INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

1461-1469

Authors: K. Venkateswara Reddy1* , Shimoga Nagaraj Sriharsha1 and S. Sujatha

The objective of the present study is to evaluate HPMC K100M, HPMC K15M and carbopol 934P as matrix formers in this design of floating tablets of tapentadol, a poorly water soluble drug. Floating tablet s of tapentadol (100 mg) were formulated employing (i) HPMC K100M (ii) HPMC K15M and (iii) Carbopol 934P as matrix formers at 30% and 50% strength, sodium bicarbonate at 7.5%, 10% & 12.5% strength as gas generating agent and the tablets were evaluated for floating and drug releases characteristics. Tapentadol floating tablets formulated employing HPMC K100M and HPMC K15M as matrix formers at 50% strength and containing sodium bicarbonate (12.5%) as gas generating agent exhibited floating over 36 to 48 h with a floating lag time of less than 1 min. These floating tablets also gave slow and controlled release of tapentadol over 24 h and were found suitable for once a day administration (24 h). HPMC K100M and HPMC K15M were better suitable as matrix formers than Carbopol 934P for floating tablets of tapentadol, a poorly water soluble drug. Key Words: Floating tablets, tapentadol Hydrochloride, HPMC K100M, Carbopol, and zero order release.

1482-1487

Authors: Muhammad Amer1 , Zubair Saeed2 , Saeed Ur Rashid Nazir2 , M. Nadeem3 , Misbah Sultana4

The objective of the current study was to develop oral formulation of Clopidogrel Bisulphate 75mg tablet and perform the accelerated stability study to obtain the stable product by using the various lubricants like magnesium stearate, stearic acid and pregelatinized starch. Three different formulations of tablets were prepared and coded as F1, F2 and F3 containing the various lubricants i.e. magnesium stearate, stearic acid and combination of magnesium stearate and pregelatinized starch respectively. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method and the compressed tablets were film coated. The tablets were placed in a stability chamber and accelerated stability studies at 400C and 75% RH were carried out at time 0, 3 and 6 months duration. In accelerated stability study, various tests were performed including hardness, disintegration, chemical assay and in-vitro dissolution test. After preparation of tablets, the physical and chemical parameters of tablets at zero period of time were tested, and were found within their specification. After test the tablets were kept in the stability chamber for six months. After three and six months the physical and chemical parameters of tablets were also tested. According to the results, the formulations containing the magnesium stearate and stearic acid degraded with the passage of time but the formulation containing the combination of pre-gelatinized starch and magnesium stearate were more stable as compared to the formulations containing the lubricants as magnesium stearate and stearic acid. Key words: Clopidogrel Bisulphate, Pregelatinized starch, Accelerated stability studies, In-vitro dissolution

1492-1497

Authors: Mrityunjoy Das1 , Md. Sohanur Rahman2 , Md. Maniruzzaman3 and Md. Belal Uddin*

Acacia nilotica L. commonly has been used in folk medicine to treat different diseases. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the presence of nutrients and demonstrate the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of the correspondence plant leaves extract. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract of leaves of A. nilotica was carried out by using simple chemical tests. Antimicrobial activity of the extract against diarrheal bacteria was performed by disc diffusion method. The cytotoxicity was determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone, steroid, triterpenes, terpenoid, gum, amino acids and proteins but fixed oils and fat was absent. It exhibited potent activity against all bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the extract was 128µg/ml against both Shigella boydii and Vibrio cholerae. The extract showed significant toxicity to the brine shrimp nauplii giving LC50 was 395.581 ppm. The plant leaves extract might be used as a good source of nutrient. It also could be used as antibacterial agent in the future as herbal medicine. Further study on different solvent extracts would be carried out to elucidate the active principles for its outmost activity. Keywords: Phytochemical, Acacia nilotica, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, MIC

1512-1520

Authors: Narendra Kumar and S. M. Paul Khurana

M. charantia L. (Bitter gourd) is a delicate flowering vine in the family of Cucurbitaceae. The plant has climbing nature with elongated fruit.The unripe fruit is white or green in color and has a bitter taste that becomes more pronounced as the fruit ripens. It is used in cooking for its bitter flavor, typically in stir-fries, soups, for tea,culinary purposes and that can purify our blood.The leaf and fruit contain considerable amount of carbohydrate,significantly (P<0.05) higher than the amount present in the seed. Percent of moisture, total ash, crude fat and crude fibre are low in the seed. The most abundant mineral present in the leaf of M. charantia is calcium significantly greater than the amount of sodium, potassium, manganese, zinc, magnesium, iron and copper present and vitamins A, E, C, B12 and folic acid . While trace amount of vitamins B3, B6, A, D and K were also found present.The review records nutritive value,antidiabetic potential work done in present scenario as it is said to regulate blood sugar. Keywords: M. charantia L., nutrient profile, carbohydrate,vitamins, antidiabetic.

