INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

4198-4200

Authors: Chinnu K Antony*, Navya Sunil, Haritha B Nair, K. Menaka2, S. Haja Sherief, T. Sivakumar

Addison ’s disease is a rare endocrine disease which is commonly due to autoimmune adrenalitis and tuberculosis. Usual manifestations involve chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension and hyper pigmentation of skin. A 64 year old female, presented with complaints of cough with expectoration, fever, breathlessness, darkening of skin and diarrhea. The treatment given for the patient was Inj. Dexamethasone for 4 days. Her symptoms resolved gradually after starting the therapy. Keywords: Addison’s disease, Cortisol, Autoimmune Adrenalitis, Treatment, Dexamethasone.

4207-4213

Authors: Dr. M. Sunitha Reddy* and Gadam Charitha

The purpose of this study is to formulate and evaluate bilayer anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic tablets. Bilayer tablet contains Losartan potassium for immediate release and Repaglinide for a sustained release. The bilayer tablets were prepared using crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate as super-disintegrants for the immediate release layer, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose K 100M and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose K 15M as polymers at various concentrations to retard the release of drug for a period of time. Immediate release layer was prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method was followed for sustained release. FTIR studies revealed that there was no incompatibility between drugs and excipients. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation test, hardness, thickness, friability, tablet disintegration time, content uniformity and in vitro dissolution studies. In vitro drug release studies were performed using the type-II dissolution apparatus (paddle) using 0.1N Hydrochloric acid for first 2 hours and the remaining hours with 6.8 pH phosphate buffer. Among all the formulations, optimized formulation F5 showed a maximum of 99.4% drug release at 45 minutes for Losartan potassium and Repaglinide has an in vitro drug release of 99.87%. Therefore, bilayer tablets in combination of these two drugs can be used to improve the management of hypertension (high blood pressure) and diabetes mellitus. –II. Keywords: Bilayer tablet, Losartan Potassium, Crospovidone, and Sodium starch glycolate, Repaglinide, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K100M, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K15M.

4226-4235

Authors: Vinitha Edula* and Papagatla. Poli Reddy

The aim of the present study was to develop an sustained release formulation of Hydrocodone to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 8 hrs. Various grades of eudragit and HPMC were employed as polymers. Hydrocodone dose was fixed as 4 mg. Total weight of the tablet was considered as 100 mg. Polymers were used in the concentration of 10mg and 20mg concentration. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters and they were found to be within limits. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation (F3) showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e.,98.43 % in 12 hours. It followed zero order release kinetics mechanism. Keywords: Hydocodone, Eudragit, HPMC, Sustained release tablets

4243-4247

Authors: Naser Abbasi†, Ayub Ghorbani†, Yaser Seifinejad, Mojtaba Mohamadpour, Ehsan Shirzadpour, Mansour Amraei*

Narcotics abuse and addiction have been turned to a major problem in the communities. Addiction to any type of narcotics is known to be followed by side effects both physically and psychologically. One way to control addiction is the use of another maintenance medication. The current research paper aims at investigating the effect of one such a drug as methadone on the serum levels of Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. A total number of 28 male adult Wistar rats were completely haphazardly assigned to four group (n=7): a control group that received an ordinary daily dietary regime and Experimental groups one, two and three that were administered through oral gavage with 5mg/ml, 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml of methadone syrup, respectively, on a daily basis besides the ordinary dietary regime for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the beginning and at the end of the study for the determination of serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. In the end, the data were analyzed via taking advantage of one-way variance analysis (one-way ANOVA) and TUKEY Test. The serum levels of all three ALT, AST and ALP enzymes were significantly increased in the groups that had been given different doses of methadone (P<0.001). According to the results obtained herein and the effects that methadone has on the elevation of liver enzymes levels and also due to the fact that this maintenance medication is being increasingly administered on a daily basis for the treatment of addiction to various narcotics, it seems that there is a need for devising better strategies and better planning for the amount and method of methadone use as well as the way this medication has to be distributed within the society. Keywords: Methadone, Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Rats.

4253-4264

Authors: Ejaz Agha* , Haroon Khan , Nisar Ahmed , Ghulam Murtaza , Ashiq Hussain, Muhammad Saood

Dose structures are basically pharmaceutical items in the structure in which they are showcased for use, normally including a blend of dynamic medication parts and nondrug segments (excipients), alongside other non-reusable material that may not be considered either fixing or bundling, (for example, a container shell, for instance). The term unit measurements can now and then envelop non-reusable bundling too (particularly when every medication item is exclusively packaged. Different measurements structures might exist for a solitary specific medication, since various medicinal conditions can warrant distinctive courses of organization. For instance, steady queasiness and heaving might make it hard to utilize an oral dose structure, and in such a case, it might be important to use a backup course of action, for example, inhalational, buccal, sublingual, nasal, suppository or parenteral. The primary objective was in vitro comparative study of 5 different brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets available in markets of Pakistan by The in vitro comparative study of 5 different brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets available in markets of Pakistan Weight variation Test, Disintegration Test, Hardness Test, Chemical Assay and In vitro dissolution study was conducted. After conducting color, friability, weight variation, hardness test and disintegration tests of various brands of Ciprofloxacin, the results were found under the acceptance range. The hardness showed variation among the tablets of various brands but there was no significant variation of hardness among the tablets of same brand. The Axcin indicated maximum drug potency (102%) and (101%) respectively while minimum potency was 93.07%. The in-vitro evaluation of 5 different F.P.Ps of Ciprofloxacin HCl film coated tablets available in the pharmaceutical market of Pakistan showed that all of brands of Ciprofloxacin satisfied the USP potency specifications and showed evidences of satisfactory initial in-vitro dissolution behavior.

4272-4279

Authors: Sunil S. Choudhare, Gopinath S. Khansole , and Vijay N. Bhosale*

Heterocyclic compounds are the most global moieties in chemical compounds which exhibit wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Multicomponent reactions are important tool in the hands of organic chemist’s,researcher. Since they offer improved atom economy for construction of complex molecules over the stepwise liner convergent synthesis. A simple, efficient and green protocol has been developed for the synthesis phenyl 1H-Indazolo [1,2-b] Phthalazine trione derivatives from a one pot four componant condensation of Phthalic anhydride, Hydrazine hydrate, Dimedone and different substituted aromatic aldehydes was refluxed independently in ethanol using Cesium Chloride as an efficient catalyst. Synthesized compounds were screened for their Antioxidant activity. These newly synthesized compounds were evaluated by their spectral analysis. Keywords: MCRs, Phthalic anhydride, Hydrazine hydrate, Dimedone, Aromatic aldehyde

4287-4292

Authors: Zahir Jamali*, Noman Ul Haq, Aqeel Nasim, Sohail Riaz, Muhammad Saood khan, Ghulam Murtaza

Background: Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the major public health threats. COPD severely affect the health related quality of life of patients suffering from it. Aims and objective: The present study aims to assess the health related quality of life of COPD patients in Quetta Pakistan. Methodology: A questionnaire based cross sectional study was conducted in different hospitals of Quetta city from April to August 2016. Convenient sampling method was used to collect data. A self-administrative pre validated slandered questionnaire, SGRQ, was distributed among patients and collected after completion. The data was computed and analysed using IBM SPSS V. 22. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were applied. Results: A total of 253 patients participated in study. Among these, 156 (61.7%) were males and 224 (96.4%) were married. One hundred and twenty four (49.0%) patients were suffering this disease from 1 to 5 years. The mean duration of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was 8.5 years. Smoking status, co-morbidities and span of illness were found to have a statistically significant relationship with health related quality of life scores. Conclusion: The finding of the present study revealed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in Quetta City, Balochistan had a low health related quality of life (HRQoL). Keywords: COPD, HRQOL, Pakistan

4301-4309

Authors: M. A. Tareen*, Z. A. Mirani, M. U. Malla, B. N. Siddiqui, I. A. Sani

:Present study sought to assess the “National Programme for Improvement of Water-courses/water Storage Tanks” project in Baluchistan province of Pakistan. The study selected purposively five districts of Balochistan province namely (1) Loralai, (2) KillaSaifullah, (3) Pishin, (4) Mastung and (5) Sibi. Sample of 300 farmers; sixty (60) farmers from each district were selected by using simple random sampling method. The quantitative data thus collected were statistically analyzedusing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results indicated that per hectare yield of various crops, fruits, and vegetables was increased to a greater extent due to the improved irrigation practices in the area. Farmers’ knowledge regarding latest irrigation methods was enhanced. However, only the farmers of Mastung district were satisfied with the construction and maintenance of watercourses/tanks whereas other four districts farmers were not satisfied. Farmers indicated that their income level was also increased. Results further depicted that farmers also faced problems in adopting the latest improved technologies of irrigation such as rough lining of water courses, improper utilization of raw material and low competency of EFS which affect the farmers understanding of improved irrigation practices in their area. Key words: Assessment, Balochistan, Impact, NPIW, water-courses

4315-4324

Authors: Dr . M. Sunitha Reddy*, Raju Eddagiri, S. Muhammad Fazal Hl Haq, Dr. V. Venkateswarlu

The aim of the present research was to design and characterize delayed release Multi Unit Particles (MUPS). These were produced primarily for the purpose of oral modified release dosage forms having gastro resistant and delayedrelease properties. During the development of MUPS agglomeration, generations of fines and twins formation are identified as critical issues. The delayed release multiple units were prepared by layering drug suspension using Wurster technology. The prepared multi unit particulates consist of successive layers of drug layer (Esomeprazole), barrier coat and enteric coat (Eudragit L30 D55) on to inert seeds (sugar spheres #50/60). Finally the MUPS are filled into capsules (white to off white hard gelatin). The MUPS were evaluated for drug content, moisture content, particle size distribution, good flow properties and the filled capsules were evaluated for acid resistance (0.1N HCl for 2 hrs) test and In-vitro drug release (pH 6.8 phosphate buffer) and compared with the innovator product. The characterization of pellets was completed and capsules were packed into HDPE bottle (60cc with 33mm closure) and subjected to accelerated stability testing (40°C/75%RH) for six months and results were compared with initial results. Key words: Delayed release, multi unit particulates (MUPS), Wurster technology, Sugar spheres #50/60, Eudragit L30 D55, Q point at 30minutes NLT 75±5 %, 0.1N HCl, pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.

4334-4342

Authors: K. Ganesan, S. Kaveriammal and S. Sridhar*

The present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and their inhibitions way were investigated by Ethyl acetate extract of Cyclea peltata. Initially the phytochemical analysis was performed to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the inflammatory activity. These plant possessed alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid and polyphenols, glycosides. Among the phytochemicals identified flavonoid extract found to have higher antiinflammatory activity against inflammatory enzymes like cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase. The strategies of in-vitro cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity were used to evaluate the efficacy of these compounds as antiinflammatory properties. The Ethyl acetate extracts of Cyclea peltata was studied, effective antibacterial activity by using the disc diffusion method. The Bacteria used for the determination of antibacterial activities were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Key words: Cyclea peltata, flavonoid, Staphylococcus, Ethyl acetate, cycloxygenase, anti-inflammatory

4350-4355

Authors: Ashtari faranak , Afshari Poorandokht *, Najar Shahnaz

Introduction: In each of the four stages of labor, including dilatation, embryo withdrawal, placental withdrawal, and an hour after labor, there is a potential for multiple complications that can lead frequent increase in maternal mortality and morbidity. Despite the vital importance of maternal control at the first hour after labor, referred to as the fourth stage of delivery due to its importance, unfortunately, there are still few studies with emphasis on the fourth stage of labor in the world and Iran. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the management procedure for the fourth stage of labor in Khuzestan Province. Method: This study was a descriptive study conducted on 14 randomly selected hospitals in Khuzestan. The information form used was a researcher-made form, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed by content validity and simultaneous observation. The researcher completed the first part questions after entering the delivery department, and then then personally observed the process of controlling parturient woman from the beginning of the fourth stage and completed other parts of the information form in accordance with the measures taken by the childbirth agents. Results: Uterine massage was immediately performed after labor and follow-up on the basis of the routine of the hospital and not according to the country's protocol of natural delivery. Inadequate care needed in the early hours after delivery, during which the highest maternal mortality and maternal complications occur, was seen in a number of cases. Family planning education, baby care, postpartum nutrition and personal health care were performed in 64.9%, 67.7%, 59% and 77.8% of deliveries, respectively. Conclusion: It is recommended that authorities put emphasis on the implementation of childbirth practices consistent with the national protocol for normal delivery and the assessment of maternity hospitals based on this protocol. Keywords: Fourth stage of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, maternal postpartum education

4365-4369

Authors: J. Lavanya*, S. Arshiya Banu, A.Lokesh, S. Asadulla2, M. Venkata Subbaiah

Thalassemia syndromes are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by inherited mutations that decrease the synthesis of adult haemoglobin, Hb-A [alpha2 beta2]. Depending on whether the genetic defect or deletion lies in transmission of alpha or beta globin chain genes, thalassemia are classified in to Alpha and Beta Thalassemia. Materials and methods: A Retrospective study was carried out in RIMS Kadapa for two months. Patient demographic details, type of thalassemia, prevalence of thalassemia, Hb levels, known & new cases were collected. Results: A total of 139 cases were diagnosed as having thalassemia in between February 2017 – March 2017. Among which 55 cases were seen in between 11-15 years followed by 6-10 years [38cases] later 0-5 years [38 cases] , 16-20 years [2 cases] 31-35 years[1case]. Highest number of cases was observed in males [91 cases] than females [48]. In our study we couldn't identify type of thalassemia in 122 cases as it was not written in the case sheets. Conclusion: There is a urgent need for making the people aware of this threatening disease Thalassemia, as this disease increasing day by day in the population silently. Health education programmers in the society may reduce the burden of the disease. Moreover, the complications of Thalassemia are one of the major problem on which one has to focus. Diagnosis of Thalassemia, treatment in the early phase may reduce the economic burden and complications in the society. Key words: Alpha thalassemia, Beta thalassemia, RBC destruction, Anemia.

4387-4396

Authors: Leila Hosseini, Hossein Vatanpour*, Mehdi Mohammadzadeh, Mohamadreza Abdolahi, Rita Motidostkomleh

Objectives: the economic impact of smoking on developing countries such as Iran has not been well documented still. This study aimed to develop the estimates of the direct costs of medicine for smoking in Iran during 2014. Methods: A prevalence-based approach was used to estimate the annual costs of smoking. Then, an econometric model was applied to estimate the Smoking-Attributable Fraction (SAF) for direct costs (prescription medicine) of smoking-attributable diseases. A variety of sociodemographic, economic, and behavioral factors were controlled by the model. Results: In 2014, the estimated proportions of medicine expenditures attributable to smoking in Tehran (capital of Iran) were totally 8% for chemotherapy and 1% for other medical treatments. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking was found to account for a significant portion of national medical expenditure. The varied range across the individuals was due to the difference in smoking prevalence, health status, and other socioeconomic variables used in the model. The cost methodology presented here can be useful for policy-making. The levels of cigarette taxes and other policies relevant to smoking can be assessed through cost estimates. Keywords: Smoking-attributable fraction, smoking-related disease, cost-based treatment, health policy

4411-4414

Authors: Soumya Shaji*, Christy Sara Andrews, Adith Pillai, Alwin Jose, Rinto Paul Raju, Robin Jose, S .Hemalatha

Background:High alert medications are drugs with narrow margin of safety and require heightened vigilance. Although any drugs used improperly can cause harm, high-alert medications cause patient harm more likely when used in error and the harm they produce is likely to be more serious and leads to patient suffering and additional costs associated with care of these patients. Objective: To ensure safe medication practices and to eliminate medication errors that cause harm to the patients and standardize high-alert medication-handling practices Methodology It is a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital for period of 3 months.75 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in study and conducted by using a high alert medication audit tool Result: Among the high alert drugs collected, it was observed that anti-thrombotics [34.57%] was found to be highly used as it place an effective role in orthopaedics and cardiac cases followed by opiods and narcotics 24.77%. Conclusion: Educational classes should be provided for all medical proffesionals who handling these medications thus medication errors can be reduce thus the significant injury cause by this drug can be prevented. Keywords: High alert medication, patient harm,educational classes.

4420-4423

Authors: Vladimir F. Kulikovsky, Alexander V. Soloshenko, Alexander A. Karpachev, Andrei L. Iarosh, Sergey B. Nikolaev, Anjela V. Gnashko

We carried out the retrospective analysis of the results of treatment of 386 patients with periampullary cancer, complicated by obstructive jaundice. All patients were divided into two groups: the first group included patients who underwent traditional surgical interventions, and the second group included endoscopic transpapillary surgeries. Pancreas head cancer was detected in 177 patients, major duodenal papilla cancer - in 145, cancer of the common bile duct terminal portion - in 64 patients. Duration of the bile ducts obstruction lasted from 3 to 45 days. The presence of obstructive jaundice in this category of patients was considered an indication for performing endoscopic transpapillarydecompressive interventions, regardless of whether the volumetric formation was determined in the projection of the major duodenal papilla. The authors showed that the endoscopic transpapillary interventions are the main method of decompression of the biliary tree, enabling to completely abandon the performance of traditional surgical interventions with unresectable cancer of organs of the pancreatoduodenal region complicated by obstructive jaundice. Key words:endoscopy interventions, periampullary carcinoma, obstructive jaundice

4429-4435

Authors: Sareh Rahimi1*, Hamid Reza Ebrahimi1

Introduction: The side products of cellule metabolism like ORSs can damage DNA alkalis and cause restrain in simulation. To avoid any kind of damages and disturbances in cellules they should be controlled and eliminated. Active kinds which are produced in stress oxidation can cause damages to DNA and so they are mutagenic which can prevent cellule dying, increase in reproduction, invasion and metastasis. Different fruits' juices especially pomegranate juice is studied as anti-oxide synthesis that cause better anti-oxide condition and prevent DNA break. Yet black grape juice is a natural one that contains the most beneficent group of flavonoids and pro anti cyanide oligomers. Grape (vitis vinifera) is one of the most different fruits that are used fresh or processed. The stone and peel of black grape contains active compounds specially flavonoid, anthocyanidin, pro anthocyanidin, pro cyanidin and resveratrol that are strong eliminators for free radical. Because of the importance of genome protection, in this study the protective effect of black grape juice as a resource of anti-oxidant in controlling the DNA break is discussed. Materials and Methods: pBR322 plasmid and a nucleotide sequence which is reproduced from ITGB3 gene has been chosen as a model of PCR output. Some kinds of DNA were exposed to different density of black grape juice. Results: According to results of this study, the best concenteration of black grapes juice for prevention of DNA damage of genomic DNA and plasmid pBR322 were 3.100 and 1.100 respectively. Conclusion: The results indicatedthat the antioxidant activity of black grapes juice can inhibit the production of free radicals and DNA damage. Key words: DNA damage, Fenton reaction, black grape juice, ITGB3 gene, Antioxidant activity, Free radical

4442-4448

Authors: Sareh Rahimi1*, Hamid Reza Ebrahimi1

This study has the goal of investigating the effectiveness of sexual education concentrated on cognitive schemas on sexual functioning and emotional regulation in women. The method used here was Semi-experimental research with pre-test - post-test and with a control group. The statistical population is all the female students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz during the years of 2015 and 2016. Sampling was done by available method and sexual performance index questionnaire of Rosen et al and emotional regulation of Granvesky from 30 respondents who got the lowest score, and then they were divided into two groups of test and control. Test group got 10 sessions, each one and a half hour, of sexual education based on cognitive schemas, but the control group received no intervention. After the sessions the post-test was taken and the data was analyzed by covariance analysis. The results show that sexual education concentrated on cognitive schemas has significant effects on sexual functioning of women, also the effect of sexual education concentrated on cognitive scheme on emotional regulation of women was significant. Keywords: sexual education, cognitive schemas, sexual functioning, emotional regulation

4454-4458

Authors: Aziz Shahraki vahed, Hossein Shahdadi, Ali Mansouri*, Mohammadreza Firouzkouhi, Abdolghani Abdollahimohammad

Introduction and Objective: The topic of professional ethics has been considered in different countries and professional groups and different languages. It is necessary for the medical profession students to increase their skills in this area, while being aware of the principles of professional ethics. Therefore, the current research was conducted due to the importance of this issue and since no study has been conducted regarding nursing & midwifery faculty students’ knowledge of the principles of professional ethics in Zabol. Materials & Methods: This is a semi-experimental study conducted in in the form of group trail with pre-workshop and post-workshop method on Nursing and Midwifery Faculty students of Zabol University of Medical Sciences, with cooperation of professors of the Nursing and Midwifery students for four months. After coordinating with the education department and professors of the faculty and announcing the holding the workshop for each academic level, subjects received the training and film for 21 days from 8am to 12am in 20-subject groups and each group in two days for four hours in the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that out of 300 participants in the training workshop of professional ethics, majority of people (66%) were female, and 60% stated that they did not have information about training and guiding the patients, and after the workshop, 97% of them stated that patient training is one of the requirements for patient knowledge. Before the workshop, the students' knowledge of stating the professional errors report was 30%, while it as 100% after the workshop. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between the variables of academic semester and ethnicity and the mean score of knowledge of professional ethics. Conclusion: The findings of the research indicate that it is necessary to increase the training courses of the professional ethics for all students of different medical sciences. Therefore, observing the principles of professional ethics in students will result in providing desirable services and patients’ satisfaction. Keywords: Professional ethics, student, nursing, midwifery, training workshop, principles

4467-4472

Authors: Shahraki Vahed Aziz, Allah_yari Jasem, Sargolzaei MohammadSadegh*, Mansouri Ali, Harati Qhadir

Introduction and Objective: Self-care and sleep are essential factors for improving quality of life and reducing the complications of the disease in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-care behaviors and sleep quality in diabetic patients referring to Zabol Diabetic Clinic in 2017. Method: The present study was a descriptive-analytic research. 80 patients who referred to Zabol Clinic of Diabetes were selected by census. Then, data were collected using some questionnaires including demographic information, summary of self-care behaviors and Pittsburgh sleep quality .collected data were analyzed using SPSS23 software and descriptive statistical tests, independent t-test and Spearman correlation. Results: The level of self-care behaviors in 52.1% of patients was reported as semi-desirable while it was reported to be poor in 16.5% of them. Sleep quality was conveyed in 96.3% of patients in the semi-desirable state and it was reported to be well in 3.8% of them. Reverse relationship and significant statistical difference was shown by Spearman correlation coefficient between the score of self-care behaviors and sleep quality scores (r = -0.4, p = 0.000). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that patients who gained a higher score in sleep quality, were at a lower level in terms of self-care behaviors. Training in the field of Self-care behaviors is recommended to improve the quality of sleep in diabetic patients. Keywords: Self-care, Sleep quality, Diabetic patients

4482-4490

Authors: Meraj Fatima, Nikhath Begum, Syeda Fathima Sultana Safura, Syeda Saleha Farheen Syeda Rana Nikhat*

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients develop chronic complications, which are the leading causes of premature mortality among them. The contribution of poor glycemic control and other risk factors must be identified so that preventive strategies can be considered. This observational study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and identify the various risk factors for these complications. Methodology: A Prospective observational non-invasive study carried out with established type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in the Department of General Medicine in Osmania General Hospital, for a period of 6 months. In patients and Out patients of either gender with more than 30 years of age were included. Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, any other severe illness and pregnant diabetics were excluded. The selected patients were observed for presence of Microvascular and Macrovascular complications by making enquiries and collecting data in a data collection form designed for the recording all the relevant parameters and diagnosis. Morisky Medication Adherence scale MMAS-4 was used for assessing medication adherence. Results and Observations: During the study period a total of 200 Diabetic Patients were enrolled. Amongst the total participants, 135 subjects were with Diabetes Mellitus complications Out of which 115 were males and 20 were females and remaining 65 subjects with Diabetes Mellitus are without complications. The Cerebrovascular disease (32.8%) has highest prevalence followed by Coronary Artery Disease (28%) Diabetic Nephropathy (14.8%), Diabetic Foot (13.3%), Diabetic Neuropathy (7.4%) and Diabetic Retinopathy (4%) which are associated with various risk factors. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of Macrovascular complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. It is found that cerebrovascular disease and Coronary artery disease were the most prevalent of all the complications of diabetes in the study population. Low medication adherence, Body Mass Index (BMI), Family History of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, History of Hypertension are the significant risk factors in our study. The progression of most complications can be halted or delayed if detected early and appropriate therapy is instituted. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Complications, Macrovascular, Micro vascular and Risk Factors.

4502-4507

Authors: Alwin Jose*, Christy Sara Andrews, Robin Jose, Rinto Paul Raju, Soumya Shaji, Hajasherief S, Sivakumar T

Empirical treatment is given without knowledge of the cause or nature of the disease and based on experience rather than logic. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics create a challenge for clinicians when treating a patient with infection and thereby empirical antimicrobial therapy is important as it decreases the emerging resistance and reduce the economic burden to society. This study was done among 75 patients for 2 months to analyse the empirical antimicrobials used in the medical intensive care unit. It was found from the study that lungs was the major site of infection and E.coli was the most grown microorganism in the culture. In the treatment with empirical antimicrobials, azithromycin was the most common antibiotic used among the patients and there was no change in the treatment pattern after obtaining the culture results. Key words: Empirical Antimicrobials, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Escalation, De-escalation, Culture

4517-4523

Authors: Farah Deeba*, Nadia Ali , Khalid Khan

The importance of school environment in to of students in secondary schools today in particular cannot be overemphasized. Participation in sport reduces the time off the classroom and shifts the student's attention from the study. They added that it was not probable for students to attain superiority and gratification in sports as well as in schooling. Researchers showed that extracurricular (sport and physical) activity participation was positively related to Grade Point Average, educational aspirations, educational /occupational attainment, and standardized achievement test scores. This study was done in different government and Private high schools comprised of both genders i.e., male and female from Quetta city were included as papulation in this research. Questionnaire responses were recorded to analyze sports impact on education. Most of respondents 49 (42.2%) strongly agreed on participation in sports activities has a link with academic's achievements. Current findings showed respondents were agreed on students participating in sports activities get good marks than those not participating in sports activities which is consistent with findings where they observed contribution in school sports, solely with other additional actions, is related with higher levels of psychosocial functioning and strong conduct than participation in other supplementary doings alone or nonparticipation. Participation in these activities improves mental development or cognition of students, grade point average and test scores. These activities have a positive effect on the memory and concentration of students in education. Key words: Sports, Participation, Academic Performance, Secondary

4532-4539

Authors: Firooz Baharvand, Salah Pouya, Khabat Ahmadi, Hadis Alipoor, Soran Mowlaie*

In the current situation of increasing competition in most industries, reaching the saturation stage, increasing international interactions, invasion of imported products and price pressures, the sales department is the front-line area confronting customers. The performance of the sales department staff has been brought into focus due to its importance and sensitivity. Considering the importance of this issue, identifying the relationship of neuromarketing and sales skills with customer behavior were regarded on behavioral performance and feedback of sales staff members in the form of a descriptive-correlational study at the bank insurance agencies of Tehran; accordingly, a conceptual framework was designed with three dimensions of neuromarketing, sales communication skills and customer behavior. Standard questionnaires in proportion to the research variables were distributed in the active agencies in Tehran and 290 questionnaires were eventually collected. The methods of mean, correlation and path analysis were used for data analysis. The results of data analysis indicated that the research hypotheses were accepted. In conclusion, some suggestions have been made for future researchers to improve research variables. Key Words: Neuromarketing, sales skills, customer behavior, bank insurance

4546-4550

Authors: Dr. Sanam Khan, Dr. Jai Parakash, Dr Chetan Das, Dr. Priya hotwani, Dr. Suresh Kumar Rathi

Acute Poisoning in children is still an important public health problem and represents a frequent cause of admission in emergency rooms . Objective: To determine the frequency of pattern and factors leading to acute poisonings and outcome in children presenting to emergency room at tertiary care hospital Method: A descriptive study conducted in national institute of child health from September 10, 2015 to March 09, 2016. All children age 2 to 12 years with history of accidental poisoning and with duration of ingestion less than 6 hours were enrolled. Descriptive and bivariate analysis has been conducted through SPSS. Results: Kerosene was the most factor observed in 69 (47.3%) patients, organophosphorus 37 (25.3%), alkali 28 (19.2%) and acid in 12 (8.2%) patients. Majority of the children admitted for > 24 hours due to acute poisoning. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed kerosene as the most common pattern. Awareness generation and interventions are the need of hour. Keywords: Kerosene oil, Poisoning, emergency room

4563-4565

Authors: Sreeram vandavasi guru*,G. Ramya Sree, P. Vinod Kumar,P. Gowtham Reddy

Gynacomastia is a rare condition in males with a symptom of enlarged breast tissue size. It is generally caused by altered ratio of estrogens to androgens in the male individuals. A cause includes several diseases and nearly25% is associate with drugs. A mostly used drug that causes gynacomastia includes spironolactone, amlodepine, TCAs, and ketoconazole. It is a rare side effect. But it has a occurrence of 1% in amlodepine and 1.2% in spironolactone. Diagnosis is majorly done by presence of symptoms like increased breast tissue, and it should be differentiate with pseudo disease, and the increasing nature may be of one side or on both side of individuals. Presence of polactin secreting tumor may induce milk ejection from male breasts. Mostly it is resolved with in one to two months of discontinuation of suspected drug. Mastectomy is the only surgical procedure where the increased breast tissue is removed. Drugs like aromatase inhibitors, estrogen receptor modulators can also be used, but has no clinical practice in males

4580-4583 M

Authors: Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao*, S. Selva Kumar

The study of phytochemicals in plants has great significance in understanding their various medicinal properties. Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, quinons, proteins, cardiac glycosides of the whole plant extract of selected medicinal plant, Hygrophyla auriculata was performed. The plant was collected from paddy fields near Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. Ethyl acetate was used as solvent. Alkaloids and proteins were present in abundant amounts whereas tannins and quinones were absent. Other phytochemicals, namely, saponins, flavonoids, terpinoids, steroids and cardio glycosides were present in moderate amounts. This knowledge could be of great value for ascertaining the medicinal role of this plant. Keywords: Phytochemicals, Hygrophyla auriculata, Ethyl acetate, flavonoids, Terpenoides, Saponins.

