INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

777-787

Authors: Rakesh Pahwa*, Shwetakshi Sharma,Abhinav Singh Rana, Anshul Garg and Inderbir Singh

Orally disintegrating tablets have carved a significant role amongst the oral drug delivery systems owing to their enhanced patient compliance especially in the geriatrics and pediatrics. These tablets offer numerous substantial advantages over conventional dosage forms because of improved efficacy, bioavailability and rapid onset of action. Use of natural superdisintegrants in the development of orally disintegrating tablets has numerous benefits such as chemically inert, non-toxic, less expensive, biodegradable and widely available. The present manuscript is an earnest attempt to illustrate ideal properties, significance and formulation aspect of orally disintegrating tablets especially the use of superdisintegrants. Various natural superdisintegrants utilized in the development of orally disintegrating tablets have also been discussed. Keywords: Orally disintegrating tablets, Natural superdisintegrants, Gums, Mucilages, Disintegration time

794-803

Authors: S. N. H. Pratap*, P. Spandana, A.H.V.Siddhardha Varma

Liquid solid compact technology is a novel approach to enhance bioavailability of a BCS class II drug by improving its solubility and dissolution rate of the drug. Liquisols are the formulations which make the solid drug transforms into its solubilized state and further it will be converted into a free flowing powder with good flow properties that is suitable for per-oral administration. Ketoprofen is a BCS class II drug with poor aqueous solubility and limited its bioavailability. In the present study, liquid solid technique is used to enhance the bioavailability of Ketoprofen. Liquisols of Ketoprofen were prepared using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 as liquid vehicle, Avicel pH 102 as carrier and Aerosil 200 as coating material. All the nine formulations were prepared using 30%, 40% and 50% concentration of drug in liquid vehicle and a Carrier: Coating ratios of 10:1, 15:1, 20:1. All the formulations were subjected for preformulation studies for drug polymer compatibility, saturation solubility studies. The unit doses were calculated and the flow properties of the powder were estimated using Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio and angle of repose. The final preparations were filled in hard gelatin capsules and subjected for dissolution studies using pH 7.4 phosphate buffer in order to find out the optimized formula. Finally, the optimized formula was compared with a marketed tablet to study the enhancement in bioavailability and the results showed a quick release of drug from Liquisols. Keywords: Ketoprofen, Liquisols, Mathematical model, liquid load factor, Solubility, Dissolution, Bioavailability

809-813

Authors: Ch. Krishna Mohan*, V. Soundarya, R. Vasanth Kumar, L. Kiran Kumar, K. Vamshi Sharathnath, B. Narender

The Borassus flabellifer is a tall, erect palm, easy to recognize by its large, fan-shaped leaves which are quite unlike the pinnate leaves of other palms. The different parts of the plant are used for ailments like secondary syphilis, anti periodic, heart burns, liver and spleen enlargement. The chemical constituents of Borassus flabellifer include gums, albuminoids, fats, steroidal glycosides and carbohydrates like sucrose. The fresh pulp is reportedly rich in vitamins A and C. The fresh sap is reportedly a good source f vitamin B-complex. The male inflorescence constitutes borassosides and dioscin, spirostane-type steroid saponins. Though the plant has pharmacognostical potentials no standardization has been done pharmacologically, hence form the basis for performing the work. These data’s would help in the development of a leaf profile for the plant. Keywords: Borassus flabellifer, borassosides, anti inflammatory activity, vitamin A

821-825

Authors: Amit Gupta, Ratnakar Chitte, Sushama R Chaphalkar

In order to compared its immunopharmacological activity of protease (against Casein) and aqueous leaves extract of Adhatoda vasica (using phosphate buffered saline, PBS, pH 7.2) against hepatitis B Vaccine containing surface antigen (HBsAg; 20 µg/ml) and determined antibody (IgG) production through indirect Elisa and also examined its proliferative response including nitric oxide production. For these studies, qualitative assays were determined and evaluate the presence of secondary metabolites in aqueous leaves extract whereas concentration of protein is also determined for protease separation. The results showed that aqueous leaves extract and protease at higher doses showed enhancement in anti-HBsAg IgG titre as compared to standard and control but there is sudden decline in proliferation including NO production containing HBsAg at higher doses. In short, protease and aqueous leaves extract of Adhatoda vasica could be a potent immune enhancer of B cells and inhibitor of T cells. Key words: Adhatoda vasica; aqueous extract; protease; nitric oxide; proliferation; Elisa

831-835

Authors: Seeram. Hariprasad1*, G. Susheela Bhai1 , B. Kishore Babu1 , CH.Madhu1 , G. Ravi Kumar1 , A. Hymavathi1 , J.Santhosh kumar1 , S. Nageswara rao2

Green method is simple, cost effective and eco- friendly method. In last decades, Nanotechnology is developed very rapidly. Nano particles are solid particles with size range between 1-100 nm. Copper nano particles are prepared from variety of medicinal plant leaves extract followed by characterized by using characterization techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD,UV-VISIBLE,FT-IR. In this manuscript we report general synthesis, Characterization and antimicrobial activities of copper nano particles. Key words: Copper nano particles, Nano science and Nanotechnology.