1534-1545

Authors: Yalla Karunakar Reddy1 , G. S.Valluri2 , K. Kishore3 , Dr.G.Vijaya Kumar*

In the present research work sustained release matrix formulation of Metronidazole targeted to colon by using various polymers developed. To achieve pH-independent drug release of Metronidazole, pH modifying agents (buffering agents) were used. Colon targeted tablets were prepared in two steps. Initially core tablets were prepared and then the tablets were coated by using different pH dependent polymers. Ethyl cellulose, Eudragit L100 and S100 were used as enteric coating polymers. The precompression blend of all formulations was subjected to various flow property tests and all the formulations were passed the tests. The tablets were coated by using polymers and the coated tablets were subjected to various evaluation techniques. The tablets were passed all the tests. Among all the formulations F3 formulation was found to be optimized as it was retarded the drug release up to 12 hours and showed maximum of 98.69% drug release. It followed zero order kinetics mechanism. Key Words: Metronidazole, Colon targeted tablets.

1552--1558

Authors: Gampa Vijaya Kumar1 , Dr.Y.Sridhar2 , V.Swetha2 , S.Raju

Plantago Asiatica has antioxidant activity against Azathioprine induced oxidative stress in rats by decreasing the oxidative stress biomarkers serum creatinine, serum urea in kidneys. Plantago Asiatica has antioxidant effect, elevated by measuring antioxidant enzymes. There is increase in superoxide dismutase in liver and kidney tissues in Azathioprine induced oxidative stress in rats. Plantago Asiatica has high scavenging activity against DPPH free radical generating system. Plantago Asiatica has nephropretective effect against Azathioprine induced toxicity in kidneys by observing the histopathological changes in rat kidney tissues. Plantago Asiatica has many pharmacological activities like anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antibacterial, anti-HIV, and antihelmntic activities. Key Words: Plantago Asiatica, antioxidant activity.

1565-1572

Authors: Hanaa Saleh, Gamal H. Ragab, Mohammed A. Othman

A sensitive, simple, selective and accurate HPLC method was developed and validated for analysis of antiviral drug Daclatasvir (BMS-790052, DCV) in pure form and in tablet dosage form in the presence of its degradation products. The chromatographic separation achieved by isocratic elution on Hypersil BDS C18, 4.6×150 mm, 5µm column at 25˚c. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.05M Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH-4.5) and acetonitrile in ratio of 50:50 (v/v). The injection volume was 10µl. The flow rate was 1ml/ minute. The detection wavelength was 320 nm. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines; it was precise, accurate and robust. The calibration curve of Daclatasvir was linear in range 0.5- 100µg/ml with a correlation coefficient ≥ 0.999. Also the validated method was helpful for rapid routine analysis as the run time was less than 3 minute; the retention time for Daclatasvir was about 2.33 minute. The method was successfully applied to analysis of Daclatasvir in tablet form and the recovery was from 99.71% to 100.86%. Keywords: HPLC, stability indicating, Daclatasvir, tablets

1581-1592

Authors: M. Balakrishnaiah*1,2, V. Rama Mohan Gupta2

Solubility is an important physicochemical factor affecting absorption of the drug and its therapeutic effectiveness. Drugs having poor aqueous solubility is one of the major confronts better absorption for good bioavailability of such drugs. The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize solid dispersions of the poorly water soluble antihypertensive agent valsartan with water soluble carriers such as Kolliphor P 407, Kolliphor P 188, Kolliwax GMS II, HPMC AS and Soluplus in proportions viz. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 (Drug: Carrier) to improving its aqueous solubility and rate of dissolution by solvent evaporation technique. All the formulations showed marked improvement in the solubility behavior and improved drug release. From all the formulations SD6 was found to be optimized formulation using soluplus as a carrier based on the solubility and dissolution studies. The results obtained showed that the aqueous solubility and rate of dissolution was significantly improved when formulated in solid dispersion as compare to pure drug. Keywords: Valsartan, solid dispersions, soluplus, aqueous solubility

1611-1623

Authors: Amal M. Abou Al Alamein1 , Hassan A. M. Hendawy2 , Nourhan O. ElABD* 2,3 , Maissa Y. Salem