4590-4594

Authors: Iniya Udhaya, C. and John Peter Paul J*.

In the present study, the preliminary phytochemical constituents were screened from Gracilaria cylindrica Boergesen from Koothankuzhi, Tirunelveli district in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was conducted in seven extracts namely methanol, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, benzene and hexane by Harborne method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanin, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, diterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, phlobatannins, steroids, quinones, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Alkaloids showed the maximum presence being found in seven different extracts, followed by cardiac glycosides, coumarins and flavonoids in six extracts, phenols, saponins and steroids in five extracts, glycosides and tannins in four extracts, anthocyanin and diterpenes in three extracts, anthraquinones, phlobatannins, quinines and terpenoids in two extracts. From the results, it was concluded that the extracts of Gracilaria cylindrica Boergesen was found to be the presence of a number of active secondary metabolites. This report will lead to the isolation and characterization of these active secondary metabolites for bioefficacy and bioactivity. Keywords: Phytochemical, Seaweed extracts, Gracilaria cylindrica, Tamil Nadu

4600-4609

Authors: Hossein Shahdadi, Zeinab Zare*, Mojgan Rahnama, Abdolghani Abdollahi Mohammad

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is one of the most important causes of disability among the elderly, which causes pain, decreases the quality of life, and increases the dependence. Herbal medicine, as one of the nursing interventions, eliminates the symptoms of pain and, as a result, improves health. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of the use of broccoli and turmeric on reducing the pain of joints in the elderly with knee osteoarthritis. Method: The randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. The participants were divided into three groups; 20 controls, 20 broccoli recipients and 20 turmeric recipients. In this study, broccoli as 10 gr powder, and turmeric as 180 mg gelatin capsule were provided to the elderly. They were examined for 4 weeks. Also, koos questionnaire was used to determine the pain. Findings: Findings of the study showed that there was no significant difference in pain intensity in broccoli, turmeric and control groups before intervention (P-value> 0.05). According to the paired t-test, the severity of pain in the three groups was statistically significant after the intervention (P-value <0.05) Also, the Bonferroni test showed a significant difference between the control and broccoli groups after intervention (P-value <0.05) However, there was no significant difference between pain severity in control and turmeric, turmeric and broccoli groups after intervention (P-value> 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that any of the above interventions (Turmeric and Broccoli) can reduce the pain of knee joints in the elderly withosteoarthritis.Given that the effect of broccoli and turmeric was at the same level, and many elderly people cannot use turmeric, broccoli is suggested to be included in the elderly diet. Keywords: Broccoli, Sulforaphane, Knee pain, Elderly, Osteoarthritis, Turmeric

4615-4618

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian, Sepideh Amouzadeh, Jasem Mohamadi*

Infections are one of the most common causes of death in infancy. 2% of embryos and 10% of newborn infants are afflicted with infection during the first 6 months of life. Blood culture is one of the most important diagnostic methods in severe infections. The aim of this study was conducted investigate positive blood cultures in infants admitted to NICU of Mustafa-Khomeini Hospital, Ilam. The present descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in Mustafa-Khomeini Hospital Laboratory on all infants admitted to the NICU in May and September 2016 whose pediatricians requested a blood culture. For this purpose, required blood samples were collected. blood cultures were rapidly transferred to the laboratory, where it was transferred to the 37c° carburetor and the microbial examination was carried out. The interpretation of real and fake positive cases was conducted based on clinical and laboratory symptoms. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test. 185 infants blood samples, of which 87 (47.1%) cases were boy and 98 (52.9%) cases were girl, were examined in the present study. The highest frequency of differential diagnosis of the type of microorganisms was related to Staphylococcus-Epidermidis and the lowest frequency was related to E.coli. The results of the present study are based on the high incidence of false positives in the blood culture of the neonates in the early stages, which impose huge costs on the therapeutic system, wasting time and manpower and worsening of the treatment process. Therefore, it is essential to establish better coordination between the clinical and laboratory departments and medical centers. It is also necessary to educate health personnel in order to collect blood sample with utmost precision and do their best to maintain proper blood stream. Keywords: Positive Blood Cultures, Infants, NICU, Ilam, Iran

4626-4639

Authors: V. B. Khot*, D.A. Bhagwat, J. I. D’Souza, S. S. Shelake, S. V. Patil

The purpose of this study was to optimize the best granulation techniques for development of tablet dosage form. The present study explains comparative study of different wet granulation techniques including Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation, Fluid bed granulation with Direct compression method. Similar formulations were used to evaluate Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation and Fluid bed granulation method. The granules prepared by different techniques were evaluated for particle size distribution, porosity, spherisity, bulk density, flow property and compressibility, compatibility and tablet properties of Diclofenac sodium tablet. The fluid bed granulation technique had superior flow properties, compressibility, compactibility measured by Kawakita, Hekel, Walker and Leuenberger equation. The granules prepared by Fluid bed granulation showed better tablet properties (weight uniformity, hardness, friability and disintegration, drug content, dissolution) and accelerated stability study compared to other granulation techniques so finally, it was concluded that Diclofenac sodium tablets prepared by using fluid bed granulation which meets the required specification compared to other wet granulation techniques and direct compression method. Key words: Granulation technique, Flowability, compressibility, compactibility, Diclofenac sodium tablet.

4635-4643

Authors: Kiamars Hajizadeh and Gholamhossein Barekat *

Introduction: Medical sciences universities are the places where specialized and committed workforces required by the society in such fields as healthcare and treatment are fostered and educated. Thus, the present study aims at investigating the application status of knowledge management and its relationship with learning organization amongst the nonacademic staff members of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciencesi n southwest Iran. Materials and Methods: The study population of the present descriptive research included all of the nonacademic staff members working in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. A total of 180 employees were selected based on a simple randomized method as the study sample volume. Two questionnaires, namely the learning organization questionnaire and knowledge management questionnaire, were employed to collect the data. The data extracted were analyzed in SPSS, ver. 21. Findings: The results of the study hypotheses analyses by the use of one-sample t-test indicated an intermediate score for all of the five components of learning organization, i.e. personal mastery, mental model, shared vision, team learning and systems thinking. Also, the results of the correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive relationship between the five learning organization components and the knowledge management. The results of the regression analyses indicated that systematic thinking and mental patterns are the best predictors of knowledge management. The significance level was set as 0.05. Discussion and Conclusion: Since the scores obtained for organizational learning and knowledge management were in an unacceptable level and the today’s world is currently bearing witness to very rapid variations in various areas of science and technology, it is necessary for the nonacademic staff members of the university to have plans for creating learning and knowledge as well as knowledge distribution and transfer in the organization. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Learning organization, Ahvaz, Iran.

4644-4650

Authors: P. V. Raut*, P. S. Bodakhe, S. A. Waghmare, D. T. Tayade

A novel series of 2-substitutedguanidino-4-substitutedimine-6-sub-stitutedimino-1,3,5- thiadiazines (IIIa1 -e 5 ) have been recently synthesized by refluxing N-methylformamidino-N’- phenyliminothiocarbamide also called as 1-(N-substitutedcarbamimidoyl)3-{N-(E)- substitutedmethylidinecar-bamimidoyl}thiourea (Ia-e) with various isocyanodichloride (II1-5) in acetone-ethanol medium in 1:1 molar proportion. The structure of all the synthesized compounds was justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. Keywords: Guanidine, 1,3,5-thiadiazines, acetone, ethanol etc.

4651-4657

Authors: Mohammad Attarfar, Seyed Kazem Foroutan, Latif Gachkar, Mohammad Kamalinejad, Sohrab Dehghan, Fateme Ashrafzade, Mahmood Khodadoost

Introduction: erectile dysfunction (ED) is a growing problem worldwide. It is age related and the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by older patients to improve their sexual function has become common. Since Persian Medicine (PM) is one of three popular medical schools with its special view point of etiology, classification of disease, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches; current study is designed to clarify clinical characteristics of ED in PM. Methods: information on erectile dysfunction, sexual dysfunction and their related signs, symptoms and clinical tests was obtained from original documents and manuscripts; Moreover, we investigated the utilization of these findings in conventional medicine through searching PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Results: there is a rich human heritage still unstudied in PM dating back to ancient times. In PM documents, 35 clinical finding of ED were identified, about half of theme is objective, and while we still use most of Subjective ones in current patient report outcomes. Conclusions: diagnosis of ED in PM is logically like conventional medicine; however, its classification of ED is different because PM believes in etiology, therefore due to lack of research on clinical assessment methods, more investigations are required to evaluate PM diagnostic procedures and treatment tactics. Keywords: Persian Medicine; Arabic Medicine; Unani Medicine; Erectile Dysfunction; Impotence; Signs and Symptoms

4658-4663

Authors: Amane Sheikh, HosseinShahdadi*, MozhganRahnama, AbdolghaniAbdollahi Mohammad

Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most serious chronic diseases, and diabetic people are more likely to be exposed to cardiac, neurological, renal and ocular complications. High level of triglycerides is the most common form of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Also, Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a glucose marker for diagnosing type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to conduct a comparative study on the effect of pears and Psyllium Powder on triglycerides and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 120 patients were randomly selected from among type II diabetic patients who were under the care of Imam Khomeini Diabetes Clinic in Zabol. They were divided into three groups of control, pear takers, and psyllium powder takers.The purpose of the research was explained and informed consent of the patients were obtained. After measuring fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and HbA1c,pear grouptook 300 mg of pears per day and psyillium group took 28 g of the fluid twice a day for one month.After the end of the study period, all pre intervention indices were measured again and the data were analyzed. Results: The mean of HbA1c decreased by 0.96 after taking pears. The mean of triglyceride decreased by 34.9% after taking pears.As a result, eating pears decreases the amount of triglyceride and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. The mean of HbA1c decreased by 0.47 after taking psyllium powder. The mean of triglyceride decreased by 42.98 after taking psyllium powder.It can be concluded thatpsyllium powder reduces triglyceride and HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Pears and psyllium powder have a significant effect on the reduction of triglyceride and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, pears were more effective than psyllium in the reduction of triglyceride and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes.Pears, along with other commonly used treatments, can be used as a complementary therapy for type 2 diabetic patients. Key words: Psyllium powder, Triglyceride, Type II diabetes, HbA1c, Pear

4664-4671

Authors: Hossein Shahdadi , Sadegh Dehghan Mehr* , Mojgan Rahnama, Mahdi Afshari

Introduction: Major thalassemia is the most severe form of thalassemia, in which the life of patient necessarily depends on the regular infusion of blood. Blood transfusion in thalassemic patients has led to iron accumulation. The effect of green tea on the reduction of iron overload in animal samples has been confirmed. Green tea is also beneficial in the treatment and prevention of many diseases due to its antioxidant properties. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of green tea iron overload deficiency in patients with thalassemia. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 50 patients with thalassemic patients undergoing blood transfusion therapy in Zabol, Iran. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of green tea and control. At first, the demographic characteristics form was completed by patient records and the level of serum ferritin was measured before the intervention, then the patients in the intervention group received 2 grams of green tea provided by the researcher daily, three times, after each main meal for a month and after the intervention, the level of serum ferritin was measured. To measure serum ferritin, Elisa method and Tecan a-55-82 were used. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.Results: The mean serum ferritin in the green tea group decreased significantly after the intervention (p <0.05). Also, in the control group, the mean serum ferritin level increased significantly after the intervention (p <0.05) compared to before the intervention (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean serum ferritin in the two groups (p = 0.109). However, there was a significant difference between the mean serum ferritin in the two groups, after the intervention (p <0.05).Conclusion: Our study provides valid evidence that green tea reduces serum ferritin in patients with major thalassemia. Therefore, with consideration of other beneficial effects of green tea, it is recommended that this tea with iron chelators to be used in thalassemic patients to reduce the iron overload. Keywords: iron overload, green tea, thalassemia, serum ferritin

4673-4681

Authors: G.Venkata Ramana and T.Mangilal

Fluconazole is a first-generation triazole antifungal medication that generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal infections. These are generally seen in patients who are immune compromised, and include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and certain emerging fungal infections. In the present study buccal drug delivery of Fluconazole was developed to overcome the first pass metabolism and to reduce the frequency of dosing compared to oral route. Matrix type of buccal patches were developed by using polymers HPMCK4M and HPMCK100M.Buccal patches were prepared by employing solvent casting method. Propylene glycol and Tween80 were selected as permeation enhancer and plasticizer. Drug excipient compatibility studies were carried out by using FTIR, and it was observed that there were no interactions. The formulations were prepared with the varying concentrations of polymers ranging from F1-F6, and all the formulations were evaluated for various parameters like Physical appearance, Flatness, Weight variation, Thickness, Folding endurance, Drug content, Moisture uptake, Moisture content and Swelling study and all the results were found to be within the pharmacopeial limits. Invitro drug release studies are done by using dialysis membrane. Among all the 6 formulations F6 formulation which contain HPMC K100M 500mg had shown 94.7% cumulative drug release within 12 hours. For F6 formulation release kinetics were plotted and the Regression coefficient value was found to be high for Korsmeyer-peppas release model i.e., 0.989. Key words: Fluconazole, HPMCK4M, HPMCK100M, Buccal Patches and Buccal Drug Delivery.

4688-4692

Authors: Ali Reza Derakhshan*, Mahmood Khodadoost, Mostafa Ghanei, Sohrab Dehghan

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most prevalent allergic disorder across the globe which has significant socioeconomic costs. In addition to direct and indirect costs, the disease also has hidden direct costs related to comorbid conditions. AR can result in several complications such as pharyngitis, sinusitis, asthma, otitis media, eczema and lymphoid hypertrophy. Although associations between AR and other airway disorders have been investigated for years, less attention has been focused on the association of this disease with non-respiratory disorders. Cosidering the fact that AR is rarely found in isolation and reprts of traditional Persian medical literatures on the relationship between rhinitis and joint disorders, this study aimed to investigate the link between AR and rheumatic disorders. In this regard, Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine which was a well known medical textbook until 17th century was reviewed. Modern medical databases were searched as well. The results of this study showed that as mentioned in the teachings of Avicenna, allergic rhinitis may have association with some rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain and gout. Findings that support this hypothesis include the wide range of symptoms and complications of allergic rhinitis, emphasizing the association by prominent medical scholars of the past like Rhazes and Avicenna, studies found an association between AR or chronic rhnosinusitis with rheumatic diseases and common cytokines and inflammatory biomarkers that serve similar roles in both allergic rhinitis and rheumatic diseases like IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-alpha. It is suggested that studies be conducted with the main aim of investigating the relationship between these diseases and evaluating underlying mechanisms. The result of such research can be helpful in finding new treatment modalities in both groups. Keywords: allergic rhinitis; rheumatic disorder; comorbidity, traditional medicine; Persian medicine; Avicenna

4693-4698

Authors: Neenu Paul*, Meekha Mary Varghese, Neenu Baby, Jithin Antony, Shaik Haja Sherief, Thangavel Sivakumar

Abstract: Background: Wheezing is a high pitched whistling sound that occurs when smaller airways are narrowed by presence of either bronchospasm, swelling of mucosal lining, excessive amounts of secretions, or inhaled foreign body. Childhood wheeze is triggered by inhaling certain substance such as animal dander, molds, cockroaches, pollen from plants, dust mites. An asthma attack can be induced or aggravated by direct irritants to lungs such as smoking, food allergy, air pollution. Objective: The aim of our study is to assess the environmental triggers associated with childhood wheeze and to educate caretakers based on life style modifications. Methods: A prospective observational study was done on environmental triggers associated with childhood wheeze in tertiary care hospital, Coimbatore during the period of 23rd January- 22nd July (6 months). The data was collected based on the validated checklist on triggers. Results and discussion: A total of 116 patients were enrolled in age group up to 3 years, 4 years to 8 years and 9 years and above. Among them, 66 were male and 50 were females. About 112 children were suffering from wheeze in childhood. The main triggers associated with wheeze were cold, allergen, weather, air pollution and dust allergy. Conclusion: we concluded that wheeze is triggered by substance such as weather, air pollution, dust, smoke, pet animals and allergens such as animal dander, mold, pollen from plants, dust mites Keywords: Wheeze, Triggers, Allergens, Children, Pollution.

4699-4704

Authors: K. Rajathi and A. Rajendran*

In this work, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via wet chemical method using imidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs), its activity on microorganism pathogens was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been employed for the characterization of structure and morphology of the synthesized ZnO particles. Diffraction analysis confirms the formation of cubic form and hexangular structures of nanoparticle, SEM analysis conforms the blossom like shaped morphology with nanosize is observed for the ZnO nanoparticles to IL1 and flake like shaped morphologies with IL2. Pure Ionic liquids and the as synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were screened for their antibacterial activities. In view of the results, among the nanoparticles, it appeared that nanoparticles prepared in ionic liquids with PF6 - are the most effective products against the tested bacterial strains compared with nanoparticles prepared in ionic liquids with BF4 - anion. Key Words: ZnO nano particles, ionic liquids, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Antimicrobial activity.

4705-4719

Authors: Pankaj Kumar*, Bharti Mangla, Satbir Singh, Arapna Rana

Different regulatory authorities regulate the drug development in various countries of the world. Various Regulatory authority for generic drug application Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Health Product and Food Branch (HPFB) Central Drug Standard of Organization (CDSO). Generic manufacturers may file an abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) that incorporates the safety/effectiveness data submitted by original innovator drug manufacturer and adds only bioequivalence studies. Therefore it is very difficult and challenging task to approve a drug by the manufacturing companies, simultaneously submitted in all the regulatory authorities. Regulatory authorities are responsible to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy including manufacturing, distribution of the drug product. There is lot of challenges for the pharmaceutical industry to development and filling of generic drug application, which can be overcoming by the common format of submission. This is due to the different regulatory procedure of the various countries. Through the international conference on harmonization (ICH) process common technical documents (CTD) has been developed for USA, EU, JAPAN, INDIA AND CANADA. There are few differences in the dossier submission for among these five regions. To development of any generic drug product still we need strategic planning by these regulatory authorities. Keywords: Generic drug, Regulatory authority, Drug development, FDA, ANDA, ICH

4720-4728

Authors: Dr. Zakiyeh Donyavi , Dr. Narges Heidari, Dr. Elham Khoshbin, Dr. Shahriar Shahriari , Dr. Maryam Farhadian, Dr. Rasoul Yousefi Mashouf , Dr. Mohammad Esmaeilzadeh*

Abstract: Introduction: Mineral trioxide aggregate [MTA] has extensive applications in endodontic treatment. Retro MTA, Ortho MTA and new endodontic cement [NEC] were also introduced to overcome the limitations of MTA. This study sought to compare the antibacterial activity of MTA, NEC, Ortho MTA and Retro MTA against common endodontic pathogens. Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on standard strains of Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces viscosus and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activity of the materials was tested using the disc diffusion method. Wells were created in Mueller Hinton agar plates inoculated with bacterial suspensions with 0.5McFarland concentration. The plates were incubated at 35°C for 18 hours and diameter of the growth inhibition zones was measured by a ruler. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test. Pairwise comparisons were done using Bonferroni test. Results: The mean diameter of the growth inhibition zone of E. coli was 2.916, 10.833, 10.333 and 7.25mmin presence of MTA, NEC, Retro MTA and Ortho MTA, respectively [P<0.05]; these values were 5.083, 8.916, 7.916 and 7.416mm, respectively for E. faecalis [P=0.17], 6.0, 8.916, 7.333 and 8.333mm, respectively for S. mutans [P<0.24] and 1.916, 8.083, 0 and 0.666, respectively for A. viscosus [P<0.05]. Antibacterial activity of all four materials was the same against E. faecalis and S. mutans. All materials showed limited antibacterial activity against A. viscosus except for NEC. Conclusion: Retro MTA and Ortho MTA had acceptable antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens [except for A. viscous] and thus, they can be used as an alterative to MTA in the clinical setting given that their other properties are confirmed to be optimal. Key words: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; Root Canal Therapy

4725-4733

Authors: Shirvani R, Dashtbozorgi B*, Latifi SM

Introduction: Military job and work environment in a way that creates a lot of stress for person. Attention to the mental health of military forces is an obvious case. Aim of this study is comparison of mental health staffs and soldiers in one of the Army units Ahvaz Iran. Methods: This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of all personnel staff and soldiers of one of the Army units in Ahvaz. Sample size was 250 (125 staff and 125 soldiers). In this study for gathering of information was used from general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Independent t-test for the quantitative variables and chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables. For analyze statistical data was used of statistical software SPSS version 20. Results: The means score of mental health was 40.27 for staff and 36.3 for soldiers that both were unhealthy level. Soldiers had higher levels of mental health (P-value = 0.004). This study showed that the majority of staff (97.6 percent) and soldiers (96.4 percent) had poor mental health condition. Majority of staff (59.8 percent) and majority of soldiers (70.7 percent) had mild level of psychological problems. Conclusion: Most military personnel in this study had unhealthy mental health conditions and the level of mental health problems were mild. Soldiers had higher levels of mental health. More attention has necessary for mental health in military environment, in particular psychological environment of constant military staff. Key Words: Mental health, Military Personnel , GHQ-28

4733-4742

Authors: Vroumsia Toua*, Adamou Ahmadou, Ndjonka Dieudonné

In order to seek an alternative to conventional means of small ruminants heamonchosis treatment and valorise biodiversity, an acute toxicity test was conducted by incubating adult worms of Haemonchus contortus in a Phosphate Buffered Saline culture medium, containing increasing concentrations of Burkea africana trunk bark extracts. The positive control consisted of a levamisole solution, while the negative control consisted of a PBS solution containing DMSO. The anthelmintic activity, assessed every 6 hours for 24 hours, was expressed as a percentage of mortality. The data obtained show that, the ethanolic extract of the bark of Burkea africana display anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. The average values of 18h-LC50 were of 0.56 ± 0.10 mg/ml for the levamisole and 0.75 ± 0.09 mg/ml for the peel. After 24 hours, the mean LC50 values were of 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/ml, for peel and 0.27 ± 0.09 mg/ml for levamisole. The LC50 variance analysis, both after 18 and 24 h, shows that there is no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of the bark and that of Levamisole. These results confirm the efficacy of the extract of Burkea africana, used in traditional medicine to treat diseases caused by nematodes. An acute toxicity test, performed on white mice (Mus musculus), revealed that Burkea africana ethanolic bark extract was not toxic at a dose of 2500 mg/kg body weight. Given these data, the ethanolic extract of Burkea africana bark could be envisaged as an alternative to conventional fight against small ruminant’s haemonchosis. Keywords: Acute toxicity, anthelminthic activity, haemonchosis, lethal concentration, Mus musculus, plant extract

4739-4744

Authors: Fadaei Dehcheshmeh, N.*, Mohammadi, P., Azmal, M., Goharinezhad, S.

An organization with high social capital can lead to blossoming of new ideas in people with impacts on information sharing and implicit and explicit knowledge transfer. The new ideas make creative people and this creates innovation and entrepreneurship in the organization in the same way. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between social capital and intrapreneurship in Health Department staff at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. This is a correlational descriptive study. The population consisted of 90 managers and experts at the Department of Health in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences selected by census sampling method. Data analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 16). Two valid questionnaires including social capital and intrapreneurship were used for data collecting. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and analytic statistics (Spearman correlation coefficient) were used. Mean social capital was 101.04 of a total of 155 points. Among the dimensions of social capital, relational dimension with a mean 46 out of 70 and structural dimension a mean 36.21 out of 55 was obtained, respectively. The cognitive dimension, with an average of 18.83 total score out of 30 was the least average. The mean of the intrapreneurship was 97.11 out of 155. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the social capital and its dimensions (cognitive, structural, and relational) with intrapreneurship (P<0.001). Information is exchanged more often in organizations with higher levels of participation, commitment, and trust. Finally, it makes the individual have a lot of time for thinking, creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Keywords: Social capital, Intrapreneurship, Health

4745-4750

Authors: Fatemeh Shobeiri, Fatemeh Noori, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi*, Younes Mohammadi

Preeclampsia is not only the most frequent obstetrical complication of pregnancy, it is also one of the three leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the group counseling on quality of life in pre-eclamptic women in Hamadan city, Iran. In a randomized controlled trial, 60 primigravida women with preeclampsia who were randomly allocated into two thirty-member groups of case and control. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Four Counseling sessions were performed in the case group. The control group received routine care. The Short-Form-12 Health Survey on general state of health was completed in both groups before and after intervention. Analyzing the data was performed by SPSS/20, using T test, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test. P-value < 0.05 was regarded as significant. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the study variables at baseline (P>0.05). The global health status quality of life, based on SF-12, developed significantly in the case group (2.4±0.7 vs. 3.7±0.5) compared to controls (2.3±0.7 vs. 2.9±0.7) (P<0.001). The case group was associated with substantial development in total score of functions and symptoms of quality of life (P<0.001). The statistically and clinically crucial developments were indicated in functions and symptoms of quality of life in response to pre-eclamptic women. Self-care skills of preeclamptic women and fetal health could be improved by counseling system. Keywords: Councelling, pre-eclampsia; Quality of Life; Pregnant women

4751-4756

Authors: Maryam Babaei, Maedeh Rahimi Mohseni, Kolsum Fadakar*

One of the most influential factors in adolescence is self-esteem which is influenced by many factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and perceived social support among high school students in Rasht. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 419 high school students in Rasht were randomly selected. The data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of three sections. The first part included the demographic characteristics of the students, the second part consisted of Coppersmith Self-Esteem inventory and the third section comprised the perceived social support standard questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered P<0.05. The results showed that the mean total self-esteem scores of the sample were (34.4±6.68) and the mean score of perceived social support was (15.47±3.37). Spearman test results showed that there was a significant relationship between the family support (R = 0.488 and P<0.0001), peer support (R=0.240 and P<0.0001) and self-esteem. Given that there is a significant relationship between selfesteem and social support, understanding the ways of enhancing social support and ultimately self-esteem can positively influence the transition to adolescence stage. Keywords: Self-esteem, Social support, Students

4757-4763

Authors: N.H.Bansod* and G.N.Chaudhari

The present study reports the synthesis of pure ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO (CZO) nanoparticles for structural and antibacterial applications. The samples were synthesized by simple, low cost, sol gel method. The characterization of synthesized nanocomposite were done by using various techniques such as X – ray diffraction (XRD) UV-Visible, Fourier Transform spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM). The antimicrobial activities of synthesized materials were determined against Gram-positive bacteria and Gramnegative bacteria by using disc diffusion method. The present study demonstrated that Copper doped ZnO (CZO) has remarkable antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains.

4764-4775

Authors: Tabeel tariq*, M.Adnan ateeq, Masood T.kiyani, Nazeer Ahmed, Farooq shahzad, M.Yousaf, I. A Sani, M. Murad, Asma Yousafzai, Nisar Ahmed, Dawood Shahid, Hummaira Sadaf

The coal sites of our country Pakistan especially Baluchistan and their micro flora have not been defined properly. However, it is thought to harbour a number of microbes including harmful, non-harmful gram positive, gram negative, acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halophiles, and thermophiles within itself. The proposed study aims to seek a cultural and diversified cataloguing of the entire micro flora present in the coal sites of Mach, Baluchistan. The study spreads to a timeline of 3 months and samples will be collected from Mach coal mine. Moreover, workers, who are suffering from lung diseases in particular were, will also be subjected to analysis to assess probable correlation with microbes. Total of 150 samples were collected in which 50 of coal dust samples were collected with sterilized swabs. 50 samples of airborne debris from mines sewerage water where collected in pre-sterilized Duran bottles. Moreover 50 sputum mine worker samples were collected in sterilized stomacher bag for isolation and correlation studies. Out of 150 samples we isolate different genera of kingdom monera which are related to coal mines and environment. Isolated microbes includes harmful, non-harmful gram positive, gram negative,acidophile, alkaliphilic, halophiles sulphur oxidising and thermophiles bacteria’s which perform different activities according to the atmosphere and offered nutrient’s .obligate acidophilic, heterotropic ,aerobic motile ,gram negative bacteria are generally found. Acidiothiobacillus species is major among them. Beside it, Pseudomonas, flavobacteriu species, shigella specie, vibrio parahaemolyticuc, Staphylococcal aureus and Escherichia coli colonies are also obtained. Microscopy performs for colony morphology. During microscopy we found different shapes of bacteria’s like rod, cocci, spring shape etc. Further more we perfume APi 20 kit test for some bacterial species and compile the results. The study concluded that coal mines are riche in microbial flora which is effective for coal miners and also for the GDP growth of the country. Somehow there are also harmful bacteria’s but they do not produce great impact on miner. Keywords: coal mine microbial flora , microscopy, biochemical tests

4773-4777

Authors: I. Infant Raj and B. Kiran Bala

In MRI image to breast cancer treatment earlier detection of disease which give the better solution to the problem for that process the proposed system deals with the feature extraction process from the given input image, Initially extract the edge as a feature next color as a feature and finally extract the texture as a feature and process the extract the schema from the image and compare among those feature extracted schema with proposed method like canny for edge detection algorithm, color for BWP algorithm and Texture for histogram algorithm and finally for comparison euclidean distance is used for the better result. To make the comparison among the result two important think should be taken is FAR and FRR for earlier detection of disease to solve the problem for the present day and take the better solution of the result for the system. Keywords: Edge, Color, Texture, MRI Image, Breast Cancer

4778-4780

Authors: Sandeep R. Kane and Somkant V. Jawarkar*

Helminthes are recognized as a major problem to livestock production throughout the tropics. Parasitic helminthes affect human being and animals by causing considerable hardship and stunted growth. Most diseases caused by helminthes are of a chronic and debilitating in nature. The parasitic gastroenteritis is caused by mixed infection with several species of stomach intestinal worms, which results weaknesses, loss of appetite, decreased feed efficiency, reduced weight gain and decreased productivity. We here in explore scientifically the anthelmintic potential of medicinal plant of India and substantiate the folklore claims. In present communication aqueous and ethanolic extract of Glochidion ellipticum Linn. were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli. Various concentrations were used in the bioassay, which involved paralysis and death time of the worms. Both the extracts showed significant anthelmintic activity. Keywords: Anthelmintic activity, Extracts, Glochidion ellipticum Linn; Ascardia galli, Pheretima posthuma.