841-845

Authors: Dewan Md. Sumsuzzman3 , Turabe Farah Chowdhury4 , Israt Jahan Bulbul1 , Yesmin Begum

The aim of conducting this study is to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the ethanolic leaf and fruit extracts of Ficus hispida to rationalize its primitive medicinal contemplation. F. hispida was subjected to bacterial inquisition by disc diffusion stratagemin opposition to Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria conducting kanamycin as standard. The leaf extract ascertained good antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 13 mm zone of inhibition and moderate activity against Bacillus cereus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus with 11mm and 10 mm zone of inhibition respectively. But the organisms were not sensitive to the fruit extract. Antioxidant activity of the plant was evaluated spectrophotometrically using DPPH and ascorbic acid as standard. The leaf and fruit extracts explicated significant antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 41.68 μg/ml, 28.39 μg/ml successively compared with the standard ascorbic acid at 45.78 μg/ml. The cytotoxic activity of F. hispida was scrutinized by brine shrimp lethality bioassay utilizing vincristine sulfate as standard. The ethanolic leaves and fruits extract revealed auspicious cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 10.32 μg/ml, 14.69μg/ml consecutively, inwhere; LC50 of Vincristine sulphate was 6.11 µg/ml. This article may provide optimistic empirical data to fact-finders and it can be further outstretchedto disengage the bio-active components owing to determine the antioxidant as well as cytotoxic activity in human cell line. Key words: Ficus hispida, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic activity.

854-861

Authors: Madala Anuradha

A simple, specific and accurate stability indicating reverse phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the estimation of Azilsartan Medoxil in its bulk form. Azilsartan medoxil is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. Chromatography was performed using C18 column Qualisil Gold (250 X 4.6 mm, 5μm) with mobile phase consisting 0.2% trifluroacetic acid in acetonitrile and 0.2% trifluroacetic acid in MilliQ water in the ratio of 62:38.The pH was adjusted to 3 with orthophosphoric acid. The detection was carried out at 248nm and retention time (RT) of Azilsartan Medoxil was found to be 7.353min.The developed method was statistically validated for linearity(20-120 µg/ml) and the results of precision, accuracy, specificity, LOD(0.0186µg/ml), and LOQ(0.0613 µg/ml) were well within limits. Azilsartan Medoxil was subjected to stress conditions including acidic, alkaline, oxidative, photolysis and thermal degradation and the results showed that it was highly sensitive to alkaline conditions followed by liable to photolytic, oxidative, thermal, acidic and neutral stress conditions. The degraded products were well resolved from the analyte peak with significant difference in their RT values. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Keywords: Azilsartan medoxil, Reverse phase, ICH, Chromatography

867-879

Authors: T.Balakrishna*, S.Vidyadhara, RLC.Sasidhar, G.Kusuma Kumari

All dispensed medicinal products will need to be dispensed to the patient in a suitable product container. The function of a container for a medicinal product is to maintain the quality, safety and stability of its contents. Although different pharmaceutical preparations will be packaged in different containers depending on the product type, pharmaceutical packaging can largely be grouped. It is device used for providing protection, presentation, identification, information and convenience for pharmaceuticals product from the moment of production until it is used or administered. Drugs need more care in their packaging than do most other product, because any failure in their packing could result in changes in the drug that lead either to a failure to cure, to illness, to injury or even cause death of patient. It should protect the drug product from physical and chemical damage, and also give protection from mechanical and climatic hazards and microbial contamination. It should provide maximum possible information related to the dosage form, provide special precautions specified for different under schedules. Its area not only helps in creation of wealth, preserving product quality, but also lengthens the shelf life of products. This review provides maximum possible information regarding the materials, additives, tests used for manufacturing of containers and closures. Keywords: Containers & closures, Additives, Types, Problems & Tests.