A simple, sensitive, rapid and precise method was developed using voltammetric techniques namely; cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse and square wave voltammetry for the determination of Tromantadine Hydrochloride (TH) at three different working electrodes namely; glassy carbon (GCE), carbon paste (CPE) and pencil graphite (PGE) electrodes. Firstly, we began with cyclic voltammetric analyses to optimize the voltammetric conditions. TH cyclic voltammogram revealed a well-defined irreversible anodic peak at about 0.751 V, 0.692 V and 0.784 V at GCE, CPE and PGE, respectively. The oxidation process was shown to be irreversible diffusion-controlled for GCE and PGE and adsorptive stripping for CPE. Based on this study, a sensitive quantitative method is recommended for the determination of TH as a pure raw material and in its pharmaceutical formula. The proposed method is validated and compared with the results obtained from the reported valid method. It revealed good accuracy and reproducible results. Keywords: Tromantadine Hydrochloride; Voltammetry; Electrochemical Determination; Oxidation; Adsorptive Stripping; Glassy Carbon Electrode; Carbon Paste Electrode; Pencil Graphite Electrode.

1316-1321

Authors: Hitesh N. Jain

Objectives: The objective of the present study is to formulate the sustained release matrix tablet of Pregabalin using various matrix polymers which release the drug up to 24 hours. As the dose of Pregabalin is 50mg thrice a day so to reduce the dosage frequency and to increase patient compliance. Experimental Work: The sustained release tablets of Pregabalin were prepared by direct compression method. For this, various polymers like HPMC K4M, Ethocel, Polyox WSR 301 and Polyox WSR 303 were used in various concentrations. The formulations were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation and % drug release etc. Result and Discussion: From the result obtained, showed that all the pre-compression and post compression parameters are within limit for the batch and out of all the batch containing Polyox WSR 301 and Polyox WSR 303 (i.e. F9 and F10) was able to release drug for desirable time period. F9 shows release up to 20 hours and % drug release is 101.44±0.47 while F10 shows release up to 24 hours and % drug release is 100.67±0.57. Conclusion: From the results obtained, it was concluded that the formulation containing Polyox WSR 303 and Polyox WSR 301 shows desired drug release properties. Hence Polyox WSR 303 and Polyox WSR 301 is a potential polymer candidate for formulation of sustained release matrix tablets. Keywords: Pregabalin, PEO WSR 303, PEO WSR 301, sustained release, anti-neuropathic.

1330-1336

Authors: O. Kumar*1 , A. Prameela Rani 1 and V. Saikishore

Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation method with different carriers such as PVP-K90, mannitol and urea in different proportions. All the solid dispersions prepared were evaluated for saturation solubility study, drug content and for dissolution studies. Among all the formulations prepared, solid dispersions prepared with Olmesartan medoxomil and Urea in 1:3 ratio showed highest drug release in 60 minutes. To study the influence of superdisintegrants on the performance of Olmesartan Medoxomil Orodispersible Tablets, a set of three formulations (F10, F11 and F12) were prepared using three different superdisintegrants viz, Sodium starchglycolate(5%), Croscarmalose sodium(5%), Crospovidone (5%) respectively. The dispersible tablets of Olmesartan medoxomil were evaluated for various parameters. Based on the dissolution rate, superdisintegrants can be rated as Sodium Starch Glycolate < Croscarmalose sodium < Crospovidone. The formulation prepared with Crospovidone was offered relatively rapid release of Olmesartan Medoxomil when compared with other superdisintegrants used in this investigation. The dissolution rate followed first-order kinetics. The drug release from optimized formulations was found be quite stable while stored at 25 ± 2ºC, 60 ± 5% RH and at 40 ± 2 ºC, 75 ± 5% RH for a period of 3 months. Key words: Olmesartan Medoxomil , mannitol, Urea , Crospovidone, Orodispersible Tablets.

1342-1344

Authors: Daljeet Singh Manhas

Applications of nanotechnology to medicine and physiology imply materials and devices designed to interact with the body at sub cellular (i.e., molecular) scales with a high degree of specificity. This can be potentially translated into targeted cellular and tissue-specific clinical applications designed to achieve maximal therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects. The chief scientific and technical aspects of nanotechnology are introduced, and some of its potential clinical applications are mentionable. Keywords: Nanotechnology, Medicine, Potentially, Therapeutic

1350-1353

Authors: Daljeet Singh Manhas*1 , Anuja Chauhan2

Transition metal complex of Schiff base formed by the condensation of quinoxaline-2-carboxaldehyde with 2- aminophenol or were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The phenolic OH and NH signals which are found at 12.85 and 11.52 ppm in the spectrum of the ligand are not seen in the spectrum of the Co (II) complex indicating the enolisation of the Schiff base in Co (II) complex and participation of the phenolic OH group in chelation with proton displacement Keywords: Condensation, carboxaldehyde, 2-aminophenol, Schiff base, NMR spectra