4783-4789

Authors: Gholamhossein Barekat and Nastaran Sabbaghi *

Introduction: This study is carried out to investigate the simple and multiple relationships between spiritual leadership and organizational trust with job involvement among staff members of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, in Southwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were 384 non-faculty members of the university who were selected randomly from the community of about 7739 by using the Cochran formula. The subjects responded to the Spiritual Leadership Questionnaire of Fry et al. (2005), Edward Zukil Patrickjob involvement questionnaire (1984), and Morgan’s et al. (1998) Organizational trust scale. In order to analyze the data, in addition to descriptive methods (frequency, frequency percentage, ...), for analyzing the research hypotheses, inferential statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used by the means of SPSS-16 software. Results: The results showed that separately there is a positive and significant relationship between spiritual leadership, organizational trust, and job involvement. There is also a multivariate relationship between these variablesso that the results of regression analysis showed that one could predict the job involvementfrom spiritual leadership and organizational trust, while the share of spiritual leadership was higherso that 64% of job involvementvariance is explained by spiritual leadership. The significance level in this study was α = 0. 000. Discussion and Conclusion: By training the right leadership methods and raising the level of organizational trust in the staff, it is possible to improve their relationships with each other as well as to create an attachment to the job to improve their efficiency in the organization. Key Words: Spiritual Leadership, Organizational Trust, Job involvement, Employees, Ahvaz, Iran.

4791-4197

Authors: S. Amutha and S. Sridhar*

The green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is a convenient, economical, rapid and eco-friendly method compared to physical and chemical synthesis methods. In the present study iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by Murraya exotica L. leaves extract. The formation of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by the colour change and further characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, DLS and XRD. The morphology and the size of nanoparticles were analyzed by SEM and HR - TEM analysis. The antibacterial efficacy of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited considerable activity against the tested human pathogens. Our study shows that green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles can be a good source for alternative therapy of bacterial diseases. Key words: Green synthesis, iron oxide, nanoparticles, Murraya exotica, antibacterial efficacy

4804-4809

Authors: Sumathi R*and Anuradha R

The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective role of methanolic flower extract of Allamanda neriifolia on 1, 4 dichlorobenzene (DCB)-induced hepatotoxicity in rat model. 1,4 DCB administered rats (300mg/kg/b.wt which was dissolved in 1ml of corn oil by intraperitonial injection for 45 days) were pre treated with methanolic flower extract of Allamanda neriifolia (300 mg / kg body weight) for 45 days and sacrificed after 1,4 DCB intoxication. Results showed that 1,4 DCB caused a marked rise in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), as well as marked decrease in serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), PCV, WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin and platelet compared to controls. However pre treatment with A.neriifolia methanolic flower extract produced a significant decrease in the ALT and total cholesterol level and an increase in total protein, albumin and hematological parameters compared to DCB alone group. Taken these data together, it can be concluded that natural plant components such as A.neriifolia flowers could protect the liver against dichlorobenzene (DCB)-induced liver toxicity. Keywords: Allamanda neriifolia, 1, 4 Dichlorobenzene, methanolic extract, Hepatotoxicity

4815-4821

Authors: M.Prasanthi Evangelin* , S.Manohar Babu , Konda Ravi Kumar

Simple, specific, accurate and precise reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in tablet dosage form by reversed phase C18 column (Kromasil C18 5μ, 250 mm x 4.6 mm). The sample was analyzed using 0.1% OPA: Acetonitrile in the ratio of 55:45 as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection at 230 nm. Calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient (r2 ) 0.999 over a concentration range of 100-600 µg/mL for Sofosbuvir and 0.999 over a concentration range of 22.5-135 µg/mL for Ledipasvir. The retention time was found to be 6 min. The mean recoveries were found to be 99.10% and 99.30% for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be < 2.0% for both drugs. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the estimation of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in tablet dosage form. Keywords: Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir, RP-HPLC, Validation, Stability.

4826-4832

Authors: Gholamhossein Falahinia, Samira Vash, Maryam Farhadiyan, Azadeh Mozayanimonfared, Azim Azizi*

The pain resulting from enoxaparin injection is an undesirable experience that has not yet been effectively controlled in spite of the scientific advances. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of Syzygium gel on intensity of the pain induced by enoxaparin injection in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This clinical trial was performed with a crossover design in the Cardiology Department of Farshchian Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. Samples were obtained from the ACS patients through convenience method and assigned randomly into two groups of A and B. Prior to the initiation of the intervention, written informed consent was obtained from the participants. At the first step, intensity of the pain resulting from enoxaparin injection was assessed in both groups following receiving the routine pre-injection cares. Afterwards, as the second step, in group A, 1 cc of clove gel was applied topically in diameter of 3 cm 30 min before the injection, while 1 cc of lubricant gel was used in group B instead of the clove gel. Finally, in the third step, the intervention was swapped between the groups, and the intensity of injection-induced pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale immediately post-injection. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS, version 16. In the post-injection stage, the mean pain intensities were 5.95±1.78, 5.014±1.72, and 3.321±1.52 in the routine care, placebo, and Syzygium gel groups, respectively, indicating that Syzygium gel application significantly reduced the pain caused by enoxaparin injection (P<0.001). Syzygium gel could be administered by the nurses 30 min prior to enoxaparin injection. It could be considered as an effective and efficient local anesthetic for diminishing site-pain intensity. Furthermore, placebo can assuage pain in case analgesic medications are not available or are contraindicated. Keywords: Complementary Therapies, Pain, Syzygium, Enoxaparin, Acute Coronary Syndrome

4838-4846

Authors: Mahdi Biglarkhani, Mohammad Ali Amir Zargar, Fataneh Hashem-Dabaghian, Farshad Amini Behbahani, Azam Meyari, Omid Sadeghpour*

Urolithiasis is a common urological disease with considerable recurrence and morbidity which has affected human science ancient to now. Persian Medicine, an indigenous system of Iranian Traditional Medicine, offers vast herbal list for treatment of urinary stones. This review focuses on the most common antiurolithiatc medicinal plants mentioned in four major Persian literatures and their supporting new evidence and mechanisms of action. Medicinal plants mentioned in four main traditional manuscripts of Persian Medicine, including the books of «Canon of Medicine», «Liber Continens», «Zakhire Kharazmshahi» and «The Royal Book» for treatment of urinary stones were elicited. Then common antiurolithiatic herbs in all these four books were selected and searched in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Magiran and SID to find studies that confirmed their efficacy. The findings included over all 124 plants with antiurolithiatic activities that 8 herbs were common among the all four major traditional resources of Persian Medicine. Scientific findings have revealed that these plants control urolithiasis through different mechanisms of action contain diuretic activity, antioxidant activity, inhibition of inflammatory process, inhibition nucleation, Inhibition crystallization, inhibition crystal aggregation, reducing hyperoxaluria, reducing stone size and reducing urine supersaturation. According to this study, all of the cited common medicinal plants have antiurolithiatic phytochemical reveals. Investigation of Persian Medicine literatures can lead to the identification of effective natural medicines for the management of urolithiasis; however, conclusive confirmation of the efficacy and safety of these treatments needs more evaluations especially by future clinical trials. Key Words: Urinary Stone, Antiurolithiatic, Persian Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Medicinal Plant, Herbal Medicine.

4854-4858

Authors: M. J. Ansari

Nanoprecipitation technique for preparation of nanoparticles has emerged as one of the most viable methods of all available methods, owing to its advantages such as simple, rapid, economical and surfactant free preparation method. Several kinds of polymers, lipids, proteins, and cyclodextrins can be used as matrix for encapsulation of drug. Moreover, it can be employed to prepare nanoparticles of drug product itself without use of any polymer. Nanoprecipitation is achieved by slow addition of an organic solution of the polymer with or without drug in an aqueous solution (non-solvent) with moderate stirring at moderate temperature. Nanoparticles are hardened due to evaporation of organic solvent which are then collected by filtration, centrifugation or freeze drying. This article summarizes several parameters that may influence preparation of nanoparticles include types and proportion of solvent and anti-solvent, types and proportion of polymer and drug, rate of addition of solvent, stirring speed and processing temperature. Keywords: Nanoprecipitation, Nanoparticles, Nanocapsules, anti-solvent, stabilizers, surfactants

4868-4871

Authors: Dr. Nand Lal Seerani, Dr. Gordhan Soothar , Dr. Tarachand Devrajani , Dr. Sidra Ali ,Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah , Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch *

Objective: To evaluate the pulmonary changes in patients underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy at tertiary care hospital Patients and Methods: The patients underwent upper GI endoscopy were explored, enrolled and recruited in this six months cross sectional study after taking informed consent. The respiratory system examination was performed while before, during and after the SPO2 monitoring was done simultaneously by pulse oximetry. The data saved on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages was calculated. Results: The mean age ± SD for whole population was 53.98±7.96. Of fifty the de-saturation was identified in 22 patients of which mild oxygen desaturation (SPO2 < 95%) in 8 (36.3%) of the patients, moderate oxygen desaturation (SPO2 90- 95%) in 9 (40.9%) and severe desaturation (SPO2 <90%) in 5 (22.7%) patients. The mean ±SD for SPO2 % in male and female population before the procedure was 98.62± 1.21 and 98.85± 1.56 while during the procedure it was 93.42± 1.85 and 93.81± 2.95 whereas after the procedure was 96.98± 2.52 and 98.21± 1.21 respectively. Conclusion: The present revealed transient hypoxic events during endoscopy and did not lead to significant pathology. Thus in elderly subjects and the individuals with co-morbid conditions or in the patients with pre existing lung diseases oxygen saturation should be monitored during the endoscopic procedure. Keywords: Endoscopy, Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation and Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

4876-4879

Authors: Dr. Kiran Hafeez*, Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany , Dr. Shamsuddin Solangi , Dr.Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon , Dr. Imran Karim , Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the severity of serum C-reactive protein in relation to gender and duration of metabolic syndrome. Patients and Methods: The six months cross sectional study covers fifty individuals diagnose as metabolic syndrome visited / admitted at tertiary care hospital were enrolled and recruited in the study. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the IDF criteria. All the patients with metabolic syndrome was screened and evaluate for severity of serum C-reactive protein. The data saved on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages was calculated. Results: Total 98 patients were documented as raised CRP in patients with metabolic syndrome, of which 73 (74.5%) were females and 25 (25.5%) were males. The mean age ± SD for the population with raised CRP was 47.97±7.98 (years) while the mean ±SD for CRP 22.9±6.75 mg/L in patients with metabolic syndrome. In male population the raised serum CRP in terms of mild, moderate and severe was 12 (48%), 10 (40%) and 03 (12%) while in females population the raised serum CRP in terms of mild, moderate and severe was 35 (47.9%), 27 (36.9%) and 11 (15%) and the severity also directly proportional to the duration of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: It has been found that the serum CRP level is directly proportional to duration of metabolic syndrome. Keywords: Metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein.

4884-4888

Authors: Dr. Shewak Ram , Dr. Pooran Mal , Dr. Javed Altaf Jat , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To see the incidence of prostatic cancer in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms. Patients and Methods: The one year descriptive case series study was conducted in the department of Urology - Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro / Hyderabad. A total of 100 patients of age more than 50 years had lower urinary tract symptoms were included. The complete blood count (CBC), blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes,prostate specific antigen (PSA), random blood sugar (RBS), ultrasound abdomen and pelvis and prostatic biopsy were taken if required. The data variables with measurement scale were presented by their mean ± standard deviation and incidence of prostatic cancer was presented as percentages. Results: Incidence of prostate cancer in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms was observed in 8.0%. Significant association of prostate carcinoma was observed with age groups, IPSS score, prostate weightandserum PSA level. Conclusion: It is concluded that our findings have implications for clinical practice: as the value of population-based PSA screening has yet to be demonstrated in randomized controlled trials. LUTS severity should not be used as a sole criterion of whether or not to screen for early prostate cancer. Key Words: Prostatic carcinoma, Lower urinary tract symptoms, Transrectal ultrasound sonography, Digital rectal examination, Biopsy

3787-3791

Authors: Orogu J.O.*, Akpobire D. and Adebisi O.O

The comparative study of the bacteriological quality of new naira notes and naira currencies in circulation was carried out with a view to access the bacteriological quality of the Nigerian currency note in Nigeria and to compare the bacteria load between mint notes and dirty notes in circulation. The naira notes comprising of all denomination were collected from different chosen occupational groups in Ozoro town (for dirty naira notes), while the mint was collected from a commercial bank in Ozoro. The notes were surveyed for bacterial contaminant using dilution method. The bacteria isolated from the notes were Esherichia coli (33.3%), Salmonella sp (50%), Streptococcus sp (50%), Staphylococcus aureus (33.3%), Proteus mirabilis (50%), Micrococcus sp (50%) and Psuedomonas aeruginosa (50%). The total bacteria count ranges from 3.6 x104CFU/ML to 9.6 x104CFU/ML. Lower denomination notes were more contaminated than higher denomination notes. Dirty and wrinkled notes had more contaminants than the mint notes. This study has demonstrated that naira could be a source of contamination by microbial pathogen. Key words: Naira notes, Bacteriological, quality, comparative study

3798-3802

Authors: Hesamedin Ramezani and Fatemeh Akbari

What nowadays cause the development of organic farming is the long-term effects of various types of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural products and on the environment. Therefore, the management of plant diseases using natural herbal products is an important strategy in this direction that is always considered by agriculture sciences researchers. In this research, the antifungal effect of Zataria multiflora was studied for the purpose of optimal use of herbal products in 4 techniques. In all the methods used in this study by increasing the concentration of volatile oil to 1000 ppm, the longitudinal growth was reduced and mutually the growth inhibitory ratio was increased. However, at concentration of 50,150 and 450 ppm of the volatile oil after 48 hours, the highest inhibitory percentage was observed in Food Poison Technique method with 20, 53 and 68.5, then the highest percentage of inhibition in the aforementioned concentrations was visible in surface Technique, volatile Technique, and disc Technique, respectively. Keywords: Growth control techniques, Growth inhibitory percent, Volatile oil, Plant disease control

3806-3809

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian and Zohreh Havasian*

Test anxiety, which is one of the main obstacles of education systems at different levels, is one of the most common phenomena among students. Regarding the effect of test anxiety on academic performance, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between test anxiety and parenting in Malekshahi city of Ilam. The present research is a descriptive cross-sectional study and the statistical population includes all male and female students of high school in Maleshahi city. The subjects were randomly selected from female students and graduated students. For this purpose, Sarason's test anxiety questionnaire was used, which has 25 questions. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test. 100 high school students, 50 females and 50 females, with mean age of 48.78±1.74 for the fathers and 40.94±1.60 years for the mothers, participated in the present study. There was a significant relationship between the decisive method of childbearing and test anxiety (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between the level of test anxiety and parenting education (P<0.05). According to the findings of the present study, there is a direct relationship between parenting, education, and occupational status of parents with test performance of students; therefore, strict parenting, low level of education, and unemployment can be considered as predisposing factors in increasing the amount of test-anxiety. Therefore, holding counseling and distributing brochures for parents can help reduce testanxiety. Key words: Test Anxiety, Parenting, High school students, Malekshahi, Ilam.

3814-3818

Authors: Jafar Panahi, Sajjad Panahi, Arezoo Sabbagh Hadi, Mohamad Reza Havasian*

The respiratory system infections have been one of the biggest problems for the pilgrims and the medical organizations of hajj in the recent years. Viral agents play an important role in these diseases; more than 200 viral agents can cause infection in the respiratory system. This research aimed to study of viral pattern of respiratory diseases among pilgrims of hajj- Mecca. A comprehensive review of all studies conducted on respiratory diseases among Hajj pilgrims from 2000 to 2017 was carried out using Pub Med, Science Direct and Google scholar and web of science websites. This study indicated that Influenza and parainfluenza virus, Rhinovirus, Corona viruses and Respiratory Syncytial Virus is most common viruses among pilgrims. Corona viruses were first detected in 2011 on Hajj pilgrims with a prevalence rate of 8.3 percent According to the results and an average of about 30-40% of respiratory diseases among pilgrims, careful planning must be done to prevent this disease. It is suggested pay special attention to vaccination of pilgrims and treatment of patients before departure as well as continuous use of masks during the pilgrimage ceremony. Key words: Viral Respiratory, Viral Pattern, Pilgrims, Hajj

3825-3829

Authors: Mansour Amraei, Ehsan Shirzadpour, Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Safoura Mohamadpour, Azim Hasanbeigi*

Cardiovascular diseases are amongst the most important mortality causes worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to offer a drug that meanwhile lacking the side effects of the similar chemical medications is capable of reducing the risk factors of such diseases. In the present study, the effect of hydroalcoholic extract taken from the plant Teucrium Polium on the atherosclerotic plaques has been studied herein. In the current research paper, 20 male Wistar rats with mean weights ranging from 150 g to 180 g were randomly divided to four groups: a control group and a sham group that, respectively, received ordinary dietary regimen and high cholesterol (2%) nutrition. Experimental groups 1 and 2 that received ordinary dietary regimens plus Teucrium Polium extracts, with dosages equal to 0.85 mg/ml and 1.7 mg/ml, respectively, on a daily basis. After eight weeks of treatment, the rats’ aortas were dissected and kept in 10% formalin solution to undergo histological evaluations. The weight results were analyzed in SPSS software by the use of one-way variance analysis (ANOVA). There was not observed any atherogenic lesion in the control group that had received a normal nutrition. In sham group that had received high cholesterol dietary regimen, atheroma plaques were visible. Experimental groups 1&2 that had been treated with extract dosages of 0.85 mg/ml and 1.7 mg/ml, no sign of any atherogenic lesion and plaque formation was observed even with their being fed on a high cholesterol dietary regime. Also, the sham group members’ mean weights showed a significant increase in respect to the control group. Experimental group two demonstrated a significant reduction of weight in contrast to the control group. The hydroalcoholic extract of Teucrium Polium was interestingly successful in preventing the atherosclerotic plaques. According to the side effects of the anti-atherosclerotic chemical medications, it seems that the use of traditional medicine and the medicinal herbs can be an appropriate solution to the reduction of cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: Atherosclerotic plaques, Teucrium polium, cardiovascular disease, Medical plants.

3840-3849

Authors: Bahram Baloch*, Shafi Muhammad, Muhammad Younas, Gul Muhammad, Muhammad Siddique, Almas Kanwal, Sameera, Salwa

Balochistan is the native home of many medicianl plants. Local people use thses medicinal plants cure of different disesase. Current reserch work descibes the knowledge in traditional practices of plants identified among the peoples of district turbat, balochistan pakistan. Information was collected from 50 informants. 38 informants were female and 12 were male. The informant was grouped into four distinctive age groups. Number of male herbalist were 12 from age 45 between 65 and number of female herbalist were 38 from age 38 to 70. Medicinal plant were used for different diseases from which 14 were used for diseases of git, 11 plants were used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, 5 plants are used due to anti microbial effects, 4 plants were used for different blood disease, 3 plants were used in fever, 3 plants for skin disease, 2 plants for CNS effects and 2 used in liver disease, only one is in cough.

3856-3862

Authors: B.J.Divya, B.Suman, V. Nagalakshmamma, PV Chalapathi and K.Thyagaraju*

In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and is gaining popularity among the globally developing and developed countries. Currently there has been an increased interest to identify plants and explore their therapeutic potential. The plants show pharmacological potency and have low or no side effects for use in preventive medicine and health care. Also they represent a potential source of new compounds with different pharmacological activity. Ayurveda, the oldest medicinal system in the world, finds active and therapeutically useful compounds from plants. Considering the growing interest in the field of plant drugs, assessing different pharmacological activities, two plant families Fabaceae and Amaryllidaceae, are available as vegetables all over the country. The therapeutic potential of these families reported activities are inhibition of invasion of carcinoma, cardiovascular protection, lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure, anti-platelet activities, and thromboxane formation with their numerous chemical values and rich phytochemicals. In addition the biological activities include antibacterial, antithrombotic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic modulation of drug metabolism etc. In this study we have discussed about the therapeutic potential and chemical constituents and their antiinflammatory activity. Several researchers have provided a mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects in this area. Keywords: therapeutic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, pharmacological.

3869-3873

Authors: Dr. M. Sunitha Reddy and Anusha Kunduru

The purpose of this study is to improve the bioavailability and dissolution of Glibenclamide in the preparation of a dried emulsion. This dry emulsion formulation is filled in HPMC capsules as it is of vegetarian source but not gelatin because of several drawbacks. The animal source of gelatin may be a problem for some consumers, such as vegetarian and religious groups or ethical groups, since unmodified gelatin is subjected to cross linking in contact with aldehydes, solubility problems can be expected with certain fill formulations. Dry emulsions are prepared by the drying of liquid emulsions in which there is a solid form in the aqueous phase. The solid support provides the dry and bulk emulsions. In this preparation the emulsion was dried, sesame oil in which the drug is soluble, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose as the organic filler and Tween 80 as the surfactant is used. The dried emulsion was evaluated for the drug content, determination of the globular size and surface characterization, in vitro release of the drug in dry emulsion was studied by a type II USP-type paddle dissolving apparatus. This study revealed that the solid dry emulsion technique proved to be promising and useful for improving dissolution. Key Words: Glibenclamide, Dry Emulsion, HPMC capsules, Sesame oil

3879-3887

Authors: Gunpreet Kaur*, Vikas Gupta, Parveen Bansal, Richa Raturi, Ram Gopal Singhal

Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends are rapidly changing towards increase in reproductive disorders and decrease in fertility. A recent study reflects appreciable decrease in populations in Japan and European Union due to persistently low total fertility rates (TFR). The sexual urge is the most powerful biological drive next to the need for food, water and sleep. Sexual activity should be a healthful and pleasant experience. However many people face anxiety, humiliation, frustration and disappointment because of inadequate sexual functioning. The importance of sex in human life was duly recognized by ancient Rishies and aphrodisiac power of herbs was found out by founding fathers of Ayurveda thousands of years ago. Ancient texts also describe reproduction as one of the prime duties of an individual towards humanity and it was a matter of proud for the kings to practice polygamy. These practices gave origin to development of formulations to enhance sexual potency and reproduction. So there had been a demand for search of such formulations of herbal origin that could give a boost to satisfying sexual activities and justified reproduction. Present manuscript compiles therapeutic potentials of a wonder plant Kakoli for its use in multiple reproductive disorders. Systemized clinical studies have been conducted on a number of plants for different disorders but no plant has been reported for multiple uses. Compilation presents more than 10 ancient textual references made for use of this plant in very potent formulations however planned clinical studies/trials are needed to create scientific evidences. Keywords: Kakoli, Vajikaran, fertility, spermatogenesis, ejaculatory dysfunction.

3894-3900

Authors: Sheela. D and Uthayakumari Kalavathy*

The methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant (Family: Aizoaceae) was investigated for it antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect in Wistar Albino rats. Diabetes was induced in albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg i.p). The Methanol extracts of Sesuvium portulacastrum at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg of body weight were administered at single dose per day to diabetes induced rats for a period of 14 days. The effect of methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant extract on blood glucose, serum insulin, urea, creatinine, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum lipid profile[total cholesterol (TC) triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL -C), very low density lipoprotein – cholesterol (VLDL-C) high density lipoprotein – cholesterol (HDL-C)and phospholipid (PL)].Serum protein, albumin, globulin, serum enzymes [Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases (SGPT), and Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases (SGOT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were measured in the diabetic rats. The Methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant was non toxic at 2000 mg/kg in rats. The increased body weight, decreased blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and other biochemical parameters level was observed in diabetic rats treated with both doses of methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant compared to diabetic control rats. In diabetic rats, methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant administration altered lipid profiles were reversed to near normal than diabetic control rats. From the above results, it is conducted that methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant possess significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Keywords: Sesuvium portulacastrum, antidiabetic, Hypolipidemic, Alloxan, Glibenclamide.

3911-3918

Authors: Poorandokht Barzin, Poorandokht Afshari *, Shahnaz Najar, Mohammad Hossein Haghighizadeh

Introduction: Violence against women is a global phenomenon that is so characteristic of the cultural, social, ethnic, racial and even the rules governing a community at any time and place to appear different statements. The extent of violence against women is widespread in human history. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with violence in middle-aged women referred to health centers in Ahvaz done. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. number of 1266 middle- aged women, 45- 64 years were randomly selected by lottery from among six health centers in Ahvaz city. The questionnaire included a demographic and related factors to violence consists of 30 items And the questionnaire of violence, scale abuse with the woman is a scale that consists of three domains: psychological, physical, and life-threatening form of the modified instrument, "Strauss conflict tactics scale" have been revised conflict Tactics scale is intended. To obtain scientific validity of the content validity and reliability, Cronbach's alpha was used to determine and In order to verify the reliability of the questionnaires were completed by the researcher from the thirty people who were eligible for the study. The results were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation coefficient was 0/85. Results: The results showed that 32. 1 percent of the samples had experienced violence and frequency of violence, including, psychological violence 30.5, verbal16. 6, financial 10.6 and physically 8. 9 percent were reported. duration of abuse, violence agent, history of husband previous marriage and have children from husband previous marriage [p0. 001], health status of women [p =0. 012], supervisor [p =0.024], number of children [p =0.017], and the supervisor of addiction to tobacco or drugs [p =0. 006] have Significant relationship with the experience of violence. Conclusion: According to the results, paying attention to abused women and appropriate strategies to reduce the mentioned problem, it seems necessary. Keywords: domestic violence, middle-aged women, individual characteristic

3928-3934

Authors: Kapila Arpita*, Rambabu Sharma, Agarwal Shweta

Pulsatile drug delivery systems are the systems which deliver the drug according to the circadian rhythm of the body. The product follows a sigmoidal drug release profile characterized by a time period of no release (lag time) followed by a rapid and complete drug release. Thus, these systems deliver the drug at the right site of action at the right time and in the right amount, thus providing spatial and temporal delivery and increasing patient compliance. Various capsular, osmotic, single and multiple unit systems that are modulated by soluble or erodible polymer coatings, rupturable membranes are available in the market. Chronotherapeutics have been used for number of diseases like asthma, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, hypotension, ulcer, hypercholesterolemia etc. These are beneficial for diseases showing chronopharmacological behaviour where night time dosing is required and for drugs having high first pass effect or having site specific absorption in gastrointestinal tract or drugs having high risk of toxicity or tolerance. Keywords: Pulsatile, circadian rhythm, chronotherapeutics, hypercholesterolemia, chronopharmacological behaviour

3942-3946

Authors: Sumalatha G. 1 * and Sreedevi A.

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate antiepileptic activity of chloroform extract of leaves of Barringtonia racemosa (CBR) in mice. Methods: The antiepileptic activity of CBR was evaluated in mice at 30, 100, and 300 mg/Kg, p.o. by the convulsions induced by maximum electroshock (MES), Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and Isoniazid (INH) methods. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s t test. Results: In MES method, CBR (30, 100, and 300 mg/Kg) inhibited convulsions significantly potent than Diazepam. In PTZ method, CBR inhibited convulsions potent than Phenobarbitone sodium (PS). In INH method, CBR delayed the onset of convulsions less potent than Diazepam. Conclusion: In Present investigation, CBR showed significant dose dependent antiepileptic effect potent than Diazepam and PS. Keywords: Epilepsy, Barringtonia racemosa, Pentylenetetrazole, Isoniazid.

3951-3953

Authors: M.Hareesh Reddy1* and Dr.A. Sambasiva Rao2

Ramipril is an anti-hypertensive drug, a category of ACE inhibitor that inhibit the actions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), thereby decreasing the production of angiotensin II and decreasing the breakdown of bradykinin. The decrease in an enzyme angiotensin II results in relaxation of arteriole smooth muscle leading to a lowering the total peripheral resistance, reducing blood pressure(BP) as the blood is pumped through widened. Ramipril, a precursor or prodrug, is converted to the active metabolite ramiprilat by carboxylesterase. It is mostly excreted by the kidneys. Its half-life is 3-16 hours and is prolonged by heart and liver failure, as well as kidney failure. The medication used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. The drug is also used to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack in patients at risk for these types of problems and to improve survival in patients with heart failure after a heart attack. Key words: Ramipril, Ramiprilat, Angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carboxylesterase, Blood pressure.

3960-3966

Authors: Gholamhossein Barekat and Abdolreza Gilavand*

Introduction: Perceived organizational justice has a positive impact on the performance of organizations’ employees and their satisfaction. Thus, the current research was carried out to evaluate the relationship between social capital and organizational justice from the perspective of employees. Methods: This research was conducted using descriptive and correlational method of study. Research population included all nonfaculty employees of central organization and all schools of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, in Southwest of Iran. Out of all employees, 230 employees were randomly selected in 2016. The data collection tool in this research included Nahapit and Ghasal Standard Social Capital Questionnaire and Niehoff and Moorman Organizational Justice Questionnaire. SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data and Pearson correlation and stepwise regression and t-test were also used in this regard. Results: Significant correlation was not found between organizational justice and social capital of the employees [P> 0.05]. Most of the respondents did not show high satisfaction with organizational justice status and they evaluated the level of observing the justice in the organization at relatively low level, and no significant correlation was found between organizational justice components [distributive, interactive, and procedural] and social capital [P> 0.05]. However, significant correlation was found between distributive justice and employee trust. Moreover, significant correlation was found among six components of social capitals [P <0.05]. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the importance of organizational justice and social capital in organizations, it is essential to strengthen all dimensions of it. Justice in the organization results in creation of a positive image of organization in their minds, leading to enhanced accountability and improved organization status in the external environment. Keywords: Social capital, Organizational Justice, employees, Iran.

3974-3981

Authors: Gita Sangestani, Pantaleo Greco, Ali Reza Soltanian, Mahnaz Khatiban*

Pap test is a lifesaving tool which can detect atypical cellular changes before the cervical cancer develops. In developing countries just 5% of women are typically screened for cervical cancer by Pap test. So having a risk factor assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes can be very helpful in order to approach an early diagnosis and treatment by physicians, midwives and the other health care givers in face with their clients. To develop a valid and reliable risk factors assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes towards cervical cancer. This is a methodological study. In order to identify full content domain, items generation and creation of the initial tool draft, an extensive article study was conducted. Then, the validity and reliability of the research tool were confirmed. Results of this study led to develop a valid and reliable tool entitled: “Risk factors assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes towards cervical cancer”. It has 50 items in three parts including demographic characteristic, health history and clinical manifestations. As the risk factors assessment tool for the Pap test cytological changes towards cervical cancer is valid and reliable, we strongly recommend applying this tool in facing with the patients in all clinics that are open to women about gynecological problems. It can help the professionals to have a suitable and quick action especially in those areas with limited access to the specialists. Keywords: Risk factor, Pap test, Assessment tool, Cytological changes, Iran.