892-899

Authors: Mawhoob N. Alkadasi* 1 , E.T. Putaiah2 , Gamal A.A_ameri, Ali Sallam, Kamal Olyoa3 , Arif Alameri4

Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and its associated risks factors among pregnant women and to asses s the relation of some abnormalities and infection with Toxoplasmosis in Alkaeda province ibb city. Methodology: This pr ospective study was conducted at Alkaeda Hospital, over a 6 months period (March’ 2016 to August’ 2016). The study was a pproved by the Alrahma Medical collage and written informed consents were obtained from the patients. The study group co mprised pregnant women. Samples were tested for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antipodies by using OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid Test-Cassette. The OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid Test is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for the simultane ous detection and differentiation of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma Gondii (T. gondii) in human serum or plasma. This kit is i ntended to be used as a screening test and as an aid in the diagnosis of infection with T. gondii. Any reactive specimen with t he OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid Test must be confirmed with alternative testing method(s) and clinical findings. Results: In the present study found that 13 sample (13%) were seropositive and 87 cases (87%) were seronegative for Toxo plasma specific IgG antibody and 4 samples (4%) were seropositive and 96 samples (96%) were seronegative for toxoplasm a specific IgM antibody. The distribution of positive serum samples among the different age groups for anti-Toxoplasma gon dii IgG and IgM showed that pregnant woman of the age group 23-30 years had the highest percentage (17.78 % and 6.68% ) of positive results respectively. In present study of all cases,71 living in village which 4 (13.8%) cases of them were detecte d as IgG and 3(3.5) cases of them were detected as IgM. Of all cases 68 had history of contact with cat which 10(14.7) cases of them were detected as IgG positive and 4(5.9) cases of them were detected as IgM. In the present study showed that the s eropositivity of Toxoplasma in relation to the number of times the antenatal woman experienced BOH revealed that the high est percentages (13.20%) of positivity was noted among women with a history of one BOH and seropositive cases were distri buted in relation to the type of BOH revealed that Abortion (66.67%) was the commonest form of pregnancy wastage.. Keywords: Prevalence Of Toxoplasmosis Among Pregnant Women And Risk Factors.

905-915

Authors: Sreekanth Kakarla* 1 , Geetha Kodali2 , Ganapaty Seru3

A simple, sensitive and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of the levodopa (LEV) and carbidopa (CAR) in human plasma. Following solid phase extraction, the electron rich elements in the protein, which were triggered during analysis of small molecules, were eliminated to avoid matrix effect, using alumina-A cartridges. The analytes (levodopa and carbidopa) and internal standard (methyldopa) were analysed using mobile phase of constant eluting strength on phenominex kinetex biphenyl, 50 mm x 3 mm, 2.6 µm column and were analyzed by an LC-MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H]+ ions, m/z 198→ 152 for levodopa, m/z 227→ 181 for carbidopa and m/z 212→ 166 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 5 to 2000 ng/mL for levodopa and 2 to 500 ng/mL of carbidopa. The lower limit of quantification was 5 ng/mL for levodopa and 2 ng/mL for carbidopa with a relative standard deviation of less than 1.0%. This LC-MS/MS method was validated with intra-batch and inter-batch precision and accuracy. Results for precision and accuracy for LEV and CAR are in range of 3.4 – 5.6 %, 4.1 to 6.4 % and 99.6 – 101.3 %, 94.5 – 102.2 % respectively. This validated method is simple and repeatable to use in bioequivalence/pharmacokinetic studies. Key Words: Levodopa, Carbidopa, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, human plasma.

926-944

Authors: M. V. N. L. Chaitanya1*, S. P. Dhanabal 2, B. Duraiswamy3 , P. Dhamodaran4, Sameer varma5

The present research is focused on the phytochemical and biological investigation of Solanum mauritianum as a potent human dual topo I & II poisons. A good amount of secondary metabolites like alkaloids ( 163.10 µg/g Atropine equivalents), phenolics (119.94 ug/g µg/g Gallic acid equivalents), flavanoids (59.94 µg/g quercetin equivalents) and saponins ( 14.2 % w/w) were identified from this plant. First time, a novel saponin glycoside Tetrahydro-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(octadecahydro-2,7,10a-trimethyl-1propylchrysen-8-yloxy)-2H-Pyran-3,4,5-triol (CH1) was isolated from the chloroform fraction of the aerial parts of this plant using flash chromatography, a total ESI-MS spectra was carried out in negative mode. The saponins namely, Nocturnoside –b, Protodioscine, Paraquisoside –b, Solanine, Solasodine and Solasonine were identified based on the mass peaks. The isolated compound CH1 also showed good CTC50 values on A- 549 (53.7±1.7), MCF-7 (64.6±1.2) & HCT-116 (72.8±0.6) incompare to standard Quercetin. Based on docking results on topoisomerase I ( 1K4T, 3AL2) and topoisomerase II (1ZXN, 3QX3) showed the apoptosis is may be due to dual topo- poisoning activity. The isolated compound (CH-1) arrest the cell cycle at S Phase and showed dual human topopoison I & II activity at 200 µg/ml. Key words: Saponins, Flash chromatography, CTC50 Values , human dual topo I & II Poisons, saponins and Tetrahydro-2-(hydroxymethyl)- 6-(octadecahydro-2,7,10a-trimethyl-1propylchrysen-8-yloxy)-2H-Pyran-3,4,5-triol (CH1).