1361-1365

Authors: Abida*, Md. Tauqir Alam, Mohd. Imran, Said A.H. El-Feky, Mohamed A.M. Hagga

Fibromyalgia is a disorder, which is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, memory, mood, and sleep issues. Scientists believe that this condition may be due to injury, emotional distress, or viruses that change the way the brain perceives pain, but the exact cause is unclear. Generally, fibromyalgia is treated with antidepressants, pain relievers, and Anti-seizure drugs. There is not much specific treatment available for the treatment and management of fibromyalgia. Duloxetine hydrochloride (Cymbalta), milnacipran hydrochloride (Savella) and pregabalin (Lyrica) are the only drugs which have been officially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the management / treatment of fibromyalgia. Milnacipran hydrochloride is the first drug introduced primarily for treating fibromyalgia. Some drugs are also in the pipeline for the treatment and management of fibromyalgia, for example, Tuscaloosa is developing IMC-1, Theravance is developing TD-9855, Astella is developing ASP8062 and ASP0819. Researchers are also looking to explore new therapeutic targets with respect to Substance P and other neurotransmitters, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. It would be interesting to note the outcomes related to the development of new drugs for the treatment and management of fibromyalgia. Keywords: Fibromyalgia, Duloxetine, Milnacipran, Pregabalin, Pipeline drugs.

1370-1375

Authors: Bhuvaneswari. M* and P. Sivagurunathan

Marine microorganisms produce extracellular or membrane associated surface-active compounds (bio surfactants). Biosurfactant are organic compounds belonging to various classes including glycolipids, lipopeptides, fatty acids, phospholipids that reduce the interfacial tension between immiscible liquids.This study deals with production and characterization of biosurfactant from Bacillus sp. The efficiency of Bacillus spstrain isolated from a marine sediments soil sample from coastal region -Cuddalore. Methods: Bushnell Haas (BH) liquid medium was used as the enrichment medium with 1 %(v/v) diesel as the sole carbon source to sole ate diesel degrading bacteria. Serial dilutions (1/10) from the third enrichment process were plated out into BH agar plates, which were covered with 100 μl of diesel oil and incubated at 30°C for approximately one week. The single colonies were streaked into nutrient agar plates incubated at 30°C overnight and stored at 4°C until further use. To elute the biosurfactant from TLC and screen the antimicrobial activity of biosurfactant against clinical pathogens by agar well diffusion method. Result: The results showed the Bacillus sp strains could be effective for crude oil biodegradation. Conclusion: Bacillus spproduces bio surfactant which helps in conversion of the hydrophobic layer into small micelles which it can easily engulf as a carbon source which is the basic nutritional requirement. Key words: Isolation, Bacillussp, Biosurfactant , TLC and Agar well method.

1380-1382

Authors: D.T.Tayade1 , N. J. Meshram

Present work highlight the investigation of conditional stability constant and formation constant of metal-ligand complexes of ligands 4-(p-Chloro)phenylthiocarbamido phenol (L2) with Cu(II), Cd(II) , Cr(II) and Ni (II) metal ions with ethanol-water systems at different proportions by Jobs method of continuous variation. It is the spectrophototometric study. The stiochiometry of complex formation found to be 1:1. This investigation helps to understand drug effect and drug activity of newly synthesized drugs. Keywords: 4-(p-Chloro)phenylthiocarbamidophenol or (L2), stability constant, spectrophotometrically

1389-1395

Authors: Shumaila Arshad1 *, Ayesha Naseer1 , Maryam Sharif1

Nanotechnology is related to design characterization, production and applications of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale. Nanoparticles can be prepared from a variety of materials such as proteins, polysaccharides and synthetic polymers .Synthesis of nanoparticle done by different methods such as gas condestation vacuum, deposition and vaporization and other methods are involved. The Zeta potential of a nanoparticle is commonly used to characterized the surface charge property of nanoparticles. Particle size determines the in vivo distribution, biological fate, and toxicity and targeting ability of nanoparticle system. The advantages of using nanoparticles as a Particle size and surface characteristics of nanoparticles can be easily manipulated to achieve both passive and active drug targeting after parenteral administration. Key words: Nanoparticle, Polymers, Preparation, Synthesis, Characteristics, Evaluation.

