patients. Voiding normalization noted 12(20.3%) and 15(28.8%) patients, voiding improvement 28(47.4%) and 30(57.7%) and didn’t change in 19(32.2%) and in 7(13.4%) patients of the 1st and 2nd groups accordingly (p<0.05). But in spite of these we observed the constant worsening of the results over time. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy with surgical mesh demonstrated satisfactory anatomical results with low complications rate for rectocele reconstruction in patients with perineum descending, including incontinence improvement. Together with STARR procedure they became even better as revealed good functional results in respect to voiding normalization, as rectal mucosal prolapsed is incised simultaneously, which is not corrected by sacrocolpopexy along. In the end our experience showed that abdominal sacrocolpopexy combined with STARR is a safe enough procedure. Keywords: Rectocele, perineum descending, rectal mucosal prolapse, sacrocolpopexy, stapled trance-anal resection, constipation

3815-3820

Authors: Debadrito Das, Animesh Kumar Datta *, Divya Vishambhar Kumbhakar , Bapi Ghosh and Ankita Pramanik , Sandip Halder

A total of 23 phenotypic mutants were screened in M2 plant population (7112) of Sesamum indicum L. (Family: Pedaliaceae) affecting seedling colour, leaf traits, stem characteristics, branching nature, floral colour, fruit characteristics and maturity following dry seed (moisture content – 7.40%) treatments with nanoparticles (copper, cadmium sulphide, copper oxide and zinc oxide – 1.00, 2.00 and 4.00 µg/ml, 3 and 6h durations), ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS – 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%, 3 and 6h) and gamma irradiations (50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 Gy). Viable mutation frequency is found higher in gamma irradiation followed by ZnO-NPs, CuO-NPs, CuNPs, CdS-NPs and EMS. A total of 9 different macromutants types are found in Cu-, CuO- and ZnO-NPs, 11 in EMS and 13 in CdS-NPs and gamma irradiations. Excepting viridis (non-viable), all macromutants bred true at M3. Reciprocal crossings performed between mutant and normal plant types suggest that the mutant traits are controlled by nuclear genes (monogenic recessive and digenic) and they segregated in accordance to Mendelian pattern of segregations. Meiotic analyses reveal that normal and mutant plants were cytologically alike (2n=26) suggesting that mutation is not the consequence of chromosomal disturbances. Results highlight mutagenic potentiality of NPs alike to that of the conventional mutagens used as positive controls. Key words: Sesamum indicum, macromutation, nanoparticles, EMS, gamma irradiations, cytogenetical studies

3830-3837

Authors: Ebrahim Naghibi, Amin Torabipour*, Farzad Faraji Khiavi, Bahman Cheragian

Quality of work life is one of the key factors affecting employees’ performance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the quality of work life and performance of employees in community health centers and selected hospitals affiliated with Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. In this cross-sectional study, 210 employees were randomly selected as the statistical samples of community health centers and hospitals of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Data were collected by the validated questionnaires of employees’ quality of work life (Walton’s questionnaire) and the employees’ work performance (Patterson’s questionnaire). The results showed that the quality of work life of the administrative staff was significantly higher than hospital nurses and health care workers (P=0.011). There was a significant relationship between the components of quality of work life and work performance. Based on the regression analysis, the quality of work life significantly results in improving the employees' performance (B=0.164; [95% CI: 0.091-0.237]). In other words, for each unit of increase in the quality of work life for employees, the performance will increase significantly. There is a positive and direct relation between the quality of work life and performance. The social integrity leads to creation of a work environment in which the employees feel a sense of belonging. In case of having such integrity, it is possible to achieve the organizational goals. Since the higher quality of work life is associated with higher performance, managers can improve some important components of quality of work life for the employees by adopting appropriate solutions, thus providing the necessary conditions to improve performance. Key words: Quality of work life, Performance, Community health centers, Hospital.

3843-3848

Authors: Muqtader Mohammad*, Farhat Fatima , Saad Abdullah Alharbi, Fahad I Al-Saikha, Saad Maria Alshahrani, Ahmed Alalaiwe, Abdullah Saud Alshetaili , Bader B. Alsulays, Abdel-Kader MS, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Mohammad Khalid Anwer, Mohamed Hassan Fayed, Prakash Katakam