3987-3990

Authors: Farideh Shojaee*and Hamid Sadeghi Rine

Exercise is one of the important factors in the prevention, treatment and maintenance of mental and physical health. The immune system is one of the vital systems, the proper functioning of which guarantees the health of individuals. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of strength exercises on the immune system's performance of athletes in the bodybuilding clubs of northern Tehran in 2012. The study is a randomized-clinical trial, in which 96 athletes from northern Tehran were surveyed in 2012. Demographic data and disease history was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire; for this purpose, the subjects were divided into two groups, with each group including 48 subjects; one group was made to do regular exercises one hour per day and 4 days a week in Hirbad Gym (Tehran, District 3), and the other group was asked not to do any exercise. The medical tests were performed once a week after the exercise was completed. Finally, data analysis using SPSS software version 16 were analyzed. The mean age of the subjects included in the control group was 28±7.56, and the mean age of intervention group was 26 ±6.02, with the oldest and youngest subjects being 37 and 17 years old in order. There was no significant relationship between Eosinophil, Lymphocytes, Neutrophil, IgM, WBC neither in the control nor in the intervention group (P>0.05); but, CD4, CD8, Basophil, Cortisol turned out to be significantly related in both groups (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that, in addition to increasing the function of cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and nervous system, heavy exercise and physical fitness training weaken the immune system, in comparison with non-athlete subjects. In addition, regular exercise may have a beneficial effect in treating people with immunodeficiency by increasing muscle strength and muscle tone, and possibly by reducing mental stress and increasing the systemic immune function. Keywords: Strength Exercises, Immune System's, Physical Fitness, Body Building, Tehran.

3999-4012

Authors: Dr. Sejal.G. Patel*, Dr. Rakesh jat, Dr.Hiren .R.Chaudhary

The present research work is mainly concened with the natural compounds that are obtained from traditional medicinal plants. There are number of natural compounds have been available in the nature. Some natural compounds are very useful to human being and have life pontential to save human from many uncurable disease. Keeping view in the mind the research is focused to extract and isolate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihyperlipidmic, antidiabetic, antiulcer activites containing compounds are studied. The major natural compounds are liquorice, ginger, alliuam, triphala (harda, bahera, pipali, amla and guggulu). The glycyrrhyza glabra is obtained from rhizomes of liquorice and useful as expectorant and ulcer healing properties with carbenoloxolone as major constituents. All components are isolated from the concerned extracts. The extractions of all plants are based on successive solvent extraction method for all drugs. The constituents are confirmed by structure elucidation. The structure of each compounds are intrepereted by different spectral techniques like Infrared spectrum, nuclear magnetic spectrum (hydrogen anc carbon thirteen spectra) and mass spectroscopy for molecural formula and molecular weight of the unknown compounds. Key words: Liquorice, extraction and chromatography

4023-4026

Authors: Maryam Yaghoubi, Shahram Baraz* , Mohammad Adineh, Mohammad Hossain Haghighi zadeh

Introduction: One of the most common ways put into practice to the clearance of the airway of patients who are under mechanical ventilation is applying suctioning into trachea. Some physiotherapeutic procedures including rib cage compression parallel to exhale and prior to suctioning can facilitate the egression of discharges. The present study aimed to determine the effect of rib cage compression during the exhale before suctioning on O2 saturation changes in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Methodology: The research is a clinical trial study. The sample involved 55 patients who received mechanical ventilation hospitalized in special sections of health centers at Golestan and Emam-Khomeini hospitals in Ahvaz. The patients were divided into control and intervention groups by convenience sampling as paying attention to random involvement criteria. Blood oxygen saturation, within 5 minutes before and 15 and 25 minutes after suctioning were measured for intervention group using rib cage compression technique and the data were analyzed by independent t-test, and paired t-test as well as repeated measures design. Findings: The level of oxygen saturation increased by the trachea suctioning through rib cage compression technique and it is statistically meaningful at p< 0.05 . Conclusion: With respect to the improvement of blood oxygen saturation in intervention group, the technique is recommended for intubed patients. Keywords: Suctioning, compressing the rib cage, O2saturation, mechanical ventilation

4043-4047

Authors: Zahra Azeem, Iffat Naheed, Sara Ejaz, Khadija waheed*, Amna khanum, Asim Khan

Background: Oxytocin and Misoprostol are considered to be the two most effective drugs in preventing PPH. But contradiction in literature was observed. So to confirm whether misoprostol is more effective than oxytocin for prevention of PPH, we conducted this study. Objective: To compare the mean blood loss with sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in low-risk females undergoing normal vaginal delivery Material & Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted at Unit IV, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore. The duration of the study was six months from July 2016 to December 2016. The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. The patients were randomly divided into two groups by using lottery method. The patients in group M received misoprostol 400µg sublingually and patients in group O, 20 units of oxytocin immediately after delivery of the baby. No Additional Oxytocin injection was given. Uterine massage was done if obstetrician noticed poor uterine contractions. Blood loss was estimated separately by measuring the blood in the kidney tray. Results: In this study the mean age of the patients was 29.33±7.06 years with mean gestational age of 38.74±1.22 weeks. The mean value of total blood loss of the patients was 429.97±135.06ml. In this study the value of total mean blood loss in misoprostol group was 356.29±84.89 ml and the mean value of total blood loss in oxytocin group was 503.66±135.98 ml. Statistically there is highly significant difference was found between the study groups and total blood loss of the patients i.e. pvalue=0.000 Conclusion: Our study results concluded that misoprostol showed more effective and satisfactory results as compared to intravenous oxytocin in low-risk females undergoing normal vaginal delivery. Keywords: Blood Loss, Sublingual Misoprostol, Intravenous Oxytocin, Vaginal Delivery

4053-4061

Authors: Muhammad Javed Khan*, Imran Khan, Irshad Ali, Sheikh Ahmed, Ghulam Mustafa Khan

In most epithelia, desmosomes are important adhesion structures which have a key role in linking the intermediate filament network of one cell to its neighbor, thus forming a strong bond. These junctions are essential for retaining the integrity of organs, subject to mechanical stress, particularly the heart and skin. Desmogleins and desmocollins belong to super family of cadherin, which mediate adhesion at desmosomes. Through a series of protein interactions, desmosomal cadherin tails get associated with Cytoplasmic components of the desmosome, the sites of desmosome assemblage are employed with intermediate filaments. There are four types of desmogleins (Dsg1, Dsg2, Dsg3 and Dsg4) and three types of desmocollins (Dsc 1, Dsc 2, and Dsc 3). These types of desmosomal cadherins are involved in various defects. This review outlines the structure, function and associated diseases of cadherin superfamily. I believe that this review will assist researchers to enhance their basic knowledge regarding desmogleins, desmocollins and their major associated diseases. Key words: Desmosomes, desmogleins, desmocollins, diseases.

4071-4077

Authors: Saurabh Gupta*, Dilip Kumar Chanchal and Surabhi Rashi

Introduction: Topical drug administration is simplest and easiest route of localized drug delivery anywhere in the body by routes as ophthalmic, rectal, vaginal and skin. These are applied as wide spectrum of preparations in case of both cosmetic and dermatological, to the healthy or diseased skin. Drugs are administered topically for their action at the site of application or for systemic effects. Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria, but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. It is a common topical treatment for acne and can be useful against some methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Objective and aim: The aim of present study was to develop an emulgel formulation of clindamycin phosphate using Carbopol 934 or HPMC 2930 as a gelling agent. The influence of the type of gelling agent and the concentration of both the oil phase and emulsifying agent on the release of the drug and its microbial activity were investigate using 2 3 factorial design in addition, rheological properties were also evaluated. Conclusion: The present work is to develop Clindamycin emulgel adaptable topical drug delivery systems which provide protection against oxidation, fast absorption, prolonged release and enables reduction in dose and evaluate the emulgel using an ideal topical drug candidate of Clindamycin by suitable method with its release. Keywords: Clindamycin emulgel, Formulation, Evaluation.

4083-4087

Authors: Abdul Sattar*, Ghulam Razaque, Nisar Ahmed, Syed Umer Jan, Ghulam Mustafa, Abdul Qadir, Qaiser Rasheed, Basera Akhtar, Waheed Shah

The plants which are using as to cure the illness long before the use of herbs. Herbal medicines are mostly used for the remedy of different diseases including postoperative diseases. Toxic heavy metals such as Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Iron, Aluminum, Cobalt and Manganese are present during all processes of the natural drugs. All of these are being considered as toxic dangerous heavy metals. The toxic heavy metals in medicinal plants or its derivatives during formulations it may be a consequence of accidental addition of pollution or it may be intentionally combined for the purpose of therapeutic characteristics. Totally four products were selected to check their constituents. All the samples were kept in normal temperature (room temperature) to evade any humidity and deterioration. 1g of each sample were taken in flask with 10 ml of nitric acid 67%. After this process percholic acid (4ml) were incorporated with the sample and were kept in fume hood at room temperature for 24 hours. A hot plate was used for heat to make the sample concentrated up to 1 ml, when these samples were concentrated deionized water (50 ml) was incorporated in this sample and it was filtered by Whatman’s filter paper. After filtration process added sufficient amount of deionized water made 100ml. Each of this solution was labeled as a stock solution. All of these stock solutions were examined according to the specified procedure by the help of atomic absorption spectrometer for the detection of different heavy toxic metals if present in the natural formulations. The findings of this research work were showed that Ninety percent of these herbal products have heavy toxic elements. Key words: Elements, Iron, copper, lead, Zinc

4094-4099

Authors: Amareshwar Shabada, Nikhat Fatima, Humera Badar, Syeda Saba Sultana

A simple, accurate, precise, sensitive and stability indicating RP-HPLC method has been developed for the determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form, in which separations are done using develosil C18, 5μm, 150 × 4.6mm i.d. column at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min with an injection volume of 20μL. The beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration range of 5 - 35μg/mL. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.996 and it showed good linearity, reproducibility, precision in this concentration range. The aim of this paper was to develop and validate the stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The % recovery values were found to be within the limits, which showed that the method was accurate. The LOD and LOQ were calculated using statistical methods. The % RSD values were less than 2. The developed method was successfully applied for determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. The results obtained are in good agreement with those obtained by using the standard method. Keywords: Pazopanib hydrochloride, Develosil, Stability indicating, Method Development, Validation.

4107-4111

Authors: Dr. Rizwanullah Junaid Bhanbhro*, Dr. Shahida Khatoon, Dr. Shahnawaz Abro

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of intra-abdominal injuries associated to abdominal trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted at general surgery departments of Isra University Hospital and LUH Hyderabad with the duration of one year from 2014 to 2015. All the patients with abdominal trauma (blunt trauma and penetrating trauma) were incorporated in the study. All cases less than 12 years of age and having brain injuries and unconscious patients were excluded from the study. Details of history, clinical examination, ultrasound abdomen and all required laboratory investigations were carried out. All the causes of abdominal trauma were noted. Frequency of all intra-abdominal injuries including spleen, kidneys, liver, and pancreas), stomach, ureters, small intestine, and urinary bladder were noted. All the findings according to study objective were noted in the Performa. RESULTS: Total 60 cases were selected, male gender was found commonest 86.6%, while female were only 13.4%. 23-33 years age group was found commonest 25.0%. Majority of the cases 66.66% had blunt trauma, while 33.34% of the cases had penetrating trauma. Clinically mostly patients were found with abdominal pain and vomiting, 92.30% and 55.20% respectively. Liver was the commonest intra-abdominal injury in both blunt and penetrating trauma, 37.5% and 20.0% respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that intra-abdominal injuries are significantly more prevalent in Blunt abdominal trauma as compare to penetrating trauma. Liver and spleen were commonest intra-abdominal organ injuries. Key words: Abdominal trauma, intra-abdominal organ injuries

4121-4125

Authors: Milad Borji, Hassan Nourmohammadi*, Akbar Nourmohammadi, Asma Tarjoman, Safoura Mohamadpour

Background: Since patients within a community are in need of help from caregivers, the health status of caregivers is of utmost importance. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the levels of care burden among family caregivers of patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 220 caregivers of patients with cancer in the city of Ilam in 2017 were surveyed. The instruments used in this study included a Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview. The data obtained from this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics [means and standard deviations] and inferential statistics [Chi-square test and paired and independent t-tests]. Findings: Of the 220 caregiver participants in our study, 102 were male [46.4%], 116 were non widowed [52.7%], 77 were housewives [35%], 87 were parents [39.5%], and 135 were high school graduates [61.4%]. The average income level was 145 [65.9%] and none of the caregivers were caregivers without pressure. Most of the patients [201; 91.4%] had received intensive care. The average perceived caring pressure of caregivers was above 63.64% [17.77]. Conclusion: Considering the high levels of care burden in caregivers of patients with cancer and given the different effects of care burden on quality of life and health status of the caregivers, it is necessary to administer interventions in order to reduce levels of care burden among caregivers of patients with cancer. Keywords: Care Burden, Caregivers, Cancer

4130-4136

Authors: A. G. Isaeva*, A S. Krivonogova, I. M. Donnik, I. A. Shkuratova, L. I. Drozdova, E. N. Bespamyatnykh

In article influence of technogenic pollution of agricultural territories by heavy metals on quality of meat raw materials of pigs is described. Also research results of heavy metals accumulation in bodies and tissues of pigs, their influences on amino-acid composition of meat raw materials, intensity of lipid peroxydation processes, features of a muscular tissue morphogenesis are given in article. Keywords: heavy metals, pigs, liver, muscular tissue, amino-acid structure, malondialdehyde (MDA), morphogenesis

4149-4162

Authors: Awad Nasser Albalwi*, Ahmad Hamed Alghamdi, Omer Abdurrahman Al-Dayel , Saud Abdulaziz Alghamdi, Hicham Al-Nachawati

This study uses a chemical analytical approach for the characterisation of 36 ancient pottery shards from an archaeological site in Dedan, Saudi Arabia. Dedan (Al-Ula) was one of the main towns in the northwestern area of the Arabian Peninsula during the first millennium BCE and was located along the ancient spice route connecting Arabia with Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis were used to identify 29 elemental properties in the pottery fragments and to separate the studied samples into groups. The study findings support the existence of four major groups: Abbasid, Nabataea, Tayma and Dedan. Principal component and cluster analyses validated the existence of these four groups. The ICP-MS results demonstrated that concentration measurements of elements, such as Ti, Mn, Ga, Sc, Cs and Rb, can be used to discriminate the four groups of ancient potteries. Keywords: Dedan, Pottery, ICP-MS, Multivariate statistical analysis

4170-4177

Authors: Ruslin*, Henny Kasmawati, Sunandar Ihsan, Suryani1, Nur Samsiar, Ardiyanti, Zulfikar Tahir, Rahmat Darmawan, Elsa Alexander

Lansau is a traditional medicine of Muna ethnic which comprised of 44 kinds of plants that was inherited and believed to have a restorative power in healing kinds of diseases that are consumed based on the trust and the philosophy values by Muna ethnic. This study aimed to find out the characteristic of pharmacognistic on traditional plats of lansau comprised of determination of the plants, the experiment on macroscopic (experiments on organoleptic, the observation to the characteristic of morphology) and the experiment on microscopic. The sample of this study was the plant of lansau consisted of: bhangkudu, kamena-mena, patirangka, soni, katapi, ghontoghe, Libbho, kaghai-ghai, lansale, daru, sirikaya, Sandana, Katabatabako,Sambiloto,Kambhadawa,Lakoora, Kerseni, Kusambi, Bhea, Dana,Radhawali, Katimboka, Wonta, Bandara, Bumalaka, Kulidawa, Gondu, Patiwala ngkadea, Komba-komba, Ladha, Tongkoea, Kaghuse-ghuse, Kumbou,Kaembu-embu, Rogili, Rogo, Kalamandinga, Kula, Ntanga-Ntanga, Padamalala, Kumis Kucing, Kabote-Bote, Tulasi dan Kasape. The sample was obtained in the District of Bata Laiworu the Regency of Muna Province of southeast Sulawesi. The determination result which was conducted in LIPI Bogorwas gained datas of name of plants from 44 of the medicine used in the extraction of lansau. Result of macroscopic experiment on color, odor, taste and size of the plants was different from the outcome of plant’s microscopic which has the type of stomata, trichomes, and the concentrate of different vessel. Keywords: Lansau,experiment on pharmacognistic, determination, macroscopic, microscopic.

4190-4199

Authors: Surendranath Betala*, M.Mohan Varma, K.Abbulu

Metformin hydrochloride is a hypoglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus. It is a BCS class III drug having high solubility and poor permeability. Plasma half life ranges from 1.5 to 3 hours and oral bioavailability is 50 to 60 %. Hence require frequent oral administration for adequate treatment of Diabetes. In order to extend the gastric retention time, oral sustained release dosage form was develop in the form of microspheres using different polymers (sodium CMC, HPMC K100M). All the formulations were evaluated for in-vitro dissolution, entrapment efficiency, and percentage buoyancy. Metformin hydrochloride microspheres of formulation F-4 was optimized on the basis of in-vitro drug release pattern, entrapment efficiency, percentage buoyancy. The percentage yield of optimized formulation was 72%, entrapment efficiency was 70.56%, percentage buoyancy was 86% and the cumulative percentage drug release after 11 hours was found to be 90%. The optimized formulation was tested for its stability for 6 months as per ICH guidelines and the formulation found tom be stable during the test period. Keywords: Hypoglycemic agent, Diabetes mellitus, Entrapment efficiency, Microspheres.

4205-4208

Authors: Arsala Khan, Ghulam Razaque*, Nisar Ahmed, Shafi Muhammad, Ghulam Mustafa, Qaiser Rasheed, Basera Akhtar, Waheed Shah

Good manufacturing practice explain the procedures as well as quality control methods for better and satisfactory result, key methods to ensure the quality control of drugs has been followed during all research to maintain the required standard .Flurbiprofen is rapidly and almost completely absorbed following oral administration and used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. The half-life of the Flurbiprofen is 0.5 - 4 hours after oral administration. Seven different brands of Flurbiprofen were selected to perform their Quality test. In this study, safest and most suitable brand among other available brands in Pakistan were selected. Several methods for quality control were done such as thickness, hardness, weight variation, disintegration, dissolution were performed according to the specifications. Drug release percentages of different brands were from 99.58, 98.52, 98.25, 100.0, 99.10, 99.12, and 99.85. The Quality control tests of all the different brands of Flurbiprofen which are tested are within the limits. All Physical tests and dissolution tests were done according to the specified specifications. All the test included hardness, thickness, weight variation, disintegration and dissolution were tested and the results were within acceptable range. Key Words: Quality control, Flurbiprofen, Physical tests, Dissolution.

4212-4218

Authors: Ayesha Siddiq*, Aamna Sajid, Asia Iqbal, Naheed Bano and Saleha Sadeeqa

Background: Stable angina is widespread diseases in Pakistan so; this study was designed to evaluate the prescribing trends and to find out the most prescribed drug in Stable angina in public sector hospital Lahore, Pakistan and assessing its prevalence in both genders. The purpose of the study was to identify the therapeutic agents being prescribed majorly in Pakistan and to analyze that whether the current prescription patterns are in accordance with evidence based guidelines. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-2015 to April-2015, through collection of data from prescriptions of patients suffering from stable angina in public sector hospitals of Lahore Pakistan. Data observations from the total 200prescriptions collected from the hospitals of Lahore graphically demonstrated the trends of drug classes per prescription. Results: The study identified that in the treatment of stable angina Antiplatelet are the most frequently prescribed drug class in Lahore and adjacent areas. Followed by CCBs on 2nd rank and nitrates on 3rd rank, ACE inhibitors and ARBs on 4th number, after which statins occupy the 5thposition, lastly comes the position of beta blocker i.e. 6th and diuretics are the least prescribed class. Conclusion: The anti-platelet blocker drugs were the most prescribed drug class followed by calcium channel and vasodilators occupying the second and third rank respectively. The study also revealed that men are 1.5 times more vulnerable to the development of angina than the females. The study is also showing sound evidence that there is need to follow guidelines for proper treatment. Key words: Background: Stable angina is widespread diseases in Pakistan so; this study was designed to evaluate the prescribing trends and to find out the most prescribed drug in Stable angina in public sector hospital Lahore, Pakistan and assessing its prevalence in both genders. The purpose of the study was to identify the therapeutic agents being prescribed majorly in Pakistan and to analyze that whether the current prescription patterns are in accordance with evidence based guidelines. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-2015 to April-2015, through collection of data from prescriptions of patients suffering from stable angina in public sector hospitals of Lahore Pakistan. Data observations from the total 200prescriptions collected from the hospitals of Lahore graphically demonstrated the trends of drug classes per prescription. Results: The study identified that in the treatment of stable angina Antiplatelet are the most frequently prescribed drug class in Lahore and adjacent areas. Followed by CCBs on 2nd rank and nitrates on 3rd rank, ACE inhibitors and ARBs on 4th number, after which statins occupy the 5thposition, lastly comes the position of beta blocker i.e. 6th and diuretics are the least prescribed class. Conclusion: The anti-platelet blocker drugs were the most prescribed drug class followed by calcium channel and vasodilators occupying the second and third rank respectively. The study also revealed that men are 1.5 times more vulnerable to the development of angina than the females. The study is also showing sound evidence that there is need to follow guidelines for proper treatment. Key words: Stable angina, prescribing trends, prevalence, treatment strategies.

4226-4233

Authors: Seeram. Hari Prasad*, G.Susheela Bai, B.Kishore Babu, M S N A Prasad

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles are applied to photodegradation of methyl orange organic dye and their photo-kineics also studied. silver nanoparticles are prepared from green method by using Areva lanata stem extract. The kinetic studies are carried out at different time intervals under sun radiatuin of expourse of time is 180 minutes. The degradation percentage is 74.02. the rate constant obtained from this studies is 3.0706 ×10-4 Sec-1 . The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by using various techniques like UV-Visible, FT-IR, SEM, TEM. Keywords:Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), Areva lanata, methyl orange, photodegradation

4243-4251

Authors: Hamid Kassiri * and Parvaneh Farajifard

Objectives: leishmaniasis is one of six major tropical diseases that the World Health Organization has supported study and research about various aspects of the recommendations. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is considered a common parasitic disease. This study was performed to determine the frequency of patients with CL and the epidemiological situation in the county of Shushtar during 2009- 2013. Methods: In this descriptive study, information about subjects such as age, gender , number and location of wounds , city or village , month and season collected and have been interpreted with SPSS software and descriptive statistics. Results: Totally, 248 cases have detected during this study. About 82.7 percent percent of patients had more than 10 years of age and most cases (66.1 percent) were found in males. Nearly 48.4 percent of patients had one ulcer and 37.1 percentage of the wounds were observed on the hands and then in feet, face and in other parts of the body. Approximately 83.9 percent were in rural areas and most cases were in March month (16.9 percent). Conclusions: According to the environmental conditions for sand fly activity in some months in this area prevention and treatment of patients in urban and rural areas of Shushtar is a key priority. Key words: Epidemiology, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Iran.

4263-4271

Authors: Hamid Kassiri*, Reza Farhadinejad , Masoud Lotfi

Objectives: Head louse (Pediculus capitis) is a major health challenge in many parts of the globe. Pediculosis capitis is a serious infestation related to the communities with poor hygiene. The aim of the present research was to determine some epidemiological and demographic features of human head louse in the western area of Ahvaz, Southwestern. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional research was done on the patients with head louse infestation who referred to the western Ahvaz Health Center during 2010- 2014. A patient was defined as being infested by the presence of nits or live lice. Data collection was done by questionnaires and physical examination of the hairs. Analysis was done by Chi-square test, using SPSS software version 18. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Totally, 21000 children and adolescents were screened and 7148 people (%34) were infected by pediculosis. The overall prevalence of head lice infestation was 2.36 per 1000 population during the five- year period. The most prevalent rate was observed in 2014 (35.2%) and the lowest prevalence rate was observed in 2010 (11.9%). A statistical significant correlation was observed between Pediculosis capitis and age, gender, month, history of infestation and residence place (P<0.05). About 18.1% of those infested with pediculosis had a previous history of this infestation. Approximately 1.9% of the males and 98.1% of the females were infested to head lice. Pediculosis capitis infestations were highest (60.2%) in subjects aged 6-10 and lowest in those aged less than six (5%). The most prevalent rate of infestation was observed in urban areas (77.4%). The prevalence of pediculosis was higher in the winter (50.3%) than other seasons. Most of the cases were found in March (20.5%) and February (16.2%). Conclusions: Individuals aged 6-10 years old were most often infested with pediculosis capitis, which could be due to their head to head contact and their age. Meanwhile, girls were 52.9 times more likely to have head lice infestation than boys. The educational system should clarify all of people from all families to play a more effective role to eliminate head louse infestation among populations. Key words: Pediculosis capitis, Epidemiology, Iran

4278-4287

Authors: Brijesh Kumar, Rajesh Kumar*, Hetal Patel, Ashutosh Kumar

Objective: An isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatograpic assay method was developed for the quantitative determination of amlodipine besylate (AML) and indapamide (IND) in bulk and tablet dosage form. Material and method:A Inertsil C8 (150mm x 4.6mm) column with a mobile phase containing KH2PO4 buffer: Acetonitrile (70:30) total pH-adjusted to 3 using o-phosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1: 1.5 ml/min and effluents were monitored at 242 nm. Results and conclusion: The retention times of both amlodipine besylate and indapamide were 14 minutes. The proposed method was validated with respect to system suitability, Specificity and selectivity, Stability of analytical solutions linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of amlodipine besylate and indapamide in bulk and tablet dosage form. Keywords: RP-HPLC, Amlodipine, Indapamide, Tablet, Validation

4298-4304

Authors: Soodabeh Aghababaei (PhD), Ali Reza Soltanian (PhD), Shokofeh Sharifi (B.S), Elnaz Torkzaban (B.S), Nahid Mohammadi (M.Sc), Mansoureh Refaei (PhD), Fatemeh Shobeiri (PhD)*

Background: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is the most common medical condition of pregnancy, affecting up to 80% of all pregnant women to some degree. The objective of this study was to determine the severity and management of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Methods: In a descriptive cross- sectional study a number of 160 pregnant women with nausea and vomiting in pregnancy referred to health centers, Hamadan city, 2013 were selected based on cluster random multistage sampling. Data was collected through interview. The instruments of data gathering were pregnancy nausea and vomiting assessing intensity and management questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS/16 software using descriptive analyze and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The results revealed that the highest frequency in the age group 24-28 years for women (24.4%) and diploma and higher education (41.8%), respectively. Nearly sixty percent of women had BMI 19.8-25.9 Kg/m2 . About 87.5 percent of them were housewives. Nearly 48% of mothers were primiparous. Out of the 160 women included in the study, 80% experienced mild nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, 16.2% experienced moderate whereas 3.8% of women reported sever type. Majority of them (56.2%) reported such as breathing oxygen, eating foods and having rest for decreasing nausea and vomiting. vitamin B6, Demitron and Zintoma were the most popular pharmacological drug that used, respectively. Mint extract, Ginger, Chamomile were the most popular herbal drug that used, respectively. Conclusion: Mild nausea and vomiting are very commonly experienced by women in early pregnancy. There are several strategies that have been helpful in decreasing pregnancy nausea and vomiting. Health care providers should be aware of the evidence-based information regarding various treatments to their patients when appropriate. Keywords: Pregnancy, Nausea and Vomiting, Intensity, Management.

4312-4316

Authors: Sohrab Dehghan, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Saeed Sadr, Zahra Gorji, Rasool Choopani*

Background: Asthma is becoming a major health issue globally. Despite a range of short and long acting agents for the management of acute and chronic asthma, these are not effective on all patients. This encouraged us to find other mechanisms for the treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to present the uterine conditions which can play a role in development of asthma. Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) describes a type of inter-organ relationship in the form of uterine asthma, in which the asthma symptoms are a result of uterine ailments. Hence, the management of uterine asthma depends on controlling the uterine problem first. Methods: In this review, we searched the major TPM manuscripts and compared our findings with modern studies by searching databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: Two uterine ailments can show symptoms of asthma. These are ‘Ehtebase tams’ (amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and hypomenorrhea), and ‘Ekhtenaghe rahem’ (uterine strangulation or respiratory and neuropsychiatric symptoms of uterine origin). Each of these has its own set of symptoms. Through the association mechanism described in TPM, they can result in symptoms of asthma. Conclusion: New medical studies support the relationship between menstrual irregularity and asthma symptoms. In addition, there is new evidence to suggest that distant organs in the body are connected to each other through a special network, a concept that is mentioned in TPM manuscripts. Further investigations in the near future can help us better understand these relationships, especially in the field of asthma. Keywords: Asthma, Traditional Persian Medicine, Menstruation, Uterus

4320-4325

Authors: Muhammad Shoaib*, Amanullah Khan, Muhammad Kamran Taj, Saima Ghazal

Berberis lycium (berberidaecae) is a conventional medicinal plant of Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is traditionally used as an antipyretic, anti inflammatory, anti hypercholesterolemia, antidiabetic and for wound healing. This present study has evaluated the pharmacological (analgesic) and antibacterial activities of the crude ethanoic extract of the roots of Berberis lyceum. Disc diffusion and Well methods were used for antibacterial activities where as acetic acid induced Writhing and Formalin tests were used to determine analgesic activities. Berberis lycium crude extracts showed significant antibacterial activity on Gram +ive anaerobe Clostridium perfringens and Gram -ive Escherichia coli. However, it did not show analgesic activity in albino mice at both 250 and 500 mg/kg oral doses. It is therefore concluded that B. Lycium has a very positive effect on both Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. Keywords: Analgesics, antibacterial, Berberis Lycium, Ziarat, Balochistan

4333-4339

Authors: Mansour Amraei, Yaser Seifinejad, Mahmoud Mohamadpour, Ayub Ghorbani , Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Ehsan Shirzadpour*

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important factors contributing to the cardiovascular diseases. There are various chemical drugs for regulating the lipid profile level. According to the side effects proved for the chemical drugs, we, in the current research paper, investigate the effect of wall germander (Teucrium polium) hydroalcoholic extract effect on the lipid profile in the hypercholesterolemic rats. Wistar male rats, ranging in weight from 150 g to 180 g, were assigned to four groups (n=5): control group (ordinary diet), sham group (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime), experimental group one (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime plus 0.85mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract) and experimental group two (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime plus 1.7mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract). The treatment was run in an eight-week period with the termination of which blood samples were collected from the animals. To determine the lipid profile, commercial diagnostic kits were applied. The results were analyzed by the use of SPSS software, ver. 16. From the week six on, the weights of the rats from the experimental group two (high, 2%, cholesterol diet plus 1.7 mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract) showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) even in comparison to the control group (ordinary diet). The serum level of triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL-c was found significantly decreased in the experimental group two (P<0.001) as compared to Sham group but it did not any significant change in contrast to the control group. In experimental group one (high, 2%, cholesterol dietary regime plus 0.85 mg/ml Teucrium polium hydroalcoholic extract), only the cholesterol and TG serum levels were found significantly decreased in respect to the sham group (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Regarding the lipoprotein amount, a significant increase was documented in the experimental group two, featuring high density cholesterol (HDL-c), in contrast to the sham group (P<0.001). The present study’s findings indicated that an appropriate dosage of T. Polium can cause the regulation of lipid profile as well as the weights of the hypercholesterolemic rats. According to the side effects of the chemical drugs similar in their functions to the effect of T. polium, it can be suggested as an antihyperlipidemic drug. Keywords: Hyperlipidemic, Teucrium polium, Lipid profile, Medical plants, Rat.