1399-1403

Authors: Bhuvaneswari. M, Sivagurunathan. P * , Uma.C

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms as secondary metabolite. Biosurfactants are microbially produced surface active agents and occur in nature as chemical entities such as glycolipids, phospholipids and lipopeptides. These molecules have attracted considerable scientific attention due to lower toxicity, higher biodegradability. The present study deals with the screening, production and characterization of a biosurfactant by Pseudomonas sp (PNB 34 and PNB 51) from the sediment samples of Porto Novo coastal region,Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu. Thus, the nature of the biosurfactants produced from the isolates in our study was a rhmnolipid - type. They had a good oil displacement( 2.2), β haemolytic and emulsifying properties (52.6) The obtained results suggests that the marine isolates has got the great industrial importance. . Keywords: Biosurfactant, Pseudomonas sp, Glycolipid

1415-1423

Authors: M. TamizhMozhi* 1 , D. Nagavalli

Objective: To investigate the anti arthritic potential of isolated compound Formonoetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from Methanolic Extract of Operculina turpethum. Methods: F-7-β-D-g was subjected to assess the anti arthritic activity by foot pat thickness, body weight measurement, rheumatoid factor, spleen index score assessment and hematological estimation using a model Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis in wistar rat. Result: Administration of F-7-β-D-g at the doses of 10, 20, 40, 50 mg/kg b. w. p. o exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of the edema, rheumatoid and spleen index factors significantly increased (P < 0.001) the Heamoglobin (Hb) level, Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs) count, Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate (ESR) compared to arthritic treated groups. Conclusion: F-7-β-D-g from the methanol extract of Operculina turpethum holds anti arthritic property by modulating bone erosion. Keywords: Operculina turpethum, Formonoetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Rheumatoid arthritis, Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced arthritis.

1086-1091

Authors: Chandan Ahirwar* , Ashwani Kumar Mishra, Anupan Kumar Pathak

The complexity in the physicochemical characteristics of drugs and there In Vivo fate needs the quality of polymers to be that which could suppress the enzymatic action over drugs. The emergence of technology in an extraction procedure of herbal products has led to the development of various natural polymers which ensures the development of such dosage form that could easily deceive various factors affecting the degradation of drug within the body. The use of synthetic polymers in the formulation of orodispersible tablet was very common but high dispersion time, low hardness and failure in friability were the main reasons which led to the use of natural polymers like chitosan, gum tragacanth and gum karaya for the development of orodispersible tablet. But before formulation development the determination of preformulation studies as well as preliminary studies are main to carried down so, in this paper Preformulation studies of Venlafaxine hydrochloride for UV identification, solubility studies and lipophilicity was carried out. Similarly, preliminary studies of micromeritics properties and placebo formulations with their evaluation using cut and weigh methods were carried out. Keywords: Orodispersible tablets, Venlafaxine hydrochloride, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, Preformulation studies.

1096-1101

Authors: Syed Safiullah Ghori* ,Mohd Firdousuddin Amer &Shazia Siddiqa

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antiulcer potential of Ficus Dalhousiae stem bark methanolic extract by excision and incision experimental models. Aalbino rats weighing 180 - 200 gm were utilised for the study. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract of stem bark showed the presence of various phytoconstituents namely alkaloids, flavanoids glycosides, saponins, sterols and tannins. Aspirin induced and ethanol induced gastric ulcers has been widely used for the experimental evaluation of antiulcer activity. Aspirin induced and ethanol induced gastric lesion formation may be due to stasis in gastric blood flow, which contributes to the development of the hemorrhagic and necrotic aspect of tissue injury, the research justifies that the herbal extract can be effectively used in treatment of ulcers. Key words: Albino rats, methanolic extract, ulcers.

1110-1127

Authors: VasudevaRao Avupati*

Diabetes and inflammation are leading causes of fatality worldwide, accounting for millions of deaths every year. Although many drugs have been developed to treat these conditions effectively, some pharmacological incompatibilities could happen simultaneously. Therefore traditional natural product drugs to fight these conditions are more beneficial and are still urgently needed. Hence we have biologically evaluated Chinese traditional herb Sinomenium acutum rhizome extracts as potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory natural product by using suitable in vitro bioassays. The tested extracts of Sinomenium acutum rhizome possess in-vitro anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. Keywords: Diabetes, Inflammation, Sinomenium acutum, Chinese herbal medicine