The aim of the present investigation was to develop the ciprofloxacin gastroretentive floating capsules by using hydrophilic rate retarding and swellable polymers. The different concentration and combination of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and carbopol 947P polymers influenced the release of the drug, the swellable matrix retained in the stomach by imbibing the CO2 gas released. The effervescence of CO2 generated by the sodium bicarbonate and citric acid added in 2.70 - 6.0 and 2.70 - 4.0 % w/w respectively except for formulation F4&F8. Formulation F1-F8 were prepared by adding 27 – 43.86% w/w of HPMC (F1-F4) and same % weight for carbopol swellable polymer (F5-F8). The combination of these polymers was used to prepare F9 & F10 formulation contained with 20.83% w/w of HPMC and carbopol polymers. 2.08 % w/w Sodium carbonate and 4.17% w/w of citric acid for F9 whereas F10 formulation composed of with 30.00% w/w of HPMC and 10.00 % w/w carbopol polymers, 04% w/w Sodium carbonate and 06% w/w of citric acid. The floating capsules evaluated for weight variation, content uniformity showed the acceptable results as per standards. In vitro gastric buoyancy was acceptable for the selected formulations, the order of drug released was as follows for the selected formulations F4>F10 >F9>F3>F8>F7. The optimized F9 formulation showed (70.85% drug release within 12 hours) with non –Fickian diffusion release pattern as per the applied release kinetic models. Further XRD studies revealed compatibility for the drug and polymers used in the optimized formulation F9. Thus F9 floating capsules could be a model for sustained release of the ciprofloxacin from the narrow absorption window in the stomach thereby achieving the maximum antibacterial activity and patient compliance. Keywords: Swellable, Floating, Ciprofloxacin, Buoyancy study, Release Kinetics.

3855-3858

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian, Sepideh Amouzadeh, Jafar Panahi*

D-Dimer Plasma Level Measurement is an easy and effective way of rejecting deep vein thrombosis in patients with lower limb defects, pulmonary embolism, and coagulation test disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the positive and negative cases of D-Dimer diagnostic test in patients referred to Mustafa Hospital in Ilam. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 3 months from March to May 2015 on patients referring to the emergency department of Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test [8- 10]. Moreover, P<0.05 was considered as the significance level. From among 638 patients studied, only 100 patients had the inclusion criteria for entering this study. From this number, 57(57%) patients were male, and 90(43%) patients were female with the mean age of 44.71±1.077. The job frequency of the patients were as follows: 37(37%) patients were office worker or had part-time jobs; 51(51%) patients were either unemployed or housewives; and 12(12%) patients were students. The results of the study showed that the D-Dimer test is important if the patients refers with heart problems; however, the over-administration of this test in unnecessary cases by general practitioners can be an additional burden of cost and stress on the patient, patient's family and laboratory staff. It is recommended that doctors use this test more cautiously and use the ELISA method to perform this test. Keywords: Positive, Negative, D-Dimer, Ilam, Iran.

3864-3868

Authors: Gogakar Yadilal, Manda Manisha, Eda Pavani, Malladi Navya, Chappala Alekhya, G.Hema Chandini and Chandaka Madhu

Crude fiber consists largely of cellulose (60-80%) and lignin (4-6%) plus some mineral matter. These Fibers are beneficial in treating or preventing constipation, hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, coronary heart diseases, and some type of cancer. A rapid method was developed for the quantitative estimation of crude fiber present in different natural food stuff by using Hennerberg, Stohmann and Rauterberg method. The following fruits Citrus Sinensis, Vitis Vinifera, Beta Vulgaris, Ziziphus Jujube, Musa Balbisiana and Malus Domestica show the ascending order of crude fiber percentage. The following spices Elettaria Cardamomum,Foeniculum Vulgare,Illicium Verum, Syzgium Aromaticum, Cuminum Cyminum and Cinnamomum Verum shows descending order. Key words: Crude fiber, Fruits, Spices, Hennerberg, Stohmann and Rauterberg method

3874-3878

Authors: Valentina S. Orlova*, Irina V. Kalashnikova, Mikhail I. Churnosov, Ovezmurad Ataev, Dar'ja A. Maslova

Study objective: To evaluate the functional state of the central nervous system in adolescent girls on the background of dysfunctional uterine bleeding by the electroencephalography method. Materials and methods of study. We examined 30 adolescent girls. The mean age was 14.7 ± 2.0 years old. We gave the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the alpha rhythm: regularity, zonal distribution, modulation, index, amplitude, frequency. To assess the degree and nature of the reactivity of cortical and subcortical brain structures, we performed some functional tests with the opening and closing of the eyes, rhythmic photostimulation and dosed hyperventilation. Results. It is statistically significant that the violation of almost all criteria of alpha rhythm has been confirmed. Most of the patterns indicated the presence of diffuse cerebral nonspecific changes in the regulatory plan. The changes revealed mainly concerned the middle brain structures and were of a mild to moderate functional nature. Summary. The bioelectric brain activity in patients with functional disorders of menstrual cycle was within the age limit. The deviations were of a functional nature. Key words: adolescent girls, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, puberty period, electroencephalography, alpha rhythm.