4348-4352

Authors: Prof. Dr. Shamsuddin Shaikh*, Prof. Dr. Bikha Ram Devrajani , Dr. Naveed Aslam Lashari , Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah , Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the frequency and pattern of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with chronic liver disease. Patients and Methods: Total fifty patients of age ≥12 years and either gender had liver cirrhosis (known / diagnosed cases) with ascites were included in this six months cross sectional study. The ascitic fluid analysis was done by taking 10 ml of ascitic fluid in a 10 CC sterilize syringe and ascitic fluid neutrophil count greater than 250 cells/µL was considered to be the case of SBP. The frequency and percentages was calculated for categorical variables whereas the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD in SPSS 16. Results: During six months study period total fifty patients with chronic liver disease were evaluate for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The mean ± for age (years) & duration of chronic liver disease (years) for whole population was 45.62±5.98 & 7.93 ±2.41 respectively. The SBP observed in 37 (74%) while the common pathogen detected were E. Coli 10 (27%), S. aureus (18.9%) and Klebsiella 6 (16.2%) whereas regarding outcome 26 (70.2%) patients were recovered, recurrence observed in 5 (13.5%) and mortality in 6 (16.2%) respectively. Conclusion: SBP is a common and recurrent complication of cirrhosis and the ascitic fluid examination including culture and sensitivity is more sensitive and best tool as far as diagnose and management is concerned Keywords: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Chronic liver disease, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.

4358-4361

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany *, Dr. Tariq Zaffar Shaikh, Dr Abdul Rahim Memon, Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah , Dr. Jesse Suarez, Dr. Samreen

Objective: To evaluate the AST/ALT ratio to predict fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease at tertiary care hospital Patients and Methods: Total fifty patients, of 12 to 50 years either gender had chronic liver disease by positive HCV RNA PCR and/or HBs Ag, and had liver biopsy done for evaluation purposes were enrolled and entered in this six months cross sectional study after informed consent. The brief history was taken and relevant clinical examination was performed while the laboratory investigations includes liver function test, serum albumin, ultrasound abdomen, prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), and partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The AST / ALT ratio was calculated and ≥1 was considered as significant fibrosis while the data was saved on pre-designed proforma. The SPSS 16 was used to analyze the data and to manipulate the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages. Results: During six months study period total fifty patients with chronic liver disease were evaluate for cirrhosis and fibrosis by serum indirect markers. The mean ± for age (years) & duration of chronic liver disease (years) for whole population was 42.63±6.55 & 6.62±2.74 respectively. The AST/ALT ratio (≥1) was detected in 32 (64%) patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Conclusion: AST/ALT ratio is non-invasive with no risk of complications, eliminates sampling and observer variability, may allow dynamic calibration of fibrosis and can be performed repeatedly to evaluate the severity of liver disease. Keywords: AST/ALT ratio, chronic liver disease and Non invasive marker

4366-4369

Authors: Dr. Abdul Haque Khan*, Dr. Muhammad Zaman Baloch , Dr. Ghulam Hussain Baloch, Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Imran Karim, Dr. Sajjad Ali and Dr. Samreen

Objective: To determine the association of C-reactive protein (CRP) and essential hypertension at tertiary care hospital Patients and Methods: All the patients with ≥30 years of age, either gender with essential hypertension for ≥3 years were included in the six months cross sectional study after taking informed consent. The essential hypertension was labeled when the average of multiple systolic BP readings on two or more subsequent visits was consistently ≥140 mmHg on presentation or average of 02 or more diastolic BP measurements on at least 2 subsequent visits was ≥90 mmHg for ≥ 03 months duration. All the hypertensive population was screened and evaluate for serum C-reactive protein by withdrawn of venous blood sample and considered as raised when it was ≥ 06 mg/L. The data saved on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16 while the mean ±SD, frequencies and percentages was calculated. Results: During six months study period total fifty patients with essential hypertension were evaluate for C-reactive protein. The mean ± for age (years) & duration of chronic liver disease (years) for whole population was 56.81±4.95 & 7.92±3.64 respectively. The CRP was raised in 34 (68%) of the patients with male gender predominance 28 (58.8%) while the mean ± SD for CRP in male and female population was 20.75±7.92 and 22.92±8.86 respectively. Conclusion: Increase in blood pressure was significantly associated with raised circulating C-reactive protein in patients with essential hypertension. Keywords: Essential hypertension, C-reactive protein and inflammatory marker

4375-4380

Authors: Dr. Ishrat Bibi *, Prof. Dr Mohammad Akbar Kazi , Dr. Aisha Khalid,Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Mehrab Khan, Dr. Pir Naveed, Dr. Sajjad Ali and Dr. Samreen

Objective: To identify the frequency of criminal acts/type of crime among different psychiatric diagnosis. Patients and Methods: All the inpatient and outpatients above 18 years of age, involved in crime brought by law enforcing agencies of Pakistan through a valid legal documentation with history of offender crimes.The data was collected on semi structured proforma designed with the help of supervisor depict demographic variables, types of crime and psychiatric diagnosis. Results: The crime distribution killing cases were found most common 50.5%, wound were 40%, while assault by sexually were found 7.50% with 38.3% in age roupd 20-30 years with rural population predominance 62.5%. Conclusion: Killing and wounding are the most important criminal acts in the psychotic disorder patients and lack of education is the commonest demographic features behind psychiatric patients involve in the crime. Key Words: Demographic features, Psychotic disorders, Crime

4386-4390

Authors: Dr. Taimoor Ahmed Jataoi, Dr. Adeel Mahesar, Dr. Javed Altaf Jat * andDr. Muhammad Ayyaz

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of low dose tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy in patients with lower ureteric stones. Patients and Methods: The six months randomized control trial was conducted on all patients with either gender, age range 30-60 years and stone size 4-10 mm in the lower 1/3rd of the ureter determined on ultrasound at tertiary care hospital. Group A patients was offered low dose tamsulosin (0.2 mg) one tablet daily in the morning for a maximum of 4 weeks and group B served as control. The final outcome was measured at the end of 4th week of treatment. Patients were instructed to note the time and the date of expulsion of stone. Absence of echoic shadows on lower 1/3rd of ureteric line on ultrasound was taken as effectiveness (expulsion of stone). Results: In control group mean age was 45.52 ±6.70 years whereas in low dose Tamsulin mean age was 46.72 ±6.73 years. Frequency of male was higher in both control and low dose Tamsulin group, i.e. 39 (78%) and 21 (42%) respectively. In control group effectiveness was found 3 (6%) patients whereas in low dose Tamsulin group effectiveness was found in 47 (94%). Conclusion: In our study the effectiveness of low dose tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy in patients with lower ureteric stones was higher as compared to control. Keywords: Low dose tamsulosin, Lower ureteric stones, Medical expulsive therapy

4398-4403

Authors: Nayak C, Hati AK, Dash SK, Paital B

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by proliferation of the cellular elements of the prostate. The complications faced by elderly people need to be minimized and most of elderly don not prefer a surgical approach. Therefore, treatment of BPH with medicines is prioritized by elderly people. The present case report adds a little to the field that how to treat BPH cases in elderly without surgical approach but with homeopathic formulations. Case report presented here is diagnosed case of BPH having grade III prostatomegaly on USG. Patient presented with increased frequency of urination in feeble stream and sudden urging occasionally. Patient was treated with homoeopathic medication and assessed using Ultrasonography, International Prostate Symptom Score, and Uroflowmetry with significant improvement. Hence, it is suggestive that homoeopathic treatment could be effective in the management of cases of BPH in elderly people. Keywords: Homoeopathy, BPH, Uroflowmetry, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Constitutional medicine, Organopathic medicine, Sabal serrulata.

4417-4424

Authors: Seyedeh Niloofar Ashrafzadeh, Elham Moslemi PhD*, Kasra Esfahani PhD

Gastric cancer is recognized as the fourth most common cancer in the world, and is the second leading cause of cancer death. PTEN is a tumor inhibitor gene. PTEN mutation is observed in most of the cancerous malignancies. In this study, the expression and common PTEN gene polymorphism in blood samples of patients with gastric cancer were studied using REAL TIME PCR and RFLP PCR techniques in Iranian population. 45 blood samples (36 patients and 9 controls) were studied in this study. After extracting the RNA and confirming its quality, cDNA synthesis was performed and the expression of the gene was evaluated by qPCR. In order to investigate the single-nucleotide change in rs10490920, the DNA was extracted from the specimens and then PCR was performed. After obtaining ct, the samples RQ was analyzed and analysis of samples RQ showed that the PTEN Gene expression was reduced in patients compared with controls. In patients with rs10490920 polymorphisms in the PTEN gene, the risk of the disease increased. The results of the study indicate a reduction in gene expression in cancer patients. Thus, it may be possible to use Pten gene expretion assesment as a possible biomarker in early diagnosis or in the treatment process. Keywords: Gastric cancer, PTEN, gene expression, polymorphism, Real time PCR

4435-4442

Authors: Ahmed, Ghulam Mustafa, Noman Ul Haq, Aqeel Nasim* , Maria Tahir, Sohail Riaz

Patient satisfaction assessment is regarded as a major pointer of the quality of the pharmacy services patients received in the tertiary care hospitals Quetta. This study was set out to evaluate patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services. The evaluation of various literatures supports the level of patient satisfaction in various studies. A critical but defective situation in healthcare is that patient satisfaction has not been taken seriously enough; patient satisfaction and patient trust demonstrate patient loyalty and satisfaction are directly linked to services, recommending the hospital and their willingness to pay the bill. A Cross sectional descriptive study led in tertiary care hospitals of Quetta to determine the patient satisfaction with pharmacist and pharmacy services. This study was done in different government hospitals in Quetta city of Pakistan. The prime results pf current study specified that persons with middle to low or no income were not pleased with pharmacy facilities. It designates that facilities related to exact medications, particularly their obtainability, information on side effects, storage, predictable consequences from the medicines and other were accountable for the lower level of satisfaction this was consistent with studies where they have similar response. Keywords: Pharmaceutical services; Satisfaction; Hospital and Expectations

4451-4454

Authors: N K Mishra*, J R Panda, Santanu Kumar Hotta

Swine flu (2009 H1N1) is a mutational modified strain of the influenza virus. Many countries have been affected with this virus globally and it has been declared a pandemic influenza strain. 2009 H1N1 virus is a communicable disease which spreads from person to person through coughing, sneezing, nasal secretion and handling of objects which is contaminated with the virus. It is an ideal way to prevent swine flu by taking of early vaccination. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent vaccine is an inactivated influenza virus indicated for active immunization of persons age 6months and older against influenza diseases caused by pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Key words: (H1N1) 2009 virus, (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine, Swine Flu

4460-4463

Authors: Jarrahi Nahid, Elahi Nasrin , Tahery Noorollah

Introduction and Goal: today, one way of treating type 2 diabetic patients is complementary or alternative therapy aside the common medical therapies. Massage therapy is one of the most useful complementary or alternative therapies and it is known as one of the nursing special techniques. A high percent of type 2 diabetic patients uses complementary or alternative therapy. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of tellington touch on fastingblood sugar level of type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with two groups, two steps [before and after] plan. Sample of this research comprise 70 type 2 diabetic patients who refers to endocrinology and metabolism research center of Shiraz University of medical sciences that had criteria for entering the study. Samples were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Data were analyzed using statistical SPSS software and statistical tests such as [mean and standard deviation], Independent-T and paired T test. Results: Results showed that the level of fastingblood sugar of type 2 diabetic patients had reduced meaningfully in the massage group after the intervention than before it [p 0.05]. Conclusion: Results showed that massage had a positive effect on decreasing of the level of fastingblood sugar of type 2 diabetic patients; so, we can recommend this method as a complementary or alternative therapy aside the routine medical therapies in order to reduce the level of fastingblood sugar of type 2 diabetic patients. Key words: tellington touch, fastingblood sugar, type 2 diabetes

4476-4482

Authors: Ali Kasiri and Hesam Hedayati

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of topical bevacizumab for treatment of the corneal neovascularization (CNV) in a rabbit model of corneal injury. Methods: Corneal neovascularization was induced by 3 sutures of the cornea in 20 rabbits (20 corneas). Two weeks later all sutures have been removed then rabbits were divided randomly into 2 groups: group 1 received topical bevacizumab at 10 mg/mL and group 2 received only topical normal salin drops as control group, in the right eyes three times a day for two weeks. Photographs of (CNV) were obtained before drug administration and at 1 and 2 weeks after therapy. The images were analyzed using NIH Image J 1.49c software. Results: The mean percentage of CNV area estimated as 100 % before treatment. At the 1 week after treatment, the mean percentage of neovascularization area in Bevacizumab and Salin group were 75.64±4.32 and 93.33±4.57 respectively. Also at the 2 week after treatment were 61.45±6.18 and 84.96±5.21 respectively. After one and two weeks treatment, the neovascularization area in Bevacizumab group was regressed more than salin group significantly ( P<0.0001). Conclusions: Topical administration of Bevacizumab reduces corneal neovascularization in the short term,so it can be used for treatment of corneal neovascularization. Key words: Corneal Neovascularization, Bevacizumab, Topical.

4492-4496

Authors: D.T.Tayade*, R. D. Thombare, S.A. Waghmare

A novel series of 5-{(4-amino-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-o-anisamido-5-yl}-amino-3-substitutedimino-7- substitutedimino-1,2,4,6-trithiazepines was synthesized by the interactions of 4-amino-5-substituteddithiobiureto-N- [2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-o-anisamides with phenylisothio carbamoyldichloride in acetone-ethanol medium. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and spectral studies. Keywords: 5-{(4-Amino-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-o-anisamido-5-yl}-amino-3-phenylimino-7-ethylimino-1,2,4,6- trithiazepine, 4-amino-5-phenyldithiobiureto-N-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl]-o-anisamide, phenylisothiocarbamoylchloride, acetone-ethanol medium

4500-4506

Authors: Sheela .D and Uthayakumari Kalavathy*

Aim: To study aims to evaluate the antitumor activity of methanol extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum whole plant (Family: Aizoaceae) on EAC model in Swiss Albino mice. Methods: Evaluation of the antitumor effect of methanol extract of whole plant of Sesuvium portulacastrum on tumor growth and hosts survival time was made by the study of the following parameters: tumor volume, viable and non viable cell count and life span of host. Results: The results showed decrease in tumor volume and cell viability. Hematological studies revealed that, the Hb count decreased in EAC treated mice, whereas, it was induced by the drug treated animals and showed an increase in Hb near to normal levels. Conclusion: The results suggested that, the extracts of whole plant of Sesuvium portulacastrum exhibited significant antitumor activity on EAC bearing mice. Keywords: Sesuvium portulacastrum, antitumor, lifespan, WBC.

4516-4524

Authors: M. Amin Mir*, Komal Manhas, MMS Jassal

Formation of free radicals in the human body is a daily process and in the present set up of life there occurs inclination in the formation of free radicals in every human body because of life style change. The over production and the accumulation of free radicals leads to the generation of various types of diseases like, diabetes, Cancer, Alzheimer etc. Also in the present age the most dreadful and drastic disease viz diabetes had touched the heights as most of the humans above the age of 40 had affected by the concerned disease. Various types of nourishments are being taken against the free radicals and various types of allopathic medicines are taken against the diabetes, but none finds the complete effect neither against the complete neutralization of free radicals nor against the diabetes. So Scientists finally showed their interest towards the utilisation of phytochemicals or medicinal plants as a whole. So taking these factors into consideration the study in reference have been carried out. Berberis aristata have been collected from the Kishtwar region of Jammu and Kashmir. The plant extracts have been analysed for the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. All the plant extracts have been found effective against the inhibition of free radicals, and the inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glycosidase enzymes. Among the carious extracts of the plant, the acetone extracts have been found much effective against the diabetes and also the antioxidant power of the acetone extract of plant have been found to be much more effective than the water and DCM extracts. Keywords: Antidiabetic, antioxidant, Berberis aristata, Plant extracts, DPPH, Acarbose

4539-4546

Authors: Alimohamad Madahian, Mansoureh Togha, Mina Movahhed *, Zeinnab Ghorbani Sohrab Dehghan, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Shamim Sahranavard

Objective: Headache is a common cause of visits to health care centers. According to World Health Organization Forum, migraine alone is the seventh cause of disability among all diseases. This article attempts to highlight the importance of normal bowel movement in management of headache symptoms. Methods: This study was carried out with searching through traditional books using keywords ‘Sodaa’ (headache) and ‘Yobusat’ (constipation) in Noor software, while search in modern medicine literature was performed using Medline(PubMed) and Scopus databases and Persian medical databases such as SID, with keywords “headache”, “migraine”, “constipation”, “gastrointestinal” and “autonomic”. Insufficient attention to underlining factor of headache was limitation in mentioned studies. Finally, studies evaluating the comorbidity of these two disorders were selected. Results: According to Persian medicine texts, constipation is considered one of the important factors for onset or exacerbation of headache. As well, the results obtained from studies in modern medicine, relatively confirmed this relationship and demonstrated a close association between constipation and headache (especially non migraine headache). Conclusion: In Persian medicine, constipation is one of the most important predisposing factors for headaches and the results achieved from modern literature in this study, suggested that constipation might be considered as a contributing factor; however, more researches are needed to clarify the relationship between headache and constipation. Therefore, considering the importance of treating constipation, use of medicines with no constipation as a side effect or use of traditional medicine laxatives along with the conventional treatment might be suggested. Keywords: Headache, Constipation, Persian Medicine, Modern Medicine.

4558-4565

Authors: Nabil Ali Al-Mekhlafi* and Anwar Masoud

Plants have been one of the important sources of medicines even since the dawn of human civilization. There is a growing demand for plant based medicines, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, health products, cosmetics etc. Pergularia tomentosa L. (Asclepiadaceae) is a perennial twinning herb widely distributed in the Sahara desert, Horn of Africa, Arabian Peninsula to the deserts of southern and eastern Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. A wide range of chemical compounds including cardenolides, cardenolide glycoside and taraxasterol-type triterpenes etc. have been isolated from this plant. P. tomentosa has been exploited in traditional medicine as laxative, tumors, warts, depilatory, abortifacient, skin diseases and anthelmintic agents. Moreover, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of this species are documented. The aim of the present review is to summarize and highlight the traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of P. tomentosa. Keywords: Pergularia tomentosa, cardenolides, taraxasteroltriterpenes, ghalakinoside, calactin

4569-4572

Authors: Gunaseelan. R *and Viswanathan. T

Nitrogen gases are used at different stages of the pharmaceutical manufacturing process for several applications. Nitrogen gas sampling for microorganisms plays vital part in the contamination control. The aim of the work was to evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic microbial count in nitrogen gas during drug manufacturing process. The Nitrogen samples were collected at two different sites about 1000 liters of air sampled by using M-Air- T air sampler and petri plates containing soya bean casein digest agar used for sampling. The processed plates were incubated for aerobic microbial count at 20-25° C for 3 days for fungal count, followed by 30-35° C for 3-5 days for bacterial count. Incubated anaerobic microbial count at 30-35°C for 3 days using anaerobic jar and anaerobic gas pack. After incubation the plates were evaluated for microbial count. The results observed during the study met the acceptance limits as per the ISPE guideline, the microbial count for non-sterile applications limit is to be established based on the product bioburden limits. Typical level NMT 5 cfu/m3 and for sterile applications as per the viable particle requirements for grade area where the product is exposed to the compressed gas (eg.Grade A, Grade A/B, Grade B or Grade C). The pharmaceutical manufacturing industries are supposed to set up the limit and acceptance criteria based on the periodic evaluation. Keywords: Nitrogen gas, Aerobic, Anaerobic microbial count, Sterile, Non-sterile Pharmaceutical industry

4576-4587

Authors: Tanmoy Basak, Arindom Chakraborty and Kashinath Bhattacharya*

The present study deals with the investigation of diversity of airborne pollen in the atmosphere of Santiniketan, West Bengal (Eastern part of India) using a Burkard personal volumetric sampler for the two-years period 2014–2015. A total of 66 pollen taxa belonging to 37 angiosperm families and one gymnosperm have been identified. Grass pollen alone dominated the airborn pollen assemblage followed by Cassia sp., Acacia sp., Solanaceae, Asteraceae and Cyperaceae. Pollen grains of Cycas sp., Lagerstroemia sp., Spathodea campanulata, Lantana camara, Eucalyptus sp., Malvaceae, Liliaceae, Parthenium hysterophorus, Carica papaya, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Areca catechu, and Catharanthus roseus were also predominant in the air of Santiniketan. The annual pollen index (API) was 77,272 (pollen/m3 of air) in Santiniketan which reflects the rich pollen diversity of this famous sub-urban tourist spot of West Bengal. The place has the highest annual concentrations of pollen in April (13024/m3 in 2014 and 12160/m3 in 2015) in both of the study years. The studies carried out established the association between aero pollen concentration, meteorological factors and air quality data (pollutants). Yearly variations of pollen seasons could be related to the influence of meteorological factors such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and wind speed which have been proven statistically by correlation analysis. PM10 and PM 2.5 were found to be statistically significant with total pollen count. We have made a statistical approach using the multivariate regression analysis and Generalized Linear Model to predict onset, duration and peak pollen season to evaluate the threat imposed by the presence of pollen allergens in the air. For this statistical approach, we have considered the influencing meteorological factors and air pollution data as predictive variables and pollen counts as response variable for 2014 and 2015. The fitted regression equation showed goodness of fit of the proposed model with such an adjusted R 2 value (0.8281) which explaining almost 82.81% of the variability for prediction of weekly pollen counts for future years. This aeropalynological survey may serve as guide for allergologiests to predict and manage the source and the incidence of allergic diseases among local inhabitants. Key words: Pollen, Santiniketan, annual pollen index, statistically significant, prediction, pollen season, Regression analysis, Generalized Linear Model.

4594-4601

Authors: Mikhalchenko D.V., Danilina T.F*., Iakovlev A.T., Danilina E.V., Iarygina E.N., Denisenko L.N.,

The gingival fluid of pregnant women was studied for interleukins 8 and 10, and immunoglobulins A and G in 31 female patients of SHI CH No.5 of Volgograd, at the age of 20-25 years - the first period of adulthood (Iordanishvili A.K., 2015), 15 of which - without IDA, and 16 - with manifestations of IDA. Treatment of mild and moderate periodontitis (K05.3) was carried out in pregnant women with IDA with the use of Lysobact; pregnant women without IDA were treated with traditional anti-inflammatory therapy according to the treatment algorithm. In both groups, professional oral hygiene, active training and monitoring of the performance of individual hygiene were carried out. It was established that the concentration of IL-10 increases significantly (p <0.05) from 0.010 [1.790] ng/ml to 3.050 [8.550] ng/ml after treatment, against the background of complex treatment of periodontitis in pregnant women with IDA with Lysobact. This confirms the importance of interleukin 10 as the main anti-inflammatory cytokine and objectively proves the correctness of the selected clinical tactics for treating mild and moderate inflammatory periodontal diseases with the drug "Lysobact" against the background of iron deficiency anemia. Keywords: pregnant women, iron deficiency anemia, periodontal disease.

4607-4609

Authors: M. Farjana*, Bandla Aswani, P. Anusha, T. Sailaja, K. Supriya

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious, infectious disease that attacks lungs. It is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Obstructive airway diseases (OAD) is a long term lung disease that causes cough and breathlessness. The main risk factor for the development of OAD is smoking and dilated cardiac Myopathy (DCM) which is a myocardial dysfunction causing heart failure in which ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. We report a case of a female patient of age 75 years was admitted in a medical emergency department of Santhiram general hospital with shortness of breath and cough since 10 days, difficulty in passing urine, constipation, and occasional fever. On examination of x-ray and ECG, there was an impression of dilated cardiac myopathy. Based on subjective and objective evaluation the patient was diagnosed with old pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) with obstructive airway disease (OAD) with dilated cardiac myopathy (DCM). Patient was treated with the medications likeT.dytor plus, T.Pansec, T.Ab.phylline, T.Cardace, Syp.Dulphalac, Inj.Febrinil, Syp.Aristozyme. Patient was discharged by stabilizing all the conditions. Key Words: Pulmonary tuberculosis, Obstructive air way disease, Dilated cardiac myopathy

4617-4621

Authors: Rashid Ahmed Khan*, Muhammad Iqbal, Nadeem Memon, Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Syed Jahangir, Maryam Iqbal, Muhammad Muneeb and Aatir H. Rajput

Objective: This study hopes to compare the severity and control of asthma among patients presenting with and without co-morbid rhinitis. Methodology:This retrospective, comparative analysis was conducted upon a total of 377 asthmatic patients, presenting at the medical out-patient department with and without co-morbid rhinitis. The data was collected using a structured interview based questionnaire (after taking written informed consent) which included in-depth inquiries regarding the asthma severity and control for the past 4 week. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 21. 0. Results: Among the 377 subjects, 200 were males while 177 were females. Mean age of the subjects was 36 years. 172 asthmatic patients in the sample suffered from the co-morbid rhinitis, while the remaining did not have the said comorbidity. Asthmatic patients with co-morbid rhinitis experienced more frequent asthmatic attacks. The incidence of visits to the emergency room and frequency of hospital admissions too was high among asthmatic patients with co-morbid rhinitis. Conclusion: The results reveal that, all attempts to draw a comparison of asthma severity and control among patients with and without comorbid rhinitis yield clear and unidirectional results, leading to a transparent conclusion i.e. the asthma severity and control is considerably poorer in asthmatics with co-morbid rhinitis. Keywords: Asthma, Severity, Control, Rhinitis and Co-morbidity.

3381-3383

Authors: Fateme Parooei , Sara Zamanpour , Morteza Salarzaei*

Introduction: Many studies have shown the role of various factors in the incidence of Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The patients have different clinical symptoms and depend on several factors, including host microbiological and the environment characteristics. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study the Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis were selected. Findings: Tuberculosis is one of the oldest known diseases in humans; this disease is known to have high mortality rates, so that this rate might rise up to 50% in case of non-treatment. Mycobacterium has more than 100 species, some of which are pathogenic in humans and some others in animals. Conclusion: The probability of tuberculosis is one of the differential diagnoses that can be considered in the case of respiratory symptoms in these people. Consequently, designing an effective programs and screening patients opens new horizons for controlling and preventing tuberculosis. Keywords: Eosisxtra-pulmonary, tubercul

3387-3389

Authors: Fateme Parooei , Mahmood Anbari , Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction: One of the most serious forms of meningitis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which affects the lining of the meninges covering the brain and the spinal cord and is usually associated with high mortality and morbidity. One of the most serious complications of meningitis is intracranial tuberculoma. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Brain tuberculoma. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study the Brain tuberculoma were selected. Findings :In most developed countries, resources, budgets, high standards of living and extensive pharmacotherapy have reduced tuberculosis in the past 40 years, and there is currently little problem with this disease; however, in developing countries, the disease is still a big problem. Conclusion: All patients with chronic meningitis should consider the possibility and risk of meningitis tuberculosis, and both central nervous system and eyes should be examined in order to guarantee the safety of these two organs. Keywords: Brain, tuberculoma

3396-3401

Authors: Somayyeh Kargar Dolatabadi1 and Nazanin Honarparvaran2*

The present study compared the feeling of loneliness, cognitive distortions and attitudes toward life in the second wife and ordinary wife of Shiraz. In terms of the nature and objectives, the research is of causal-comparative (post-event) type and the statistical population includes 70 second wife-women who are targeted by sampling method And 70 normal women by multistage cluster sampling that was selected after homogenization (age, education, social class). To collect data, questionnaires were used to assess the emotional self-sufficiency of adults, Abdullah Zadeh cognitive distortions; attitudes toward the life of Batista and Almond have been used. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used and at the level of inferential statistics, multivariate analysis of variance (Manawa) was used. The results showed that there is a meaningful relation between loneliness, cognitive distortions (except personalization) and attitude toward life in the second and normal wife. Cognitive distortions in the personalization component have no significant difference between the second wife and the normal wife. Keywords: loneliness, cognitive distortions, attitude towards life, second wife (polygamy).