1139-1146

Authors: Aakanchha Jain

Oral route is the most convenient route for the drug delivery because of ease of administration, economic therapy & patient compliance. Floating drug delivery system (FDDS) is one of the convenient ways than the convectional oral drug administration which keep drugs buoyant is stomach due to their low density than gastric fluid and can be a potential candidate for controlled release of drug over an extended period of time. FDDS are expected to maximize the absorption resulting in enhanced bioavailability and prolong residence time of drug in stomach. Pravastatin is an oral hyperlipidemic drug used to reduce blood cholesterol level. Floating tablets of pravastatin were prepared by using direct compression technique. The floating tablets of Pravastatin were prepared with different viscosity grades of HPMC (HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, and HPMC K100M) and with different drug to polymer ratios. Prepared tablets were evaluated for parameters like friability, hardness, thickness, percentage weight variation, and content uniformity, buoyancy floating lag time, stability studies and in vitro release. Tablets of all formulations were found to be circular with no cracks and were white to off white in colour. The diameter of all formulations ranged between 7.96 to 8.00mm and thickness was in the range of 2.95 to 3.22mm. Stability Studies were carried out at room temperature for 30 days. The physical stability was assessed by the appearance and there was no change in colour or shape of the tablet on storage. F9 formulation containing 80 mg of HPMC K100M was most stable at the end of storage period. Thus, from the results of tablet evaluation it can be concluded that due to the buoyancy of drug in stomach, the prepared pravastin floating tablet maximize the absorption resulting in enhanced bioavailaibility and prolong resident time of drug in stomach. Key words: Buoyant tablets, Gastroretentive, floating tablets, pravastatin, sustained release tablets

1163-1171

Authors: Srividya L

Researchers are developing drugs to treat many different neurological disorders even though plant based formulations usage is common thing in botanical remedies used universally. The present study is to evaluate pharmacological activity of Murraya koeinigii leaf extract against induced Neuronal disturbances and behavior alterations. Identification and extraction of the Murraya koeinigii plant has been done using aqueous and alcoholic solvents. Preliminary phytochemical studies were performed for chemical components of extracts. The Methanolic, Hydroalcoholic and Aqueous extracts of Murraya koeinigii, had been evaluated for the neuropharmacological action. The dose is determined by toxicity test and optimum safe concentration was 100mg/kg, 200 mg/kg body weight for the extract. Neuropharmacological profile is illustrated by Anxiolytic activity, Antistress, Antiepileptic, Depression induction by tail suspension, forced swim test, compulsive gnawing, Isoniazid induced epilepsy and Restrained stress. The effective doses are MEMK, HEMK, (200mg/kg) and AQMK(100mg/kg) has shown the moderate response. Hydroalcoholic extract is found to be more effective among all the three extracts in different concentrations. Hydroalcohlic fraction showed the presence of more percentage of Alkaloids and glycosides, had showed better neuropharmacololgical behaviour which can be inferred that the content in extracts is responsible for the activity. Keywords: Murraya koeinigii, Hydroalcoholic, Neuropharmacological, Anxiolytic, Antistress, Antiepileptic, Depression.

1182-1185

Authors: Mohd Shafi Parrey*

Pineapple and lemon plant samples was extracted with 10ml of 100% methanol and left it overnight, Next day filtered with Whitman filter paper and make up the volume up to 25ml with 100 ethanol. The anti-oxidant activity was done by Prussian-blue method. A comparison of two fruits confirms that pineapple shows lowest antioxidant activity than lemon. Keywords: Pineapple, lemon, antioxidant activity, Prussian blue method

1191-1195

Authors: Ghulam Mohmmad Jan

An enriched extract of "Indian Frankincense" (usually Boswellia serrata) was used in a randomized, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled study of patients with osteoarthritis. Patients receiving the extract showed significant improvement in their arthritis. "behavioral effect [of insensole actetate] a main chemical constituent of frankincense was concomitant to reduced serum corticosterone levels, dose-dependent down-regulation of corticotropin releasing factor and up-regulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor transcripts IV and VI expression in the hippocampus. These data suggest that IA modulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and influences hippocampal gene expression, leading to beneficial behavioral effects supporting its potential as a novel treatment of depressivelike disorders." Keywords: osteoarthritis, corticosterone, insensole actetate, neurotropic factor

1203-1209

Authors: K. Yeswanthi1*, Bandla. Aswani2 , P. Vijayasanthi3 , K. Lavanya4 , B. Prasanth

Neuropsychiatric disorders account for almost 14% of the global burden of disease. Depression is the leading contributor to the global burden of disease. Depression is associated with a higher risk of stroke. There is a tendency for clinicians to focus on the easily observable physical manifestations of cerebrovascular disease, which may divert attention away from potentially greater problems related to depression that can impede optimum recovery and readjustment to life after stroke. Depression is generally characterised by varying degrees of abnormal thinking, emotion, behaviour , and relationships with others. A clinical diagnosis of depression is made by taking a detailed personal and family history, conducting a clinical examination and using a semi structured psychiatric interview. Depression has important negative effects on longterm outcomes after stroke particular in terms of impairing physical functioning, increasing suicidal ideation and the risk of premature death. Unfortunately most patients with depression and vascular disease do not receive effective treatment. So it may leads to impair quality of life of patients. This review make an attempt to increase the awareness of the depression after stroke which may used to educate the stroke patients and their caregivers which may ultimately increase quality of life of patients . Key words: Stroke, Depression , Clinical examination , Impairment