3890-3894

Authors: D.T.Tayade* R. D. Thombare, S.A. Waghmare

A novel series of 3-{4-Amino-N-[2-(dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamido-5-yl}amino-5-substitutedimino-1,2,4- dithiazole was synthesized by the oxidative cyclization of 4-amino-5-substituteddithiobiureto-N-[2- (dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamide in chloroform medium by making the use of liquid bromine as oxidizing agent. The products were characterized and justified on the basis of elemental analysis, chemical characteristics and spectral studies. Keywords:3-{4-Amino-N-[2-(dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamido-5-yl}amino-5-substituted -imino-1,2,4-dithiazole, 4- amino-5-substituteddithiobiureto-N-[2-(dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamide, Bromine in Chloroform.

3907-3912

Authors: Zaynab Bakhtiari, Shahnaz Rostami*, Bijan Keikhaei, Bahman Cheraghian

Background: Lack of awareness of mothers on the nutrition of infants’ is a major cause of malnutrition. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the effect of training mothers about complementary feeding on the growth indicators of 4 to 8 month-old infants in Dezful. Materials and Methods: This semi experimental enrolled 270 infants and their mothers from healthcare centers in Dezful, in 2015. The mothers were randomly assigned to intervention [n=135] and control [n=135] groups. Participants in the intervention group in three one-hour sessions received training programs on process of complementary feeding, familiarizing with growth and growth curves. The control group received none training programs. Anthropometric measures [body weight, height and head circumference] were assessed at baseline and after three months. Data were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-test with p≤0.05. Results: A percentage of 46.4% of mothers in the intervention group and 42.4% of mothers in the control group fall within the age range of 25 to 35 years. Similarly, loss to follow up was observed in the two studied groups [10 participants]. Compared with baseline, the body weight, height and head circumference increased more in the intervention group than in the control group, but changes were statistically significant for body weight and height [p≤0.05]. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggest that training programs can result in an increase in body weight and height but not head circumference. Therefore, it is recommended that educational programs should be allocated in healthcare centers to increase growth indicators and improve the health of children. Keywords: Complementary feeding, growth indicators, infancy.

3919-3922

Authors: Naira Nayeem

The present study deals with the variations observed in quantity of phyto constituents in the leaves of Tectona grandis which were collected from different altitudes; Chikmagalur (3,400 feet)(TGC) and Mangalore (72 ft)(TGM) representing the higher altitude and lower altitude respectively. Phytochemical variations due to different regions were studied by quantification of total phenolic acids and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity of the two extract was carried out using DPPH .The results reveal that the amount of total phenolic acids and the flavonoids was more in case of the leaves collected from the higher altitude. The leaves collected from the higher altitude exhibited better antioxidant activity, which was attributed to the difference in the quantity of phytoconstituents in the two extracts. This study, to a certain extent gives proof that altitude is one of the environmental factors that can influence the quantity of phytochemicals. Key words: Tectona grandis, altitude, anti-oxidant, DPPH.

3928-3934

Authors: Azam Sinaei, Zahra Abbaspoor*, Seyyed Esmaeil Hashemi, Nahid Javadifar

Introduction: Birth method selection is one of the most important choices of a woman's life. As a result, a study of the factors affecting this choice is essential. In recent years, the effect of different psychological factors on the attitude of childbirth has been considered. One of the most important of these factors is mother’s personality traits. Based on the division of Friedman and Rosenman, people fall into two groups of personality types A and B, each with specific characteristics. So this research aimed to determine the relationship between personality type with attitude to childbirth and the choice of delivery method. Method: This prospective cohort study was performed in 2016 on three hundred and twenty pregnant women referring to selected health care centers of Ahvaz that were selected through simple non-randomly sampling. The data collection tools were “demographic information”, “Friedman & Rosenman personality trait” and “Attitude to the choice of delivery method”. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient statistical tests, and considering significance level p<0.05. Results: The average score of attitude to birth method selection in persons with type 'A' were 158.77 and with the type 'B' was 159.37. The most selected birth methods in type A [%88.0] and type B [%87.1] personality groups were normal delivered. There was no statistically significant relationship between personality type with attitude to childbirth [p=0.45] and birth method selection [p=0.81]. Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between personality type with attitude to childbirth and choice of delivery method. However, definitive conclusions in this field require more studies. Key words: Birth method selection, personality type, attitude to childbirth

3946-3649

Authors: A.H. Sneharani

Zinc is an essential mineral playing a pivotal role in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism. Zinc deficiency affects all age groups, but the effect on growing children is very severe. Zinc deficiency is known to cause stunted growth and development in children. However, there are no reliable biomarkers of zinc status to assess health risk. Without a specific, sensitive biomarker to determine the zinc nutritional status, zinc intervention program is a struggle. Sensitive and specific analysis of zinc status is hence cardinal to defining optimal zinc status and setting evidence-based reference intake level. Given the lack of an accurate, sensitive zinc biomarker that reflects zinc nutrition across various populations and situations, research is needed to identify new biomarkers. Presently, the biochemical marker for measuring the zinc status is analyzing the plasma zinc. However, zinc homeostasis depends on many factors complicating the detection of marginal zinc deficiency. Key words: Zinc; homeostasis; markers; under nutrition; deficiency