3406-3410

Authors: Fatemeh Baneshi1 and Dr.Hossein Aflakifard*

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of water painting on creativity and social adjustment of students. This research was applied in terms of its nature and purpose. Semi-experimental method was used with pre-test and post-test, and control and control groups. The population of the study consisted of all primary school girl students in Marvdasht who were studying in the academic year 2015-2016. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, 40 people were selected as the statistical sample. In order to collect information, Child Behavioral Questionnaire (CBCL) and Torrance Creative Thinking Test Questionnaire (visual form B) were used. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis method. Results showed that painting with water had a positive and significant effect on creativity and social compatibility of primary school students. Keywords: Creativity, Social Adaptation, Water Painting

3416-3422

Authors: Reda Ansari1 , Kapeel Nawani2 and Hafsa Nusrat

Background: Tuberculosis is a potentially life-threatening, airborne bacterial infection that can be found worldwide. The treatment regimen is a lengthy one, but if you stick with it and take medications the way you should, you can beat the disease. Even with treatment, however, you can get tuberculosis infection again. Objective: TB recurrence, relapse and re-infection are becoming more common every day in successfully treated patients of tuberculosis. This study aims to determine the common factors influencing T.B recurrence, relapse and re-infection. Methods: This multi-center, cross-sectional study comprised of 200 patients (64.8% males and 35.2% females) chosen via simple random sampling and undergoing treatment for recurrent, relapsed or reinfection of tuberculosis at different T.B centers namely: Government T.B Sanatorium Kotri, Bhittai Hospital Hyderabad, Civil Hospital Hyderabad and Civil Hospital Mirpurkhas, from 1st December 2014 to 10th February 2015. Verbal informed consent was obtained before administering structured self-administered questionnaires. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 19.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. Results: The study shows that males are more prone (27.3%) to get a relapse within 2 years while females are less prone 15%. According to social economic status, there is 74.9% chance of low economic class for TB relapse, 19.6 % in case of middle class and 5.5% in case of high economic class. TB is 55.3% more common in those patients whose family members are suffering from same disease. Among cases of relapse within 5 years, 95.6% took medicine without supervision, 86.6% were supervised by the family and 84% by the health professional. Urban areas are less affected with TB relapse within 5 years than the rural areas. Non-smokers are more affected within 5 years while smokers are comparably less affected with TB. Conclusion:My study concluded that secondary TB relapse cases gender variation , social economic status , medical monitoring , TB regimen coarse , family history, smoking all are the common factors which influence TB relapse within 5 years or above 5 years. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis relapse, Tuberculosis Recurrence and Tuberculosis Recurrence.

3430-3438

Authors: S.Prathyusha , Syed Umar Farooq , Dr.A.Narsimha Reddy , Dr.D.Sudheer kumar , Dr.P.Kishore

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is defined as the presence of hyperandrogenism (clinically and/or biochemically) chronic anovulation in the absence of specific adrenal pituitary gland abnormality. The clinical features of PCOS are Hyperandrogens, Hirsutism, Acne, Obesity, Insulin resistance. The impact of these symptoms on a woman quality of life may be profound and can results in psychological distress that threatens her feminine identity. The study shows factors impacting quality of life in women. It has been measured by using chi-PCOSQ (Chinese PCOS Questionnaire) Likert scale. PCOS quality of life assessment is demonstrated by 1- 7 point likert scale. Amongst all domains impairment was seen in infertility domain followed by menstrual irregularity, acne, and hair loss. Spontaneous abortions were found to be frequent in PCOS patients whose BMI range is above normal. In present study of assessing Quality of life, treatment with metformin shows effective results in overweight and obese patients. Clomiphene citrate and inositol are highly effective in non-obese and underweight patients. Keywords: Quality of life, HRQoL (Health related quality of life), PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome), Clomiphene citrate, Metformin.

3445-3450

Authors: Muzaffar Ali Shaikh1 , Muhammad Iqbal2* , Mumtaz Ali Lakho3 , Syed Jahanghir4 , Sadia Shaikh5 & Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon

Objective: This study hopes to compare the rate of symptom resolution achieved with different recommended speeds of initial atropinization as part of treatment of patients presenting with accidental organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Methodology: The casual-comparative analysis was conducted at the department of medicine, Liaquat university hospital, upon a total of 117 patients from October 2016 to July 2017. Informed consent was acquired from each patient before administering each of the recommended dosage regimens. Results: The best performing regimen was administration of a beginning bolus of one to two milligrams of atropine, seconded shortly (five minutes) by a doubled dose of atropine. This practice of administering a doubled dose after 5 minutes is followed till complete atropinization is obtained. Among the many up sides of our most successful regimen, most notable were the facts that, administration of a mean dose (25 mg) required not more than twenty minutes, it worked well even for rare cases that required rather large quantities of atropine, allowing 75 mg of atropine to be administered in no more than 25–30 minutes, and finally, it even catered to the needs of patients that require small doses owing to the fact that the beginning bolus can be a mere 1 mg. Conclusion: After careful consideration and deliberation on the obtained results, the use of a dosage regimen with the high pace of initial atropinization to halt the adverse effects seems to be the best choice. It shall help to considerably decrease the mortality owing to organophosphate poisoning. It addition to that, the use of a simple and easy to follow dosage regimen is more likely to be followed correctly. Keywords: Atropinization, Organophosphate Poisoning, Accidental Poising, Symptom Resolution, Treatment Speed and Modality Speed Comparison.

3458-3463

Authors: Maryam Hosseini Moghadam1 , Pegah Larki2 , Jafar Panahi3 , Niloofar Mojtahedifard4 , Abbas Shakoori5*

Some pregnancies are abnormal in human genetically and end with the spontaneous abortion, which is the most common problem of pregnancy. The recurrent abortions are often referred to as multifactorial disease that one of which is thrombosis. The thrombosis in placenta capillaries seems to disturb the blood circulation between the mother and the fetus and eventually lead to abortion. Recently, studies have shown that genetic basis for thrombophilia relates with recurrent abortion. The aim of this study is the survey of G1691A and G4070A mutations in the Factor V gene, -455G>A mutation in the gen of XIII factor, G103T mutation in Beta fibrinogen and A20210G mutation in the thrombin gene. The samples were collected from 60 patients referred to Tehran Imam Khomeini hospital .DNA was extracted from patients' blood samples by multiple PCR simultaneously containing different mutations were duplicated then the existence of mutation was evaluated by the strip technique. The genes mutation of G1691A in Factor V, G4070A in Factor V, G103T in Beta fibrinogen, -455G>A in the XIII factor and G20210A were identified 6.6%, 45%, 36%, 40% and 3.3% respectively. Studies on the other population showed that frequency of examined mutations varies with other communities. Anyway, more samples are required in order to obtain more accurate statistics related to the frequency of mutations. Keywords: Factor V, Factor XIII, fibrinogen, prothrombin, spontaneous abortion, thrombosis, thrombophilia, strip technique.

3467-3469

Authors: Fateme Parooei 1 , Mahmood Anbari 2 , Morteza Salarzaei 1*

Introduction:. Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women in the world. Unlike industrialized countries, poor countries struggle with cervical cancer as one of the most important causes of death. It is quite difficult, and required precise examination and logical suspicion, to diagnose this disease before it kills the patient. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Cervical cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study Cervical cancer were selected. About the patient:The patient was a 51-year-old lady who had visited Amiralmounin Hospital in Zabol and had complained of having an irregular bleeding disorder for 2 months. She was examined due the possibility of lesion in the cervix and pathological report confirmed the cervical stone cell carcinoma. Pre-operation ultrasound confirmed the presence of an 8 * 9 cm mass with a specific limit on the left side of the pelvic cavity. Discussion and conclusion: Only third to breast and endometrial cancers, cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers specific to women; although early diagnosis of this disease makes treatment possible in 95% of cases, the absence of treatment or lack of response to treatment often results in the death of the patient in 95% of cases in only 2 years after diagnosis. Key words: Cervical, cancer

3476-3478

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Mahmood Anbari 2 , Morteza Salarzaei 1*

Introduction: Gastric cancer in most cases is diagnosed in symptomatic patients with an advanced disease lacking a definite treatment. The common symptoms of the primary diagnosis include weight loss (0.62), stomachache (0.52), nausea (0.34), and swallowing disorder (dysphagia) (0.26). Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Gastric cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 those were conducted to study the Gastric cancer were selected. Findings Cutaneous metastases are the infrequent symptoms of solid tumors. Cutaneous metastases are mostly seen in tumors of breast, lung, colorectal, kidney, and ovaries and they are uncommon symptoms in the stomach. Gastric cancer metastasis involves adrenal glands, lungs, and bones and it hardly affects the skin. Discussion and conclusion: Cutaneous metastasis is usually formed after the initial malignancy diagnosis. However, it can be the first symptom of malignancy at times. Cutaneous metastases frequently show the bad prognosis of the disease. Key words: Gastric, cancer

3482-3490

Authors: Md. Tarique Nadeem**1 , Manoj Kumar2 , Manasa.P3 , Panakala Rao4 ,Sanjesh Kumar

Introduction: Paediatrics is the branch of medicine which deals with the development, growth, diseases and disorders in children. Materials and Methods: Our research as a prospective observational study was performed on 140 type 2 paediatric patients in Mahabubnagar (INDIA). Patients diagnosed with multiple diseases were included in the study. Patient demographic details, medication chart, cost of drugs and Pharmacy bills were collected from the patient. KUPPUSWAMY SCALE was used to analyse the socio economic status of guardians of patients. Gained data was analysed by using SPSS statistical software version 22.2 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: It is observed that male infants are more prone to diseases than female infants. The most commonly occurring diseases among paediatricswas found to be fever. Antibiotics were found to be most commonly used drugs. The most common type of antibiotics prescribed were penicillin's, cephalosporins, macrolide, aminoglycoside, tetracyclines, glycopeptides antibiotics. The mean cost of generic drug prescriptions is 169.27±47.2 whereas that of brand drug prescriptions is 347.85±59.6. The P value was found to be 0.015. Conclusion: There should be close monitoring over prescription pattern in paediatric population. It also highlights the need of rational use of drugs, prescribing by generics and from EDL. Continuing education regarding rational prescribing and developing easy guidelines for prescribing in common diseases in children is highlyrecommended. Key Words:Paediatrics, prescription pattern, cost minimisation analysis, rational drug use

3494-3497

Authors: Farhad Soltani 1* , Mojdeh Forouzan 2 , Alireza Olapour 3 , Mohammad Adineh4

Background and Purpose: Accurate assessment prior to surgery helps the anesthesiologist to improve the patient's condition before surgery and to have a better approach toward the specific condition of each patient. Numerous studies show that in the absence of evidence of underlying illness in history or clinical examination, the usefulness of radiography is quite low. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive epidemiologic study conducted in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran in 2010. we evaluated the incidence of abnormal lesions of chest x-ray in patients with grade 1 and grade 2 ASA who had elective chest surgery . We examined 323 chest radiographs. The data gathering tool includes a questionnaire for the Features of the individual characteristics and the chest x-ray check list . Data were analyzed using descriptive-inferential statistics in SPSS version 20 Findings: Results showed that natural lesions were detected in 112 (34%) radiographs, 62 people of men (40%) and 50 people of women (29%) had an abnormal lesion in the chest radiography. Abnormal lesions were found in 14 patients (0.08%) with class 1 ASA and in 98 patients (63%) with class 2 ASA and it was higher in patients with the age of more than 65 years. Conclusion: This study suggests that chest radiographs before surgery are not useful for women under the age of 65 who have class 1 ASA. Keywords: Thoracic surgery, Abnormal lesions, chest x-ray, , ASA

3503-3509

Authors: Gayke Amol U* , Aglawe Sachin B, Thakare Girish, Kale Nitin, Gujarathi Tanmay, jagdale Ashok, Khandagle Sandip

Atorvastatin Calcium was microencapsulated using rosin by o/w emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The effect of three formulation variables including the drug:polymer ratio, emulsifier (polyvinyl alcohol) concentration and organic solvent (dichloromethane) volume were examined. The prepared batches were characterized for microspheres particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release behavior. The study reveals that drug:polymer ratio had a considerable effect on the entrapment efficiency, however particle size distribution of microspheres was more dependent on the volume of dichloromethane and polyvinyl alcohol concentration rather than on the drug: polymer ratio. Drug, polymer concentrations were varied to obtain optimum release profile for sustaining the action of the drug. Keywords: Atorvastatin Calcium. Rosin. Microspheres. Sustained release

3528-3831

Authors: Hesamedin Ramezani

The antifungal bacterial and essential features of essential oils have been reported in many sources around the world which illustrates the potential role of plant bioactive compounds in the various sciences. The identification of the main components of these natural herbal products can be very effective in the pursuit of research in the various fields of science, In this regard, the present research has been carried out to identify and introduce the main components of eucalyptus of the citriodora species. The volatile oil of young and adult eucalyptus leaves was extracted utilizing a Clevenger apparatus and after injection to the extent necessary to the chromatograph gas, using inhibition time and inhibition index, the essential oil composition was studied. From the decomposition of volatile oil of the young and mature eucalyptus leaves of the citriodora, 11 mixtures were extracted. The composition of the citronella in the volatile oil of mature leaves and young leaves were respectively 65.23% and 77.49% as the main composition of the volatile oil and the amount of compounds such as a-pinene, cineol and linalool were reported in the mature and young leaves' volatile oil. Keywords: Eucalyptus species citriodora, Citronella, Biological control, Chromatographic Gas

3536-3544

Authors: Neeraj Mishra*, Rani Rai and Chirag E Hayat

The aim of study is to assess the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of aqueous and alcohol extracts that were prepared from green leaves of Spinacia oleraecea, Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus. The antimicrobial activities of the extract were tested bacteria against E.coli, P.aurignosa, S.aureus, and B.subtilis by the use of agar well diffusion method. Antioxidant activities were tested by Reducing power assay method, Superoxide anion scavenging activity, Total antioxidant capacity. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, leaves of Spinacia oleraecea, Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus

3556-3560

Authors: Batool Ghorbani-yekta*, Ali Arab Kheradmand , AmirHossein Milani , Shahrzad Khakpour

Background: In pattern skin flap, distal flap necrosis happens as a result of insufficient blood reserve. Micro needling with a roller device is a new treatment. In this study, the we search micro needling to increase flap viability. Methods: 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups of 15. The study group was exposed to McFarlane flap elevation and repositioning. The microneedling procedure was performed four times: 3 days before, on the day of, and on the third and sixth days after surgery. The control group was only exposed to surgery. The skin flap necrosis area was measured on the seventh postoperative day topographically by digital imaging and scintigraphy. After determination of necrosis area, the amount of neovascularization and number of vascular structures within the papillary dermal layer were counted Results: The mean percentages of necrosis in the flap area as determined by the Digimizer analysis program were 37.51 ± 5.08 in the control group and 29.42 ± 7.37 in the study group. The comparison of flap necrosis percentages showed that the study group is equal to study group. Vessel counts in the study group also do not showed significantly with control group (p> 0.05). Conclusions: The authors’ study showed that the microneedling method applied directly on the flap could modality flap viability but we suggested microneedling method apply 1 week before operation. Keyword: Microneedling - roller device--flap viability-RAT

3567-3571

Authors: Naveen Kumar G S* 1and Srinivasa U

A new sensitive, accurate, precise and validated RP-HPLC method was developed for the concurrent assessment of cefuroxime axetil and linezolid in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. The wavelength selected for quantitation was 276 nm. The method has been validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 2‑12 µg/ml for cefuroxime axetil and 6‑36 µg/ml for linezolid. For RP‑HPLC, the chromatographic separation was achieved by systronics C18 (250×4.6 mm) 5 µm column using phosphate buffer (pH 7): methanol (60:40 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 ml/min. The retention time of cefuroxime axetil and linezolid were found to be 3.127 min and 11.986 min, respectively. The developed method was simple, specific and economic, which can be used for simultaneous estimation of cefuroxime axetil and linezolid in tablet dosage form. Keywords: Cefuroxime axetil, Linezolid, RP-HPLC and Validation

3576-3582

Authors: . Rajesh Kumar , Shashi Kant Shukla , Afifa Qidwai , Anand Pandey and Anupam Dikshit

Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum) L. belongs to family Lamiaceae which comprises the most employed medicinal plants as a worldwide source of spices and also as a consolidated source of extracts. The phytochemical constituents of sweet basil essential oil have been investigated for several therapeutic importance from many regions of the world. They include terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponin glycosides and ascorbic acid. These compounds have been reported to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal, antidyspepsia, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiulcer, antiviral, insecticidal, wound-healing etc. activities. The plant parts of O. basilicum have been widely used in preparation traditional medicine. The plants also been used as a folk remedy to treat various ailments such as feverish illness, poor digestion, nausea, abdominal cramps, gastro-enteritis, migraine, insomnia, depression, gonorrhea, dysentery etc. Externally, they have been applied for the treatment of acne, loss of smell, insect stings, snake bites and skin infections. The present review is aimed to cover the pharmacological investigations on this important medicinal herb. Key Words: Ocimum basilicum, phytochemical constituents, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, insecticidal.

3589-3595

Authors: Samira Adhami1 , Mojgan Tansaz2 , Amal Saki Malehi3 , Mojgan Javadnoori4*

Iranian traditional medicine is based on the concept of Mizaj (Temperament). Mizaj is the overall quality of body and any of its organs in terms of the amount and the proportion of combination of each of four elements, i.e. warmness, coldness, wetness, and dryness in it. If an organ or the whole body gets out of their natural temperament, a disease will be developed. Uterine infections are caused by the wet dys-temperament (Su'e Mizaj) of the uterus, from this perspective. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between uterine temperament and vaginitis. This case-control study was conducted on 223 women aged 20-40 years living in Tehran who referred to two clinics affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences by matching the age and contraceptive method. In the case group (n=112) one kind of vaginitis was detected and the control group (n=111) were healthy in this regard. The data were analyzed using chi-square test, independent t-test, or Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression. Uterine compound temperament was cold-wet in most patients (62.5%). Uterine singular temperament was cold in 73.7% of the patient in terms of coldness and hotness and was wet in 74.6% of the patients in terms of dryness and wetness. There was a significant relationship between uterine singular and compound temperament and risk of vaginitis. It can be said that uterine dis-temperament is a predisposing factor to develop vaginitis and this finding validates the theory claimed in traditional medicine literature. Keywords: Temperament; Vaginitis; Iranian traditional medicine; Uterine

3599-3601

Authors: Fatemeparooei1 , Mahmood Anbari2, MortezaSalarzaei1*

Introduction: Trophoblastic tumor caused by ectopic pregnancy is a very rare occurrence, reported to be around 1.5 in one million births. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Gestationaltrophoblastic tumor following ectopic pregnancy. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Gestationaltrophoblastic tumor following ectopic pregnancy were selected. Results: GTT following ectopic pregnancy is a very rare phenomenon and 4-76% of these cases are reported to be caused by ectopic pregnancy. Choriocarcinoma , in which the function of tube is faked, has also been reported in some cases as one of the complications of EP. Discussion and conclusion:The most important part in interstitial ectopic pregnancy is timely diagnosis that will affect the course and outcomes of pregnancy. Key words: Gestational,trophoblastic tumor ,ectopic pregnancy

3605-3607

Authors: Fateme parooei1 , Mahmood Anbari 2 , Morteza Salarzaei1*

Introduction: Abdominal pregnancy is one of the rare cases of ectopic pregnancy and it occurs when pregnancy gums are located in places other than uterus, ovaries, and tubes. Abdominal pregnancy directly affects the frequency of ectopic pregnancy. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the abdominal pregnancy . In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Abdominal pregnancy were selected. Results: Abdominal pregnancy is a potentially dangerous condition that has been become more and more important in both underdeveloped and developing countries due to the use of assisted reproductive techniques in recent years. Discussion and conclusion: Clinical diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy is difficult due to the lack of specific symptoms and sings. Recurrent or persistent abdominal distension, vaginal bleeding and gastrointestinal symptoms can be the first evidence of a good diagnosis, especially if it is associated with an abnormal fetus or the patient has undergone infertility treatments or has a history of uterine surgery. Key words: Abdominal, pregnancy

3618-3624

Authors: Muhammad Muneeb*, Abid Ali, Anam Shaikh, Aatir H. Rajput, Qirat Modi Shaikh, Sadia Khan , Ali Muntazir Naqvi, Abeeha Batool

Objective: To determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in diabetic population presenting at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Methodology: This observation- cross sectional study was conducted over 510 diabetic patients at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Patients above 45 years of age, of either gender, diagnosed with diabetes for more than 2 years duration were evaluated for serum vitamin B12 level. The data was analyzed in statistical software (SPSS) and the p-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: During seven month study period, total 510 patients with diabetes were evaluated, Vitamin B 12 deficiency was found in 183 patients i.e. 35.88% with a level of <200 ρg/ml while 327 i.e. 30.6 % patients were having normal B-12 levels. Among Vitamin B12 Diabetic Population, 112 (61.2%) were males and 71 (38.8%) were females. Around 2/3rd of the patients were using metformin as hypoglycemic agent while the rest were on other oral hypoglycemic agents or on insulin. 81.17% patients were taking either H2 Blocker or Proton Pump Inhibitor, while around half (46.86%) were on multivitamins. Conclusion: The Vitamin B12 deficiency is diabetic population was found to be 35.88%. This leads a serious concern for the primary care physician to look for vitamin B-12 deficiency even if the patient is asymptomatic for B12 deficiency. Key Words: Diabetic population, Vitamin B12, Megaloblastic anemia.

3630-3634

Authors: Shaheda Sultana*, Shaheda Khatoon, Syed Umar Farooq, Dr. D Sudheer Kumar.

The objective of the present investigation was to develop an effective insitu proliposomal gel formulations for treatment of Non-insulin dependent diabetes.The proliposomes containing Miglitol was prepared by film deposition on carrier method using vacuum rotary evaporator. The optimization of Miglitol proliposomes was done by preparing the different formulations by varying the concentration of mannitol, phosphatidyl choline and cholesterol. Formulation prepared by using 50mg of miglitol, 1g mannitol, Phosphatidyl choline 150mg, Cholesterol 100 mg, chloroform 6ml and methanol 4ml was selected as optimized formulation. The cumulative amount of drug release of various proliposomal formulations and conventional Miglitol gel in 7.4 pH after 16hrs showed 80.5% and 95.1% for conventional gel. The drug release followed Peppas model.which confirms that release of proliposomal formulation was Fickian diffusion. Key Words: Miglitol proliposomal gel, Mannitol, cholesterol, phosphatidyl choline

3638-3640

Authors: Fateme parooei , Mahmood Anbari, Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction: Pregnancy and childbirth are among the most important events in every woman’s life. Although pregnancy is not a disease and is a physiological and natural process, it may be followed with complications, and pregnancy cares can prevent the incidence of many problems. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia were selected. Results: Hemoglobin hematocrit test is one of the common tests of pregnancy. Hematocrit includes the ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to the total volume of blood that is shown as a percentage or a decimal fraction. Discussion and conclusion: Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy is one of the most important complications of pregnancy that account for three most important causes of maternal mortality together with hemorrhage and infection. Key words: hemoglobin ،hematocrit ،first trimester ، pregnancy ،preeclampsia

3644-3646

Authors: Fateme parooei, Mahmood Anbari, Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction:. Every year, 75 thousand maternal deaths occur owing to hypertensive disorders. Although numerous studies have been conducted on this disease, its cause is still unknown. Although some risk factors have been reported for preeclampsia, this disease is only diagnosed with its own clinical presentations and it is often diagnosed late. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the relationship of the first and third trimester hematocrit levels and preeclampsia .In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study. The relationship of the first and third trimester hematocrit levels and preeclampsia were selected. Results: The studies indicate that hemodynamic changes during pregnancy have no effect on the increased plasma volume in the second trimester in women suffering from preeclampsia. Thus, it can be concluded that disruption in the increased plasma volume in the second trimester is likely to be a risk signal of suffering from preeclampsia in the subsequent weeks of pregnancy. Discussion and Conclusion: Determining hematocrit is one of the common and necessary measures taken during pregnancy. If hematocrit level of the first trimester is more than 43%, it has to do with the preeclampsia at the end of the third trimester. Every year, 75 thousand maternal deaths occur owing to hypertensive disorders. Key words: trimester hematocrit ، preeclampsia

3650-3654

Authors: Rajendra Mogal*, Madhavi shinde, Ashwini Shelke, Rahul Sable, Anil Jadhav

The main objective of present work was to develop simple spectrophotometric multicomponent method of analysis i. e. simultaneous equation method. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate & Emtricitabine was first approved in US in July 2003 and is indicated for adults aged > or =18 years. This method is used for dissolution study of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Emtricitabine in combined tablet dosage form. As per USFDA guidelines, dissolution study was carried out in 900 mL 0.01 N HCl. Dissolution study was carried out using a USP Type 2 (Paddle) apparatus at a stirring rate of 50 rpm for 45 minutes as per USFDA guidelines. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Emtricitabine showed 258 and 286 nm as λmax in 0.01N HCl respectively. The drug release from tablet was evaluated by developed spectroscopic methods i. e. simultaneous equation method. At the end of 45 minutes, % Cumulative drug release of Emtricitabine & Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was found to be 104.9 & 98.8 % based on developed method. The developed method was found to be simple, rapid, less tedious & economical compare to other reported methods in literature. The developed method can be a good alternative method for quality control testing of Emtricitabine & Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in combined dosage form. Keywords: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Emtricitabine, Simultaneous Equation method, Dissolution, USFDA

3661-3664

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian and Sepideh Amouzadeh*

Cardiovascular diseases are nowadays included as one of the factors threatening health of all humans. In many countries of the world, including our country, they are known as an important mortality cause. Given the importance of heart attacks diagnosis in the early hours, the present research aims at studying positive and negative cases of Troponin-I diagnostic test in patients referring to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 3 months from March to May 2015 on patients referring to the emergency department of Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test. Moreover, P<0.05 was considered as the significance level. From among 1420 patient studied, only 200 patients had the inclusion criteria for entering this study. From this number, 110 patients were male, and 90 patients were female with the mean age of 46.87±1.098. The job frequencies of the patients were as follows: 80 patients (40%) were office worker or had parttime jobs; 88 patients (44%) were either unemployed or housewives; and 32 patients (16%) were students. The incidence rate of positive troponin was four patients; three men and one woman. The findings of the present study indicate that over-prescription of Troponin test in unnecessary cases by the doctors is likely to impose high costs and stress on both the patient and the personnel of the laboratory. Thus, the doctors are recommended to be more cautious in prescribing this test. It is also recommended to change the method of the test from Troponin-I to Troponin-T. Key Words: Troponin-I, Diagnostic Test, Ilam, Iran

3665-3673

Authors: Ali Jan, Javid Iqbal, Marvi Blooch, Abid Hussain, Muhammad Akhlaq*, NisarShahwani Muhammad Siddique, Muhammad Younis

The current research was aimed to estimate and compare the antioxidant effect of selected medicinal plants collected from different areas of Balochistan, Pakistan. The antioxidant activitywas determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) a radical scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation assay and total antioxidant assay. Plant extracts demonstratedhangups alongside thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) tempted by pro-oxidant 10uM ferroussulphate (FeSO4) or sodium nitroprusside in the brain region of mice. Plants extracts showed significantferric reducing and free radical scavenging activity and also showed the higher concntration of both flavonoids and phenols. It was observed that higher thetotal polyphenolicand falavonoidscontentsbetter the antioxidant effect. All the plant samples showed the order of their antioxidant activity as SolanumNigram>Momordicacharantia>SolanumVillosum>TinosporaCordifolia> Ginkgo Biloba>Cuscutareflexa. The data obtained in the present study shows that all selected plants have inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant effect of the selected plants might be related to the higher concentration of phenolic. Contents,ferric reducing ability and free radical scavenging activity.In this study we tried to provide the scientific proof for the traditional use of the selectedmedicinal plants as antioxidants. Key Words: Antioxidant activity, Free radical, DPPH, Medicinal plants, Oxidative stress, Mice brain.

3673-3677

Authors: Saerah Simon, Sidhi Sunil, Mrs. Renuka R*, Dr. Elessy Abraham

SGLT2 inhibitors are a class of prescription medicines that are FDA approved for use with diet and exercise to lower blood sugar in adults with type II diabetes. When untreated, type II diabetes can lead to serious problems including blindness, nerve and kidney damage, and heart disease. SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood sugar by causing the kidneys to remove sugar from the body through the urine. These medicines are available as singleingredient products and also in combination with other diabetes medicines such as metformin. The safety and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors have not been established in patients with type I diabetes, and FDA has not approved them for use in these patients. Reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and is carried out by two isoforms of SGLT. SGLT-2 is located in the S1 and S2 segments of the PCT and has a high capacity but low affinity for glucose transport. In healthy individuals, it reabsorbs ~ 90% of filtered glucose. SGLT-1 governs glucose transport in the S3 segment and is a low-capacity, high-affinity glucose transporter that reabsorbs the remaining 10% of the filtered glucose.SGLT-2 inhibitors have a novel mechanism of action that is independent of insulin secretion and action. These agents block glucose reabsorption, leading to urinary glucose excretion. The advantages of this approach are reduced hyperglycemia without hypoglycemia, along with weight loss and blood pressure reduction. [2] Keywords: SGLT2 inhibitors, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Type II diabetes.