1223-1236

Authors: Kenny Chang1, 2 and VasudevaRao Avupati 3 *

The major challenge in modern drug discovery has been the design and development of new anticancer drugs with improved efficacy and minimal side effects, especially due to a rapid rise in multidrug resistant tumors. In the recent past, United States Food & Drug Administration (US FDA) newly approved anticancer drug Crizotinib (Xalkori) possess a pyrazole nucleus as core moiety. Therefore in the present investigation, we have synthesised a series of pyrazoles KVP, KVP1-4 and evaluated their potential as anticancer agents by using in vitro brine shrimp (Artemia salina) cytotoxicity bioassay. Among the compounds tested, compound KVP2 has showed signifcant cytotoxicity at ED50 value 5.43 ± 0.16 microgram/mL. Consequently, in silico molecular docking studies have also been performed to evaluate the possible underlying mechanism of action of KVP and KVP1-4 against DHFR (Dihydrofolate reductase) anticancer drug target. Molecular docking results revealed that the KVP and KVP1-4 is less selective towards inhibition of DHFR. Keywords: Cancer, US FDA, Pyrazole, Brine shrimp lethality, Molecular docking, Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)

1251-1263

Authors: Chia Teck Thong1, 2 and VasudevaRao Avupati3,*

The major challenge in modern drug discovery has been the design and development of new anticancer drugs with improved efficacy and minimal side effects, especially due to a rapid rise in multidrug resistant tumors. In the recent past, United States Food & Drug Administration (US FDA) newly approved anticancer drugs such as Gefitinib (Iressa), Erlotinib (Tarceva), Lapatinib (Tykerb) and Vandetanib (Caprelsa) possess a pyrimidine nucleus as core moiety exert multiple mechanisms of action. Therefore in the present investigation, we have synthesised a series of pyrimidines (dihydropyrimidones) TVD, TVD1-4 and evaluated thier potential as anticancer agents by using in vitro brine shrimp (Artemia salina) cytotoxicity bioassay. Among the compounds tested, compound TVD4 has showed signifcant cytotoxicity at ED50 value 3.11 ± 0.15 g/mL. Consequently, in silico molecular docking studies have also been performed to evaluate the possible underlying mechanism of action of TVD4 against DHFR (Dihydrofolate reductase) anticancer drug target. Molecular docking results revealed that the TDV4 is less selective towards inhibition of DHFR. Keywords: Cancer, US FDA, Pyrimidine, Dihydropyrimidone, Brine shrimp lethality, Molecular docking, Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)

1271-1275

Authors: Padma Singh*, Pallavi *, Rekha Negi, Alka Rani , Parul

This study investigated the micro organisms associated with the spoilage of vegetables of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), Spinach (Spinacea oleracea), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) obtained from local market of Haridwar. Five vegetable spoilage fungi were isolate & identified as follows Aspergilus, Fusarium, Penicilium, Trichoderma. In antifungal sensitivity test different antifungal drugs were used to test the susceptibility behavior as the isolated organism. Antifungal activity was determined by agar well diffusion technique. Penicillium show resistance to both antifungal resistance to griseofluvin & sensitive to fluconazole & inhibition zone was 30mm against fluconazole, gave highest inhibition zone against fluconazole that was 32nm. Trichoderma shows sensitivity to fluconazole & resistance to fluconazole, inhibition zone is 31nm. The need for microbial assessment of vegetables for production of salads and other use is also emphasized to reduce possible contamination. Key words: fungal, Lycopersicon esculentum , Brassica oleracea, Spinacea oleracea,