3678-3688

Authors: Natalia Vladimirovna Valitova*, Svetlana Fedorovna Kolosova, Mikhail Sergeevich Danilov, Sergey Sergeevich Lutai, Sergey Adamovich Weinberger

Objective: The study of mycobacterium susceptibility to the combined application of anti-tuberculosis drugs and "Alcohol Balsam" based on beekeeping products. Methods: The anti-tuberculosis activity of ATD (anti-tuberculosis drugs) and dietary supplements "Alcohol Balsam" combination was studied in in vitro experiment in 2016. The results of swabs microscopy were assessed by the amount of bacteria within microsopic view and intensity of the "curve". The growth of MBT (mycobacterium tuberculosis) surface culture in test tubes was determined visually according to the number of colonies on the surface of the breeding ground. The research scientists tested 11, 12, 13 and 14 days’ drug effects on mycobacterium culture. Findings: In case of the main anti-tuberculosis drugs and "Alcohol Balsam" combined application, the growth of drugsensitive and multidrug-resistant strains of tuberculosis bacterium is suppressed by 100% in earlier phases compared to the anti-tuberculosis drug application alone. Conclusions: Various dilutions of ‘Alcohol balsam’ based on beekeeping products being added to the breeding ground of the first and second line anti-tuberculosis drugs increase their drugs bactericidal effects. Moreover, in earlier phases they suppress the growth of drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains of tuberculosis mycobacterium in 100 % of cases. Thus, the efficacy and expediency of Galleria mellonella larvae based drugs application for human tuberculosis prevention and comprehensive treatment have been proved. Keywords: Treatment and prevention of tuberculosis; beekeeping products; Galleria mellonella larvae; Galleria mellonella; Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

3689-3693

Authors: Dr. Rafi Ahmed Ghori , Dr. Tariq Zaffar Shaikh* , Dr. Mona Humaira, Dr. Syed Nadeem Shah , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Umair Ahmed Ghori , Dr. Sidra Ghori, Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To evaluate the demographical and clinical profile of patients with various hematological disorders. Patients and Methods: This one year cross sectional study was conducted at tertiary care hospital for the evaluation of various haematological disorders. Complete clinical data were recorded including detail history, clinical examination and haematological study along with specific investigations and proforma filled. All the patients of ≥12 years of age, either gender presented with prolonged fever, repeated infections, unexplained weight loss, refractory anemia, recurrent bleeding episodes and on blood complete picture (CBC) had abnormalities of red blood cells /hemoglobin, white blood cells, platelet count for long duration along with abnormal peripheral smear shown the atypical / blast cells were recruited and enrolled in the study to had bone marrow aspiration & biopsy. The frequency and percentages was calculated while the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD. Results: During one year study period total thirty patients diagnosed with various haematological disorders were observed. The mean age ±SD for whole population was 42.92±7.97, of thirty individuals 18 (60%) were males and 12 (40%) were females. The common clinical presentation identified as Pallor(83.3%), fever with night sweats (66.6%), recurrent infections (63.3%), loss of appetite (76.6%) and weight loss (70%). Regarding hematological disorders, megaloblastic anemia (13.3%), aplastic anemia (26.6%), acute myeloid leukemia (13.3%), myelo-proliferative disorders (13.3%) and lympho-proliferative disorders (16.6%). Conclusion: The common hematological disorders detected were megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, acute myeloid leukemia, myelo-proliferative disorders and lympho-proliferative disorders while the bone marrow biopsy is a safe and simple diagnostic procedure. Keywords: Hematological disorders, Bone marrow biopsy and Bone marrow aspiration.

3695-3700

Authors: Anna A. Peresypkina*, Anton L. Pazhinsky, Anna S. Pobeda, Alexander A. Dolzhikov, Nina I. Zhernakova, Olga A. Osipova, Alexander P. Grigorenko, Viktor A. Ruzhenkov

Introduction: It should be noted the relevance of developing an adequate model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy for further study of neuroretinoprotective properties of pharmacological agents. Research tasks: Development of the methodical approaches for evaluation of the neuroretino protective activity of pharmacological agents to objectively assess the degree of the protective activity of new and commonly used neuroretinoprotectors in ophalmology. Methods: To investigate the fundus of experimental animals a direct ophthalmoscopy was used on 29th day of the experiment. The eye drops Irifrin 2.5% were used to expand the pupil. To zoom a lens Osher MaxField 78D model OI-78M has been used. Electroretinography was performed at once after the ophthalmoscopy. To assess the degree of functional damage to the retina we evaluated the ratio of amplitudes of a- and b- waves - the coefficient b/a. For all data, the descriptive statistics were used, and data are checked for normal distribution. Distribution type was determined by using the criterion of Shapiro-Wilk. Betweengroup differences were analyzed by parametric (t-Student criterion) or non-parametric (Mann-Whitney test) methods, depending on the type of distribution. Differences were determined at 0.05 significance level. Results: The results of ophthalmoscopy have found that the optimal model of pathology was with single 5-minute intraocular pressure (IOP) increase to 110 mmHg on day 26 of the experiment on the background of daily intraperitoneal N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration in a dose 12.5 mg/kg within 28 days: «Optic disc is edematous, increased in size, edema extends to the retina. Slight blurring boundaries of optic disc. There are pockets of "cotton" exudate, indicating the growing ischemia. Veins are congested, crimped at the periphery. Arteries are narrowed. Vessel caliber is uneven. Retina is palely (ischemic). Symptom Salus-Hun I. In rare cases, the solid exudate deposits were observed». In this group ratio b/a was 1.9 ± 0.08 r.u. (p<0.05 compared with the group of intact animals), which is less than the value of intact animals by 27%. Conclusion: The study developed a model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy on rats of Wistar line, ophthalmoscopic picture and retinal electrophysiological status were assessed that allows to fully appreciate the formation of the changes in the modeling of pathology. This model makes possible to evaluate the retinotropic effects of pharmacological agents sufficiently objectively. Key words: hypertensive neuroretinopathy, ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography.

3701-3706 A

Authors: Artur Amirovich Almukhametov*, Alena Evgenievna Kormishina, Praskovia Georgievna Mizina, Natalia Sergeevna Eliseeva, Aleksey Vladimirovich Shulaev

Aim: At present, humanity is synthesized more than 80 mln of new chemicals and drugs on their basis. Constant contact with these substances is inevitable. More than 150 thousand of them are in constant circulation in production and daily life. The extensive use of them in the activities of modern man leads to an increased risk of acute exposure of chemicals (industrial, household and criminal poisoning) [1]. Attention is drawn to the rapid increase in the number of acute drug poisonings. This trend is due to the rapid growth of chemical production and pharmaceutical industries, poorly controlled sales and irrational use of medicines [2]. This situation is typical for such large regions of the Volga Federal District, as the Ulyanovsk region and the Republic of Mordovia. The aim is to compare the characteristic structures of acute drug poisoning, based on the statistics of Rospotrebnadzor in the Ulyanovsk region and in the republic of Mordovia; to identify common patterns and differences, for the planning of targeted detoxification and preventive measures. Materials and methods: Retrospective screening study, based on the statistical form 12-07 "Information on the results of toxicological monitoring" (in the revised version - 12-12) and emergency notifications about the cases of acute poisoning of chemical etiology, in the amount of 8975 - for the Ulyanovsk region, and 5164 for the Republic of Mordovia, was carried out. The design of the study was chosen - descriptive transverse (one-stage). The results of the study were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 20. To compare the values, Pearson’s Chi-square test was used. Results and conclusion: These studies show, that the drug poisoning occupies the second place in the general structure of chemical etiology poisonings. This necessitates in-depth study of the problem of acute drug poisonings. Keywords: acute poisoning, drugs, chemicals, mortality.

3706-3710

Authors: Dr. Kiran Hafeez *, Dr. Abdul Hafeez Memon, Dr. Nisar Ahmed Shah, Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur , Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the association between C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in relation to age gender and duration. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study of six months study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad from 01-July-2013 to 31-Dec-2013. All the patients of 20 to 60 years of age presented with symptoms of metabolic syndrome for more than 01 year duration were admitted and evaluated for C-reactive protein. The data was analyzed in SPSS and the frequency and percentage was calculated. Results: During six month study period, total 142 patients (93 females and 49 males) with metabolic syndrome were evaluated for C-reactive protein. Majority of patients were from urban areas 103/142 (72.5%). The mean ±SD for age of patients with metabolic syndrome was 42.63±8.82. The mean age ±SD of patient with raised CRP was 45.86±7.21. The mean circumference for males and female patients with raised CRP was 49.53±3.73 and 46.89±4.32 while the TG for males and female patients with raised CRP was 187.82±4.61 and 191.32±3.84 whereas the HDL-C for males and female patients with raised CRP was 30.74±2.31 and 26.75±2.51 respectively. The mean ± SD for systolic and diastolic blood pressure of males and female patients with raised CRP was 145±3.32 and 100.52±2.61 while the fasting blood glucose level for males and female patients with raised CRP was 135.42±2.53 and 146.53±6.54 whereas the CRP for male and female patients with raised CRP was 3.82±1.21 and 5.9±1.73 respectively. The majority of subjects from 40-49 years of age group with female predominance (p = <0.01) while the CRP was raised in 98(69%) patients in relation to age (p=<0.01) and gender (p=<0.01) respectively. Of 98 subjects with raised CRP 73 were females and 25 were males (p=0.01). Conclusion: The raised CRP was observed in patients with metabolic syndrome. Key Words: Metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein

3711-3715

Authors: Dr. Aisha Khalid *, Prof. Dr Mohammad Akbar Kazi , Dr. Ishrat Bibi , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Mehrab khan, Dr. Imran Karim, Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To evaluate the demographical and clinical profile of patients with acute organophosphorus poisoning at tertiary care hospital. Patient and Methods: The one year cross sectional study was conducted on patients with organophosphorus poisoning and beside immediate management the patients were explored for demographical and clinical survey by taken detail history and clinical examination. The data was saved and analyzed in SPSS 21 while the frequencies and percentages and mean ± SD were calculated. Results: Total one hundred patients were recruited and studied for demographical and clinical profile with mean age ±SD 22.82 ± 1.16 mostly from rural areas (77%). Majority of them belonged to low economic status and 69% and the precipitating problems identified were financial (36%), domestic (11%) and social (9%). Majority of cases were detected during winter (50%) and spring (39%) in morning (49%) and night (29%) as suicidal (86%) and route was infestation (100%) whereas the tachycardia (100%), elevated body temperature (82%), peri orbital dryness (74%) and conjunctival injection (56%) wee the common systemic findings observed in patients with OP poisoning. Conclusion: The acute and chronic poisoning by pesticides is a serious health problem; therefore, medical and health professionals should be aware and learn about the toxicology, prevention and proper management of OP poisoning. Key Words: Organophosphorus poisoning, toxicology and Insecticide

3716-3721

Authors: Dr. Saira Jafri , Dr. Shabnam Naveed , Dr. Zeeshan Ali *, Dr. Nadia Jawad , Dr. S. Masroor Ahmad, Dr. Rafia Shahid and Dr. Aisal Khan

Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression among the diabetics presented diabetic clinic and in-patient at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Medical Unit 3, Ward 7, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, over two months in 132 diabetic (type 1 and 2) patients. Information regarding Diabetes was taken through interview and Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess for depression. Patients having a score of 5 and above were considered depressed Results: 64.5% of diabetics were found out to be depressed. Of those who were depressed, 84.4% had a bad diabetic control over the last 3 months, 71.7% had gastrointestinal symptoms, 66% had diabetes for more than 10 years. Conclusion: Depression in known diabetics can be lethal so it’s management, either supportive or with medications, should be started as soon as it is diagnosed. Also the factors which show a clear correlation with development of depression should be minimized as early as possible. Keywords: Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression among the diabetics presented diabetic clinic and in-patient at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Medical Unit 3, Ward 7, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, over two months in 132 diabetic (type 1 and 2) patients. Information regarding Diabetes was taken through interview and Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess for depression. Patients having a score of 5 and above were considered depressed Results: 64.5% of diabetics were found out to be depressed. Of those who were depressed, 84.4% had a bad diabetic control over the last 3 months, 71.7% had gastrointestinal symptoms, 66% had diabetes for more than 10 years. Conclusion: Depression in known diabetics can be lethal so it’s management, either supportive or with medications, should be started as soon as it is diagnosed. Also the factors which show a clear correlation with development of depression should be minimized as early as possible. Keywords: Diabetes, Depression and Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire

3722-3728

Authors: Dr. Nadia Jawad , Dr. Shabnam Naveed , Dr. Zeeshan Ali 2*, Dr. Saira Jafri, Dr. S. Masroor Ahmad & Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To find an association between various anthropometric measures (Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist to Hip Ratio, Waist to Height Ratio) and glycemic control in Pakistani diabetics. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted over a period of six months that is from December 2015 to May 2016 on 332 Pakistani type 2 diabetic males and non-pregnant females irrespective of age presenting to the diabetic clinic at Medical Unit 3, Ward 7, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A form with incorporated parameters required for recording gender, age and anthropometric measurements was used. Statistical analyses were performed on SPSS version 22.0. Frequencies of abnormal anthropometric measurements under categorized variables were seen. Chi square testing was done to see if there is a significant correlation between the deviant measurements and deranged HbA1c values. For data expression, percentages were used. Results: More females (64.2%) of females were enrolled in the study and majority (72.7%) of the diabetics were having HbA1c value of more than 7 which pointed towards poor glycemic control. About 2/3rd of the diabetic population fell under increased and high risk categories while hardly 12.6% having a normal body mass index. A significantly high number of people had deranged circumferences of waist and hip as well as waist to hip and waist to height ratios. When seen in conjunction with poor diabetic control, none of these measurements showed a statistically noteworthy correlation in general. Conclusion: None of the anthropometric measurements became a statistically significant pointer towards deranged sugars. Hence the serological testing for glycemic control remains the gold standard. Keywords: Anthropometry, Diabetes mellitus and Body mass index

3729-3732

Authors: VISITING AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, KARACHI Dr. Dileep Kumar, Dr. Pooran Mal *, Dr. Dileep Kumar, Prof. Dr. Abdul Manan Junejo , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur, Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine frequency of sub-clinical hypothyroidism in chronic disease patients. Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study conducted through non-probability purposive sampling from March to September 2010 in the Department of nephrology at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical College (JPMC), Karachi. Total 158 patients aged ≥18years with stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney who not on maintenance hemodialysis were included and patients with history of thyroid surgery, known thyroid disease and on treatment or neck radiation were excluded. Chronic kidney disease defined as lower glomerular filtration rate (stage III 30-59ml/min/1.73m2), stage IV (15-29 ml/min/1.73m2) and stage V (<15 ml/min/1.73m2). Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was defined as elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level >4.05mIU/dl and normal thyroxine (T4) level (0.89-1.79ng/dl). Results: Mean age was 50.63 (range 19-85years), 76 (48%) were males and 82 (52%) were females. Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found in 31 (20%) patients among patients with chronic kidney disease. Out of these, 16 patients (52%) were females and 15 (48%) were males (p=0.565). Most patients (52%) were aged between 45--59 years followed by 25% in ≥60yr and 23 % in aged 18-44years (p=0.371). Among severity of CKD patients; sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found in 38% in stage III CKD, 36% in stage IV CKD and 26% in stage V CKD (p=0.962). Among duration of CKD; sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found in 58% with less than 1year of CKD, followed by 39% between 1-2years and 03% of more than 2 years of CKD (p=0.107). Conclusion: Sub-clinical hypothyroidism is a common problem among patients with CKD and found in 20% of patients. SCH found in younger age group 45--59years and in patients with stage III and IV CKD. Key Words: Sub-clinical hypothyroidism, Chronic Kidney Disease, Glomerular filtration rate

3733-3735

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany*, Dr. Karishma Kumari, Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah, Dr. Imran Karim and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Breast tuberculosis is a very rare clinical entity, more common in tuberculosis endemic regions. It can be Primary tuberculosis of breast or Secondary tuberculosis. In this case report we report a case of secondary tuberculosis of breast presented with painless breast lump with a discharging sinus. The diagnostic workup and therapeutic approach is discussed and on follow up of patient after post anti tubercular therapy patient did not report any complications.

3737-3742

Authors: Irina V. Spichak*, Viktoria V. Platoshina, Alyona S. Spichak

The article presents the results of multifaceted research focused on the optimization of medicinal maintenance of children with weight problems. It deals with the sociological survey of the schoolchildren revealing the predisposition to overweight and underweight, the medical- social portraits of children with obesity and hypotrophy. The marketing analysis of the drug market for treatment of weight problems is carried out, the macrocontour of the Russian market and mesocontour of a regional market (by the example of the Belgorod region) is described. As a result of multidimensional examination the medical-pharmaceutical file of drug assortment for treatment of obesity at children is generated. Keywords: medicinal maintenance, overweight at children, market of medicinal preparations, medicalpharmaceutical file of medicinal preparations.

3745-3752

Authors: Howlader Saurav*, Rahman Mizanur, Rajbongshi Lata, Rahman Mahfuz

As part of our ongoing isolation of antihypertensive agents derived from natural sources, the bioactivity of the ethanolic extracts was screened for their inhibitory activities against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assays. Ocimum sanctum exhibited promising inhibitory activity against ACE and Total ROS. Among the different solvent-soluble fractions obtained from the ethanolic extract, the dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) fraction was found to cause the most potent scavenging, or inhibitory activities, against total ROS with the respective IC50 values of 3.21 ± 0.03 µg/mL. Likewise, the dichloromethane fraction also exhibited potent inhibitory activities against ACE with IC50 values of 16.19 ± 0.12 µg/mL. Silica gel column chromatography of the dichloromethane fraction yielded two flavonoids, Cirsilineol and Isothymusin, based on the comparison with reported 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic data. All of the compounds displayed concentration dependent in vitro inhibitory activity toward the ACE and Total ROS. Among them, Cirsilineol exhibited the potential inhibitory activity toward ACE with the respective IC50 values of 12.64 ± 0.02 µM. Further inhibitory kinetics analyzed from Lineweaver-Burk plots showed Cirsilineol to be a competitive inhibitor with a Ki value of 8.2 × 10−5 M. In conclusion, we identified significant ACE inhibitors from Ocimum sanctum that could have value as new multitargeted compounds for antihypertensive agents. Keywords: O. sanctum; Hypertension; Antioxidant; Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE); Total Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).

3753-3756

Authors: Kranthi Raju Palle*and Shravan Kumar Dholi

Azadirachta indica has been used medicinally throughout history by many different cultures. Many compounds have been found in the exudates of the Azadirachta indica plant that have been used medically by humans. Present study was carried out to determine the cardiotonic activity by using infusion of Neem leafextractwith different dilutions & compared with cardiotonic activity of digoxin‐the life saving cardiotonic. The a ctivity was tested by using isolated frog heart assembly. The present preliminary studies confirm the better cardioton ic activity of Neem leaf extract than digoxin. Further studies can confirm the reduced toxicity & this will be the advantage of Neem leaf extract over digitalis. Thus,in future it will be interesting to isolate the active chemical constituents are responsible for the cardiotonic activity. Keywords: Cardiotonic activity, Digoxin, Neem leaf extract, isolated frog heart.

3757-3764

Authors: Sedighe Ghobadian, Mansour Zahiri, Amin Torabipour, Farzad Faraji-Khiavi*

Operating rooms are among the special hospital wards which constitute important stages in the treatment of patients with the use of special equipment and health standards. With the purpose of ensuring the safety of patients and the staff in the operating rooms and due to the necessity of clinical risk assessment, the current research focuses on the evaluation of clinical risks occurring in the operating rooms of an educational hospital. The current study is an applied research and the required data has been collected qualitatively through focus group discussions in Golestan hospital, Ahvaz, in 2015. The tools for data collection were the standard worksheet of potential failure modes. The priority matrix was used to analyze the potential failure modes and prioritize each failure mode. By performing needs assessment via Delphi method and reviewing the 50 processes in operating rooms, 10 processes were identified as being high-risk processes. After reviewing the processes in the focus group discussions, 121 potential failure modes were discovered out of which 7 potential failure modes were in the red zone after using the standard priority matrix and thus required immediate action. In order to improve the safety of patients during surgery, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the pre-operation procedures. In addition, by the use of team activities in the field of risk management, the safety culture can be institutionalized in special wards of hospitals. Keywords: Clinical risks, Operation rooms, potential failure modes analysis

3763-3769

Authors: Natalya Vladimirovna Stepanova*, Suryana Faritovna Fomina, Daria Sergeevna Elagina, Dmitry Aleksandrovich Semanov

The investigation was conducted with the aim to study regional (local) exposure factors for assessing the intake of chemical substances with drinking water by children (3-6 years old) and adults (18-21 years old) in Kazan, in the Republic of Tatarstan. The analysis of levels of non-carcinogenic risk, using local factors and age differences in the exposure of chemical substances, ingested with drinking water, showed that the use of standard values in the risk assessment methodology led to underestimation of the actual health risk for children and adults by the factors of 1.5 and 1.57 at the median level, and by the factors of 1.9 and 1.98 at the level of 95-th percentile. The HI value, in case of chemicals ingestion with drinking water, indicates a health hazard for children, living in the 2ndand the 4th zones (HIме= 11.8 and 9.9; HI 95perс= 14.8 and 12.4) and adults (HIме= 5.52 and 6.64; HI 95perс= 4.42 and 5.59). The main pollutants of drinking water, which cause an increased risk to the health of the population in all zones of Kazan, are oil products, chloroform, nitrates (in NO3) magnesium and fluorides. Keywords: health risk assessment, impact factors, drinking tap water, children, adults

3770-3775

Authors: Oleg A. Zemlyansky*, Elena B. Tyurina, Elena V. Kalyuzhnaya, Olga A. Zemlyanskaya

Purpose of the Study: To estimate the prevalence and association with multiple drug resistance of strains of M. tuberculosis of various genetic families in the Belgorod region, to reveal the contribution of strains of the genetic family Beijing to the epidemic process of tuberculosis; evaluate the role of strains of M. tuberculosis of various genetic families in the formation of "rural foci of tuberculosis" in the region. Materials and Methods: Spoligotyping of 311 strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in the Belgorod Region in 2015-2017 has been carried out. Results.Among the strains studied, strains of the families Beijing and T. are most widely represented. The shares of other genetic families (H, X, LA. U) are insignificant. The strains of the Beijing family are much wider than others presented in previously treated patients; in patients of middle and young age, as well as among strains with multiple drug resistance. Some prevalence of strains of Beijing and T in "chronic" foci of tuberculosis was revealed. Results and Discussion: Despite the favorable epidemic situation, one can not exclude the danger of forming "chronic" foci of tuberculosis with a decrease in attention to preventive antituberculous activities in the settlements of the region. The genotyping of strains of M. tuberculosis should be included in the monitoring program of foci of tuberculosis on a regular basis, which will allow predicting the risk of forming chronic «foci» and differentiating approach to antiepidemic measures in the foci of tuberculosis. Key words: mycobacterium tuberculosis, genetic families, foci of tuberculosis.

3776-3779

Authors: Oleg Esin*, Elena Gorobets, Elena Kurtasanova, Maria Ilchenko, Anatoliy Chudinov

The article is devoted to the actual problem of clinical linguistics, namely, the problem of verbalization of pain in gynecological patients. The problem of pelvic pain evaluation is very acute in medicine. The authors analyze this problem in the world clinical practice and determine the ways of its solution in Russia where at the moment there is a lack of corresponding diagnostic tool that allows patients with specific pains to adequately and fully describe their sensations. Special attention is paid to the linguistic specificity of the diagnostic toolkit. Pain is a complex, multidimensional sensation that combines elements of different types of sensitivity. Pain is described as an emotional state (terrible pain, excruciating pain, etc.) – the protopathic components of sensations; by analogy with auditory, tactile, visual sensations and by determining the localization, intensity, duration –epicritic elements. Pelvic pain in women has specific characteristics due to localization and its causes, and also due to gender factor. The article regards this problem from the point of view of linguistics, medicine (neurology, obstetrics and gynecology) and psychology. Keywords: clinical linguistics, neurology, obstetrics, gynecology, pelvic pain, test, questionnaire

3780-3785

Authors: Oleg S. Gudyrev*, Alexander V. Faitelson, Mikhail V. Pokrovskii, Tatyana G. Pokrovskaya, Mikhail V. Korokin, Alexander P. Grigorenko, Olga A. Efremova

In an experiment on female Wistar white rats, the osteoprotective effect of atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin was studied in a model of experimental osteoporosis caused by bilateral ovariectomy. It was found that after ovariectomy in female rats develops endothelial dysfunction, including the vessels of the microcirculatory of the bone, leading to a deterioration of blood supply to bone tissue and the occurrence of osteoporosis. It was found that atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin, possessing endothelioprotective activity, prevent deterioration of blood supply to bone tissue and thinning of bone trabeculae, thus having anti-osteoporotic activity. Key words: osteoporosis, endothelial dysfunction, statins, atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, strontium ranelate.

3792-3797

Authors: Pavel D. Kolesnichenko*, Sergey V.Nadezhdin, Yuri E. Burda, Elena B. Artyushkova, Natalya A. Bystrova, Galina A. Lazareva,Vladimir Y. Provotorov

The article presents the results of a potential mutagenicity studying of a new drug from the group of erythropoietin, carbamylateddarbepoetin. The study was performed using DNA-comet assay in mice, and in micronucleus test. As a positive control there were used mice which had been injected with genotoxicantmethylmethane sulfonate at a dose of 40 mg/kg and as a negative control there were mice after administration of equivalent doses of a placebo. The results showed that the mutagenic effect of the drug in single (3.59±1.02) dosing and three times (4.0±0.78) dosing had not been different from the mutagenic effect of placebo (4.39±1.34). Micronucleus test was performed using a cytogenetic damage of bone marrow cells and checking the appearance of polychromatophil cells, containing micronuclei. It was established that carbamylateddarbepoetin within stated doses according to the used test, has no a potential carcinogenic effect. Key words: DNA-comet assay, mutagenicity, carbamylateddarbepoetin, cytogenetic damage.

3803-3809

Authors: Vladimir F. Kulikovsky*, Natalia V. Oleynik, Arina P. Krivchikova, Dmitry A. Storogilov, Andrey V. Naumov, Natalia N. Bratisheva, Maria S. Alenicheva, Olga S. Yumatova

Pelvic descending syndrome for the first time was described by A.G.Parks in 1966. But in our days the problem of it surgical treatment is not completely solved. Large number of complications and recurrence, unsatisfactory functional results forced surgeons to develop new surgical techniques. The aim of the research was to improve the results of surgery treatment of posterior compartment of pelvic floor using abdominal sacrocolpopexy and stapled trance-anal resection (STARR). 59 patients underwent abdominal sacrocolpopexy with syntheticl mesh as apical support and in 52 patients this method was complementary with STARR. The post-operative outcomes were assessed in 6 months and in 2 years. The following diagnostic methods were used: POP-Q classification, defecography, anorectal functional tests with Polygraf ID device. The quantity of post-operative complications depended of mesh graft was few and didn’t increase because of simultaneous STARR. Vaginal mesh erosion was in 2 (3.4%) patients underwent sacrocolpopexy and in 1 (1.9%) patient underwent sacrocolpopexy and simultaneous STARR, mesh contraction in 1 (1.9%) patient of the 2nd group, vaginal shrinkage in 1 (1.7%) patient of the 1st group, dispareunia de novo was noted in 3 (5.1%) patients of the 1st group and in 2 (3.8%) patients of the 2nd group (p ˃0.05). With POP-Q classification stage 0 of rectocele was achieved in 22(38.9%) patients underwent sacrocolpopexy and in 25(48.1%) patients underwent sacrocolpopexy with simultaneous STARR. In the other patients of both groups stage I was diagnosed. Defecography showed the lifting of the perineum body in all patients of two groups without significant difference, but absolute figures were closer to normal value in the group underwent combined surgery: in the rest -3.7±0.5cm and - 3.5±0.6 cm, in the straining -5.9±0.6 cm and -6.2±0.7 cm in the 1st and 2nd groups accordingly. The anatomical normalization of posterior anorectal angle measurement rentgenologically was noted in both groups and didn’t differ statistically on surgery methods. Rentgenological absence of rectal mucosal prolapse has been noted in 15 (25.4%) patients of the 1st group and in 47(90.4%) patients of the 2nd group (p ˃0.05). Voiding was better in the 2nd group patients. Voiding normalization noted 12(20.3%) and 15(28.8%) patients, voiding improvement 28(47.4%) and 30(57.7%) and didn’t change in 19(32.2%) and in 7(13.4%) patients of the 1st and 2nd groups accordingly (p<0.05). But in spite of these we observed the constant worsening of the results over time. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy with surgical mesh demonstrated satisfactory anatomical results with low complications rate for rectocele reconstruction in patients with perineum descending, including incontinence improvement. Together with STARR procedure they became even better as revealed good functional results in respect to voiding normalization, as rectal mucosal prolapsed is incised simultaneously, which is not corrected by sacrocolpopexy along. In the end our experience showed that abdominal sacrocolpopexy combined with STARR is a safe enough procedure. Keywords: Rectocele, perineum descending, rectal mucosal prolapse, sacrocolpopexy, stapled trance-anal resection, constipation

3815-3820

Authors: Debadrito Das, Animesh Kumar Datta *, Divya Vishambhar Kumbhakar , Bapi Ghosh and Ankita Pramanik , Sandip Halder

A total of 23 phenotypic mutants were screened in M2 plant population (7112) of Sesamum indicum L. (Family: Pedaliaceae) affecting seedling colour, leaf traits, stem characteristics, branching nature, floral colour, fruit characteristics and maturity following dry seed (moisture content – 7.40%) treatments with nanoparticles (copper, cadmium sulphide, copper oxide and zinc oxide – 1.00, 2.00 and 4.00 µg/ml, 3 and 6h durations), ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS – 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%, 3 and 6h) and gamma irradiations (50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 Gy). Viable mutation frequency is found higher in gamma irradiation followed by ZnO-NPs, CuO-NPs, CuNPs, CdS-NPs and EMS. A total of 9 different macromutants types are found in Cu-, CuO- and ZnO-NPs, 11 in EMS and 13 in CdS-NPs and gamma irradiations. Excepting viridis (non-viable), all macromutants bred true at M3. Reciprocal crossings performed between mutant and normal plant types suggest that the mutant traits are controlled by nuclear genes (monogenic recessive and digenic) and they segregated in accordance to Mendelian pattern of segregations. Meiotic analyses reveal that normal and mutant plants were cytologically alike (2n=26) suggesting that mutation is not the consequence of chromosomal disturbances. Results highlight mutagenic potentiality of NPs alike to that of the conventional mutagens used as positive controls. Key words: Sesamum indicum, macromutation, nanoparticles, EMS, gamma irradiations, cytogenetical studies

3830-3837

Authors: Ebrahim Naghibi, Amin Torabipour*, Farzad Faraji Khiavi, Bahman Cheragian

Quality of work life is one of the key factors affecting employees’ performance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the quality of work life and performance of employees in community health centers and selected hospitals affiliated with Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. In this cross-sectional study, 210 employees were randomly selected as the statistical samples of community health centers and hospitals of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Data were collected by the validated questionnaires of employees’ quality of work life (Walton’s questionnaire) and the employees’ work performance (Patterson’s questionnaire). The results showed that the quality of work life of the administrative staff was significantly higher than hospital nurses and health care workers (P=0.011). There was a significant relationship between the components of quality of work life and work performance. Based on the regression analysis, the quality of work life significantly results in improving the employees' performance (B=0.164; [95% CI: 0.091-0.237]). In other words, for each unit of increase in the quality of work life for employees, the performance will increase significantly. There is a positive and direct relation between the quality of work life and performance. The social integrity leads to creation of a work environment in which the employees feel a sense of belonging. In case of having such integrity, it is possible to achieve the organizational goals. Since the higher quality of work life is associated with higher performance, managers can improve some important components of quality of work life for the employees by adopting appropriate solutions, thus providing the necessary conditions to improve performance. Key words: Quality of work life, Performance, Community health centers, Hospital.

3843-3848

Authors: Muqtader Mohammad*, Farhat Fatima , Saad Abdullah Alharbi, Fahad I Al-Saikha, Saad Maria Alshahrani, Ahmed Alalaiwe, Abdullah Saud Alshetaili , Bader B. Alsulays, Abdel-Kader MS, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Mohammad Khalid Anwer, Mohamed Hassan Fayed, Prakash Katakam

The aim of the present investigation was to develop the ciprofloxacin gastroretentive floating capsules by using hydrophilic rate retarding and swellable polymers. The different concentration and combination of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and carbopol 947P polymers influenced the release of the drug, the swellable matrix retained in the stomach by imbibing the CO2 gas released. The effervescence of CO2 generated by the sodium bicarbonate and citric acid added in 2.70 - 6.0 and 2.70 - 4.0 % w/w respectively except for formulation F4&F8. Formulation F1-F8 were prepared by adding 27 – 43.86% w/w of HPMC (F1-F4) and same % weight for carbopol swellable polymer (F5-F8). The combination of these polymers was used to prepare F9 & F10 formulation contained with 20.83% w/w of HPMC and carbopol polymers. 2.08 % w/w Sodium carbonate and 4.17% w/w of citric acid for F9 whereas F10 formulation composed of with 30.00% w/w of HPMC and 10.00 % w/w carbopol polymers, 04% w/w Sodium carbonate and 06% w/w of citric acid. The floating capsules evaluated for weight variation, content uniformity showed the acceptable results as per standards. In vitro gastric buoyancy was acceptable for the selected formulations, the order of drug released was as follows for the selected formulations F4>F10 >F9>F3>F8>F7. The optimized F9 formulation showed (70.85% drug release within 12 hours) with non –Fickian diffusion release pattern as per the applied release kinetic models. Further XRD studies revealed compatibility for the drug and polymers used in the optimized formulation F9. Thus F9 floating capsules could be a model for sustained release of the ciprofloxacin from the narrow absorption window in the stomach thereby achieving the maximum antibacterial activity and patient compliance. Keywords: Swellable, Floating, Ciprofloxacin, Buoyancy study, Release Kinetics.

3855-3858

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian, Sepideh Amouzadeh, Jafar Panahi*

D-Dimer Plasma Level Measurement is an easy and effective way of rejecting deep vein thrombosis in patients with lower limb defects, pulmonary embolism, and coagulation test disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the positive and negative cases of D-Dimer diagnostic test in patients referred to Mustafa Hospital in Ilam. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 3 months from March to May 2015 on patients referring to the emergency department of Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test [8- 10]. Moreover, P<0.05 was considered as the significance level. From among 638 patients studied, only 100 patients had the inclusion criteria for entering this study. From this number, 57(57%) patients were male, and 90(43%) patients were female with the mean age of 44.71±1.077. The job frequency of the patients were as follows: 37(37%) patients were office worker or had part-time jobs; 51(51%) patients were either unemployed or housewives; and 12(12%) patients were students. The results of the study showed that the D-Dimer test is important if the patients refers with heart problems; however, the over-administration of this test in unnecessary cases by general practitioners can be an additional burden of cost and stress on the patient, patient's family and laboratory staff. It is recommended that doctors use this test more cautiously and use the ELISA method to perform this test. Keywords: Positive, Negative, D-Dimer, Ilam, Iran.

3864-3868

Authors: Gogakar Yadilal, Manda Manisha, Eda Pavani, Malladi Navya, Chappala Alekhya, G.Hema Chandini and Chandaka Madhu

Crude fiber consists largely of cellulose (60-80%) and lignin (4-6%) plus some mineral matter. These Fibers are beneficial in treating or preventing constipation, hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, coronary heart diseases, and some type of cancer. A rapid method was developed for the quantitative estimation of crude fiber present in different natural food stuff by using Hennerberg, Stohmann and Rauterberg method. The following fruits Citrus Sinensis, Vitis Vinifera, Beta Vulgaris, Ziziphus Jujube, Musa Balbisiana and Malus Domestica show the ascending order of crude fiber percentage. The following spices Elettaria Cardamomum,Foeniculum Vulgare,Illicium Verum, Syzgium Aromaticum, Cuminum Cyminum and Cinnamomum Verum shows descending order. Key words: Crude fiber, Fruits, Spices, Hennerberg, Stohmann and Rauterberg method

3874-3878

Authors: Valentina S. Orlova*, Irina V. Kalashnikova, Mikhail I. Churnosov, Ovezmurad Ataev, Dar'ja A. Maslova

Study objective: To evaluate the functional state of the central nervous system in adolescent girls on the background of dysfunctional uterine bleeding by the electroencephalography method. Materials and methods of study. We examined 30 adolescent girls. The mean age was 14.7 ± 2.0 years old. We gave the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the alpha rhythm: regularity, zonal distribution, modulation, index, amplitude, frequency. To assess the degree and nature of the reactivity of cortical and subcortical brain structures, we performed some functional tests with the opening and closing of the eyes, rhythmic photostimulation and dosed hyperventilation. Results. It is statistically significant that the violation of almost all criteria of alpha rhythm has been confirmed. Most of the patterns indicated the presence of diffuse cerebral nonspecific changes in the regulatory plan. The changes revealed mainly concerned the middle brain structures and were of a mild to moderate functional nature. Summary. The bioelectric brain activity in patients with functional disorders of menstrual cycle was within the age limit. The deviations were of a functional nature. Key words: adolescent girls, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, puberty period, electroencephalography, alpha rhythm.

3890-3894

Authors: D.T.Tayade* R. D. Thombare, S.A. Waghmare

A novel series of 3-{4-Amino-N-[2-(dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamido-5-yl}amino-5-substitutedimino-1,2,4- dithiazole was synthesized by the oxidative cyclization of 4-amino-5-substituteddithiobiureto-N-[2- (dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamide in chloroform medium by making the use of liquid bromine as oxidizing agent. The products were characterized and justified on the basis of elemental analysis, chemical characteristics and spectral studies. Keywords:3-{4-Amino-N-[2-(dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamido-5-yl}amino-5-substituted -imino-1,2,4-dithiazole, 4- amino-5-substituteddithiobiureto-N-[2-(dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamide, Bromine in Chloroform.

3907-3912

Authors: Zaynab Bakhtiari, Shahnaz Rostami*, Bijan Keikhaei, Bahman Cheraghian

Background: Lack of awareness of mothers on the nutrition of infants’ is a major cause of malnutrition. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the effect of training mothers about complementary feeding on the growth indicators of 4 to 8 month-old infants in Dezful. Materials and Methods: This semi experimental enrolled 270 infants and their mothers from healthcare centers in Dezful, in 2015. The mothers were randomly assigned to intervention [n=135] and control [n=135] groups. Participants in the intervention group in three one-hour sessions received training programs on process of complementary feeding, familiarizing with growth and growth curves. The control group received none training programs. Anthropometric measures [body weight, height and head circumference] were assessed at baseline and after three months. Data were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-test with p≤0.05. Results: A percentage of 46.4% of mothers in the intervention group and 42.4% of mothers in the control group fall within the age range of 25 to 35 years. Similarly, loss to follow up was observed in the two studied groups [10 participants]. Compared with baseline, the body weight, height and head circumference increased more in the intervention group than in the control group, but changes were statistically significant for body weight and height [p≤0.05]. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggest that training programs can result in an increase in body weight and height but not head circumference. Therefore, it is recommended that educational programs should be allocated in healthcare centers to increase growth indicators and improve the health of children. Keywords: Complementary feeding, growth indicators, infancy.

3919-3922

Authors: Naira Nayeem

The present study deals with the variations observed in quantity of phyto constituents in the leaves of Tectona grandis which were collected from different altitudes; Chikmagalur (3,400 feet)(TGC) and Mangalore (72 ft)(TGM) representing the higher altitude and lower altitude respectively. Phytochemical variations due to different regions were studied by quantification of total phenolic acids and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity of the two extract was carried out using DPPH .The results reveal that the amount of total phenolic acids and the flavonoids was more in case of the leaves collected from the higher altitude. The leaves collected from the higher altitude exhibited better antioxidant activity, which was attributed to the difference in the quantity of phytoconstituents in the two extracts. This study, to a certain extent gives proof that altitude is one of the environmental factors that can influence the quantity of phytochemicals. Key words: Tectona grandis, altitude, anti-oxidant, DPPH.

3928-3934

Authors: Azam Sinaei, Zahra Abbaspoor*, Seyyed Esmaeil Hashemi, Nahid Javadifar

Introduction: Birth method selection is one of the most important choices of a woman's life. As a result, a study of the factors affecting this choice is essential. In recent years, the effect of different psychological factors on the attitude of childbirth has been considered. One of the most important of these factors is mother’s personality traits. Based on the division of Friedman and Rosenman, people fall into two groups of personality types A and B, each with specific characteristics. So this research aimed to determine the relationship between personality type with attitude to childbirth and the choice of delivery method. Method: This prospective cohort study was performed in 2016 on three hundred and twenty pregnant women referring to selected health care centers of Ahvaz that were selected through simple non-randomly sampling. The data collection tools were “demographic information”, “Friedman & Rosenman personality trait” and “Attitude to the choice of delivery method”. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient statistical tests, and considering significance level p<0.05. Results: The average score of attitude to birth method selection in persons with type 'A' were 158.77 and with the type 'B' was 159.37. The most selected birth methods in type A [%88.0] and type B [%87.1] personality groups were normal delivered. There was no statistically significant relationship between personality type with attitude to childbirth [p=0.45] and birth method selection [p=0.81]. Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between personality type with attitude to childbirth and choice of delivery method. However, definitive conclusions in this field require more studies. Key words: Birth method selection, personality type, attitude to childbirth

3946-3649

Authors: A.H. Sneharani

Zinc is an essential mineral playing a pivotal role in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism. Zinc deficiency affects all age groups, but the effect on growing children is very severe. Zinc deficiency is known to cause stunted growth and development in children. However, there are no reliable biomarkers of zinc status to assess health risk. Without a specific, sensitive biomarker to determine the zinc nutritional status, zinc intervention program is a struggle. Sensitive and specific analysis of zinc status is hence cardinal to defining optimal zinc status and setting evidence-based reference intake level. Given the lack of an accurate, sensitive zinc biomarker that reflects zinc nutrition across various populations and situations, research is needed to identify new biomarkers. Presently, the biochemical marker for measuring the zinc status is analyzing the plasma zinc. However, zinc homeostasis depends on many factors complicating the detection of marginal zinc deficiency. Key words: Zinc; homeostasis; markers; under nutrition; deficiency

2724-2727

Authors: Iniya Udhaya, C. and John Peter Paul, J.

In the present study, anti-oxidant activity of methanol extract of Gracilaria fergusonii J.Ag. collected from Hare Island, Thoothukudi in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India was screened. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and a reducing power by Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) assay. The percentage of scavenging activity of DPPH by methanol extract at 100μg, 200μg, 300μg, 400μg and 500μg were 31.35, 45.23, 61.76, 79.54 and 82.93% respectively. At a concentration of 100μg, 200μg, 300μg, 400μg and 500μg of methanol extract, the absorbance were 0.295, 0.302, 0.328, 0.367 and 0.384 respectively. These results similar to those obtained from the DPPH assay in which 500μg showed the highest total anti-oxidant capacity, followed by 400μg, 300μg and 200μg, and lastly 100μg. The results showed that both DPPH scavenging activity and absorbance were increased when the concentration of methanol extract was also increased. Vitamin C, a strong anti-oxidant was also used as control, and the anti-oxidant potential was compared to all tested samples. Keywords: Seaweeds, Gracilaria fergusonii, anti-oxidant, methanolic extract, Hare Island.

2735-2740

Authors: Pamula Reddy Bhavanam*

Drug is used for the treatment of insomnia and some brain disorders. The purpose of the present work is to formulate and enhance the drug release of zolpidem tartrate by the incorporation of suitable polymer in the oral dissolving films (OTF) for use in specific populations viz. geriatrics and patients experiencing difficulty in swallowing. The oral dissolving films loaded with zolpidem tartrate were prepared by solvent evaporation method using sodium CMC by adding suitable plasticizer glycerin. The prepared oral dissolving films were evaluated for drug content, weight variation, thickness, pH, folding endurance, In vitro drug release and stability studies. The evaluation parameters of zolpidem tartrate were found to be satisfactory in terms of drug content, thickness and pH. Comparison of the dissolution profiles of zolpidem tartrate oral dissolving films in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Effective drug release was achieved for zolpidem tartrate by way of preparation of oral dissolving films by solvent evaporation method. ZOL7 showed the highest drug release at the 10 min time point.The ZOL7 oral dissolving film with higher amount of superdisintegrant CCS and SSG showed fastest onset of drug release. Keywords: Zolpidem tartrate oral dissolving films, solvent evaporation method and Dissolution rate.

2745-2747

Authors: Razieh Behzadmehr1 , Morteza Salarzaei

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is the most common disease that affects human joints. This disease is one of the major causes of joint pain and also the most important cause of rheumatoid disability. Despite its high prevalence, the definition of illness is less consensual among scholars. However, what all definitions have in common is that osteoarthritis involves several scaling disorders that may have several etiologies, but have similar biological and clinical outcomes. Findings:Since osteoarthritis affects all individual components of the joints, and given that MRI has the power to show all the components of the joint, consequently, MRI has become quite common in the attempt to detect this bone disorder. This feature helps to discover the connection between building components and pain, as well as the source of pain. A precise and accurate scoring system was considered necessary to assess the accuracy of arthroplasty and the severity of osteoarthritis though MRI findings. Discussion and conclusion:The majority of studies conducted in this area have used MRI techniques as a modern and complete method for evaluation. MRI imaging technique is quite effective in examining cartilage damage in patients with osteoarthritis. Key words: MRI , osteoarthritis , review article

2755-2761

Authors: Umair Ahmed1,2*, Khalid Mehmood2 , Zohra kaneez 3 , Shahjahan Shabbir Ahmed4 , Imran Ali Sani4 , Nazeer Ahmed 4 , Ashif Sajjad2 , Zahid Mehmood2 and Mohammad Azam2

Amygdalus spinosissima also known as Prunus spinosissma belongs to the genus Prunus, its subgenus is Amygdalus. A. spinosissima is a wild thorny almond found in approximately 600 to 1500 metres above sea level. Due to its medicinal value it is used as traditional medicine all over the world. The objective of present work was to evaluate the physiochemical characteristics, total phenolic content and fatty acid composition of crude oil extracted from A. spinosissima. In this study physicochemical properties and free fatty acid value of seed oil were studied to evaluate the compositional quality of oil. The phenolic content of oil extract was found 15mg/L Gallic acid. Fatty acid composition has shown that it has high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid, C18:1 (61.8%) followed by palmitoleic acid, C16:1 (0.36%). The content of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid C18:2 was (23.32%) and saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid C16:0 was (8.19%), stearic acid, C18:0(2.07%), erucic acid, C22:0(0.21%) and myristic acid C14:0 (0.20%) were respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that the seed oil of A. spinosissima is rich in oleic acid which may be a good potential source for industrial applications. Key words: Amygdalus spinosissima, seed oil, physiochemical, phenolic compounds, GC-FID fatty acid.

2772-2776

Authors: Arezoo Sabbagh Hadi*

Cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle, is associated with cardiac dysfunction and results to severe heart failure, arrhythmias, and death. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a familial cardiomyopathy that is characterized by localized movement disorder in the wall of the right ventricle. Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is typical cardiac arrhythmia that causes hereditary or acquired cardiac arrest in patients with long QT interval and can be identified by electrocardiogram. It has been elucidated that R1193Q Polymorphism (R1193Q GGG> CAG, rs41261344)) is a functional substitution in sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 (SCN5A) gene, and correlates with cardiac arrhythmia syndromes such as ARVC and LQTS. This case-control study was conducted to consider the correlation between SCN5A rs41261344 and cardiac arrhythmia syndromes in Iranian population. In the present study, 40 patients with LQTS, and 40 patients with ARVC, and 80 healthy subjects as controls were analyzed for SCN5A rs41261344 by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) and 10 samples from each group were sequenced. The SCN5A rs41261344 C allele with a frequency of 100% was present in all the patients and the healthy subjects. However, we did not observe SCN5A rs41261344 T allele in our enrolled subjects. In fact, the frequency of T allele was calculated zero. Regard to very low frequency of the R1193Q polymorphism minor allele, SCN5A rs41261344 T allele, in our cohort, it can be suggested that other mutations may be associated with cardiac arrhythmia syndromes such as ARVC and LQTS in Iranian population. Key Words: Cardiomyopathy, RFLP PCR, R1193Q polymorphism, SCN5A, ARVC, Long QT.

2783-2788

Authors: Zahra Khalili , Mostafa Farahbakhsh, Shahla Damanabi

Since mental health is directly related to individual and social performance and psychosocial harm, and upgrading it requires the availability of appropriate information systems and the collection of data and indicators, it has become, nowadays, one of the most important topics within the realm of healthcare services. The present study was conducted using descriptive-applied method. Initially, an interview was conducted with a number of mental health professionals to identify the status of the information system and mental health indicators in the primary care setting. Then, required mental health indicators were identified within primary healthcare through questionnaire and the results were formulated in the form of information system model and mental health indicators in primary care by using Delphi method. A total of 55 mental health indicators were selected in the primary care system; of these total number, 35 indicators were accepted by the panel of experts, which are categorized into four main categories of context, inputs, processes and functions, and result and output; finally, obtained findings were presented as mental health information system model..This research has identified the current state of the Mental Health Information System (MIS) and suggested practical information domains for planning useful managers in order to provide appropriate mental health services in the primary health care system. Key Words: Presenting a Model, Mental Health, Healthcare,primery care

2796-2798

Authors: Morteza salarzaei , Shahram Salehi-Rad , Ali Alidadi 3 , Fateme Parooei *

Introduction: Cataract is one of the underlying causes of poor vision and blindness. Quality of life and increased longevity have led to the prevalence of cataract in developed and developing countries. Based on the results of different studies, the incidence of cataract doubles with a 10-year-increase in age after the age of 40 in Australia; so, by a rule of thumb, all people are suffering from cataract at the age of 90. Methodology: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Cataract surgery in children. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Cataract surgery in children were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had investigated Cataract surgery in children. Findings: Surgical procedure, the unique physiological response to surgery, and the improvement of visual acuity are the most common, and possible, problems with cataract surgery in children. Although cataract therapy in children requires group work, the role of surgery is undeniable in achieving desirable visual outcomes, and experience with the awareness of the differences and challenges of cataract treatment in children compared to adults is the basis of this role. Discussion and conclusion: Pre-operative eye examinations are appropriate for, and off course different in, each stage during operation, and ultimately, the post-surgical procedure and follow-up considerations in general, especially in children. An ophthalmologist's surgeon should be aware of the details of the issues as a head of the group in cataract surgery in children. Having knowledge about these differences leads to better surgical results, better vision and less complications. Key word: Cataract , surgery , children

2805-2807

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Morteza Salarzaei 1 , Mahmood Anbari *2, Alireza Abrishami 3, Ali Alidadi 4, Dadkhoda soofi

Introduction:Tuberculosis is the most common cause of death from single-agent infectious diseases in the world, and it is considered to tenth cause of death all over the world; according to estimates, this disease will keep occupying the same position in regard with mortality rate and it might even rise up to the seventh place by 2020. Method:In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies TB diagnostic methods and involved responses. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the TB diagnostic methods and involved responses were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had iTB diagnostic methods and involved responses. Findings: Most common diagnostic methods for tuberculosis include clinical suspicion, response to treatment, chest torsion, direct measles tuberculin test, mycobacterium culture, and Nucleic Acid Amplification methods. The ideal test for active pulmonary tuberculosis should be easy to apply, with highly sensitive and accurate findings; it should be cheap and have the same results under different conditions. Discussion and conclusion:Thus, the presence of complex defense systems in the body is the main cause of resistance against this fatal disease. Medical knowledge can identify the immune response network to this pathogen, which, in turn, helps the development of new-generation vaccines and more effective treatment for fighting as well as possible against this deadly disease. Key words:TB, diagnostic ,involved response

2817-2829

Authors: K.Ramanji Reddy*1 , Dr.Chandaka Madhu 2 , Dr.J.Balaji Chandra Mouli3 , Dr.B.Jagan Mohan Reddy3 , Penumala Joshi 2 , Ballavarapu Sharanya 2

The present study was undertaken to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of musa acuminata and mangifera indica . Method and methodlogy: The total Phenolic content was determined using folinciocalteau method while the total flavanoid content was determined using aluminum chloride method. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the Reducing power assay , Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, and DPPH scavenging activity. Result: In the present study we have conclude that Mangifera Indica has a significant activity than Musa Acuminata Key words: Mangifera Indica, Musa Acuminata, DPPH Scavenging Activity, Nitricoxide Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Activity.

2833-2844

Authors: Kousar Begum*, Sathyabratha Jena, Konatham Monika ,B.Jagadeesh Babu,M.Reshma and A.Aravanthi

Nano technology is an innovation for the drug targeting to release the drug in short duration of time at a specific site. Nano sized particles are having the more dissolution velocity to increase the drug action and these are majorly useful for the poorly solubilised drugs to increase its solubility and enhance the bio availability. This article explains about the nanosuspensions, in which drug particles are distributed uniformly throughout the vehicle. Which exhibit its maximum solubility and ready to use through any route of administration? Recently nanosuspensions are ment for oral route for administration. This review explains about the stability of nano suspensions compared to other oral liquid dosage forms, classification, methods of preparation with its major advantages, limitations, properties of nanosuspensions, evaluation methods and its pharmaceutical applications. Key words: Nano technology, nano suspension, classification, methods of preparation, evaluation parameters

2853-2859

Authors: Azam Meyari, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Mahdi Biglarkhani, Roshanak Mokaberinejad5, Mojgan Tansaz*

Wet-cupping is an old procedure used for treating different disorders in ancient and nowadays it used for managing of pain, some dermal disorders and metabolic disorders. In this study we aimed to assess effectiveness of wet-cupping on blood sugar in clinical trials. A comprehensive literature search for all published studies using PubMed, Science direct, Medline, Ovid Google scholar and three Iranian Medical Databases was performed for English and Persian language studies from inception through to October 2016. The studies included should be clinical trials, cohort and case-control studies by using combinations of the terms including “Wet-cupping”, “Hijamat”, “diabetes”, “glucose” and “blood sugar”. All authors independently extracted information and evaluated methodological quality according to 'CONSORT' assessment checklist. The full manuscripts of all citations that were likely to meet our study objective were selected and obtained. In cases of duplicate publication, we selected the most recent and complete versions. From the 252 citations identified from electronic searches, at beginning, we found 25 related articles. Out of these articles 5 ones including 367 subjects meet our study objectives. These articles were not highly qualified. There was no significant difference on fasting blood sugar of those with normal blood sugar after wet-cupping; while the blood sugar of diabetes cases was decreased for a short period time; however it was not remained after a long term follow up. Although there is a diminished blood sugar of diabetes participants after wet-cupping, considering small number of clinical trials and methodological poor quality, the more studies is needed to confirm these changes. Key Words: Wet-Cupping, Hijamat,Fasting Blood Sugar, A Review.

2866-2871

Authors: Zahra Reisi, Bayan Saberipour , Mohammad Adineh*, Elham Abdolahi Shahvali

Background and Purpose: Understanding the various methods of triage in different situations and locations is one of the most important needs of the training staff, especially nurses. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of nurses working in the emergency department. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study was carried out with the participation of 73 nurses working in the emergency department of Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals who were enrolled in the study in 2017. The data gathering tool includes a questionnaire for the Features of the individual characteristics and the knowledge and practice of emergency personnel from triage systems in Iran [α = 0.3]. Data were analyzed using descriptive-inferential statistics in SPSS version 20. Findings: Results showed that 87.7% [64 people] had poor knowledge, 12.3% [9 people] had moderate knowledge about different methods of triage, and 93.2% [68 people] had moderate performance and 6.8% [5 people] had poor performance to use different methods of triage. The mean total score of nurses 'knowledge was 20.55 ± 8 and the mean score of nurses' performance was moderate [44.64 ± 8.82]. Statistical analysis showed a significant statistical relationship. Conclusion: Considering the low level of knowledge and practice of nurses working, it is necessary to organize training courses for triage, to implement interventions and educational research in this field and equip the emergency ecological environment and staff performance from different systems of triage to improve and promote treatment services. Keywords: triage, nurse, awareness, performance

2876-2880

Authors: Ali Afshari, Arash Khalili, Saeedeh Almasi, Neda Ali Mohammadi, Nastaran Pourkhorshidi, Leila Bozorgiyan, Maryam Malmir*

Musculoskeletal injuries are major part of occupational injuries in various nursing workforce is allocated. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of occupational injuries among nurses in intensive care unit in health education hospitals of Hamadan. In this cross-sectional study, nordic standard questionnaire to all nurses in the intensive care unit in Hamadan city were distributed. The collected data analyzed by SPSS version 16 to compare the statistics of occupational injuries and chisquare test and Fisher's exact test was used. 94 of nurses working in intensive care units, 57.1 percent of the participants were between 30 and 40 years of age and 80% were female. There is no significant relationship between workers and the number of sites with skeletal problems in areas shoulders, wrists, hands and fingers, elbow and arm and leg was found (P <0.05). The most frequent injury of the neck, spine and legs. Greater awareness of risk factors and how to adjust them to the nurses should be given to healthy and non-injured personnel is better this training before the arrival of medical personnel to be available to this group. Key words: Occupational Injuries, Injury, Nurse

2887-2889

Authors: Morteza Salarzaei , Fateme Parooei , Mahmood Anbari *

Introduction: Pregnancy is a common and prevalent medical condition in the field of carbohydrate intolerance which affects the phenomenon of pregnancy and can lead to undesirable outcomes and high-risk childbirth and affect the mother and the fetus. The most important concerns are overgrowth of the fetus, maternal damage following fetal macrosomia, as well as other fetal and maternal complications, especially preeclampsia. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies investigating Control and treatment of pregnancy diabetes. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Control and treatment of pregnancy diabetes in women were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had investigated Control and treatment of pregnancy diabetes. Results:. According to studies conducted in this area, nutritional interventions along with close monitoring of blood glucose levels are considered as a primary treatment option, and drug therapy will start in the event of a failure of dietary changes in controlling blood sugar levels. Discussion and conclusion: Along with global prevalence of obesity, lifestyle has led to an increase in the weight of pregnant mothers. Obese and overweight pregnant women are at higher risk for pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes. Treatment for patients with gestational diabetes provides an ideal context for implementing primary interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes. Key words: Pregnancy, diabetic patients, Control, treatment

2893-2897

Authors: V.Mrudula*, Prof T.Vijaya, Dr.K.Chandra Mouli

Heavy metals are effecting the environment have been increasing continuously as a result of industrial activities and technological development and possess a significant threat to human beings, plants, animals and environment. Heavy metals causes liver and lungs damage, bone generation and blood damage. The metals can be removed by various technological methods but they are costly and possess less accurate results. To overcome from these a research study was carried out to biologically approach the accumulation of heavy metals by endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi was isolated from Terminalia Palida an endemic plant of Tirumala hills and pure cultures of endophytes were isolated and stored at 28±1°C and was screened with different concentrations of selective heavy metals and the heavy metal resistance endophytic fungi was evaluated and molecular identification of endophytic fungi was carried out by 18S rRNA gene amplification and Sanger’s nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using NCBI Clustal W. Keywords: Endophytic fungi, heavy metal, endemic plant and screening.

2901-2907

Authors: Dr. Nadeem Naeem*, Dr. Anwar Ali Jamali, DR. Muhammad Akram Bajwa, Dr. Abdul Salam Dal

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of death due to elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP ≥20 IU/ml) in HCV patients suffering from HCC in Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad/Jamshoro MATERIAL & METHODS: This case series study was conducted in the department of department of Medicine Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad/Jamshoro, with six months from 4TH October 2014 to April 2014. All the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis C virus, raised alpha fetoprotein levels (20IU/ml), HCC newly or recent diagnosed i.e. diagnosed within last 6m, tumour size more than or equal to 3cm, adult population (if they are having underlying HCV related HCC) either gender were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 165 HCC patients were enrolled in this study with average age + SD 55.8+10.112 years.152(92.1%) were male and 13(7.87%) were female. 92(55.7%) were middle class, 51(30.9%) patients were from rich families and 22(13.3%) consisted to poor class of socio-economic status. Mean duration + SD (range) of HCC was 12.53 + 7.23 (1 to 48 years). 29(17.5%) patients had tumor size < 3 cm, 66(40.0%) had tumor size 3 to 5 cm whereas 70(42.4%) patients had tumor size > 5 cm. 32(19.3%) patients had normal serum alpha fetoprotein level (< 20 IU/ml), 38(23.0%) moderately elevated alpha fetoprotein level (20 to 399 IU/ml) while 95(57.5%) patients had markedly elevated serum alpha fetoprotein level(≥400 IU/ml). Overall mortality was seen in 68(41.1%). Tumor size > 5 cm and markedly elevated AFP (≥400 IU/ml), duration of HCC were found to be significant causes and biomarkers of mortality in HCC patients respectively (p value 0.01, < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: HCC patients with elevated AFP levels determine a higher mortality rate, which appears to be attributable to the growth promoting properties of AFP. Key words: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Alpha feto-protein, HCV

2920-2932

Authors: Vinutha Kommineni, K.P.R.Chowdary* and S.V.U.M.Prasad