1283-1290

Authors: Heba Ibrahim Abd El-Moaty

Glucosinolates are a class of organic anions that can be hydrolyzed either enzymatically with myrosinase or non-enzymatically to form primarily isothiocyanates and/ or nitriles. Investigation of the hydrolyzed glucosinolate products using GC-MS with natural autolysis and exogenous myrosinase enzymatic hydrolysis methods for the aerial parts and roots of Moricandia nitens, showed that the glucosinolate compounds; Ethyl isothiocyanate, Isobutyl isothiocyanate, 5- (methylthio)-4- pentene nitrile, 3- butenyl isothiocyanate, Allyl isothiocyanate, Benzyl isothiocyanate, 3- (Methyl thio) propyl isothiocyanate, 4- (methyl sulphonyl) butane nitrile and 3- (methyl sulphonyl) propyl isothiocyanate percentages were detected in both the aerial parts and roots, with relatively higher percentage in roots than that of the aerial parts, while 4-(methylthio) butanenitrile, 5- ( methylthio) pentane nitrile and 4-Methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate were higher percentages in the aerial parts than that of roots. The amount of total glucosinolates content in the aerial parts and roots were 1.7 and 2.1mg/gm, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts and roots of M. nitens showed the presence of 50 phytochemical constituents for each part. When comparing the mass spectra of some bioactive constituents, with our detected compounds, the detected bioactive compounds were identified. It was noticed that, the amount of total terpens content of the aerial parts and roots of M. nitens were 2.72 and 5.04 mg/ gm, respectively. Meanwhile the percentage of the total alkaloids were 0.02% for the aerial parts and roots of the plant. Cytotoxic activity for the aerial parts and roots of M. nitens (in vitro) against (HCT) showed remarkable cytotoxic activity at IC50= 99.8µg/ml and 63 µg/ml for aerial parts and roots, respectively, beside remarkable cytotoxic activity against (HEPG2) at IC50= 153 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml for aerial parts and roots, respectively. Key words: Moricandia nitens, Glucosinolates, bioactive compounds, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and Cytotoxic activity

1297-1308

Authors: Abdul Mannan1 , Syed Aun Muhammad2 , Fareeha Anwar3, Imran Ameerzada1 , Nisar ur Rehman1 , Nighat Fatima1 , Tariq Ismail* 1

Cells continuously secrete many different types of micro vesicles including macromolecules and micro molecules in to the extracellular fluids. One of them is Exosomes which are nano-sized vesicles capable of transferring the DNAs, microRNAs, non-coding RNAs and lipids with or without direct cell to cell contact, so representing the novel way of intracellular communication. So in this review we tried to summarize the exosome structure, composition, formation, isolation and discuss their active roles in development, function and pathogenesis and their potential use for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various diseases. Exosomes are perceived to be used as carriers between different locations of body. Exosomes are almost secreted by nearly all types of the cells and are also found abundantly in the body fluids such as saliva, blood, urine and breast milk. The major role of exosomes is to deliver the information by delivering various effectors or signaling molecules between the specific cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the exosomes their function, biological and therapeutic use as well as emerging exosomes based therapies that could not be applied before. Key words: Exosome, Microvesicles (MVs), microRNA, Dendritic cells (DCs), drug

953-959

Authors: Madala Anuradha*,Keerthisikha Palur

In the present work, an attempt was made to provide a newer, sensitive, simple, accurate and reproducible stability indicating RP- HPLC method.. The optimum wavelength for detection was 256 nm at which better detector response for drug was obtained. The average retention time for Rosuvastatin and Fenofibrate was found to be 2.006 and 3.856 min respectively. System suitability tests are an integral part of chromatographic method. They are used to verify the reproducibility of the chromatographic system. To ascertain its effectiveness, system suitability tests were carried out on freshly prepared stock solutions. The calibration was linear in concentration range of 10 – 50 µg/ml and160-800 µg/ml with regression 0.999 and 0.999, for Rosuvastatin and Fenofibrate respectively. The low values of % R.S.D. indicate that method is precise and accurate. The drugs were subjected to stress conditions such as acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis, oxidative and thermal degradation as per ICH guidelines. The present method can be successfully used for routine quality control and stability studies. Keywords: Rosuvastatin , Fenofibrate, chromatographic, ICH, Forced degradation.

974-983

Authors: Tahira Foyzun

The present study was carried out to evaluate the total phenolic, flavanoid and antioxidant activities of different extracts of P.nigrum seeds. The seeds of P.nigrum were extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and nhexane to obtain crude methanol extract (CME), ethyl acetate extracts (CEE), chloroform extract (CCE) and nhexane extract (CNE). Phytochemical screening showed total phenolic and flavanoid contents of different extracts. The highest phenolic and flavanoid content was found in CEE (62.88 ±1.4 mg/g GAE) and CCE (53.64 ±1.1 mg/g catechin equivalent) respectively. The antioxidant potential was evaluated in terms of DPPH radical scavenging potential and total antioxidant capacity by specific standard procedures. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of CME and CEE were better than CCE and CNE but less than that of BHT (standard). The IC50 value of CME, CEE, CCE and CNE were 57.5, 61, 107 and 162.5 µg/ml respectively compared to the IC50 value of standard BHT (3 µg/ml). The total antioxidant activity of CME was higher than the other fraction but less than that of catechin (standard). So, these results suggest the P.nigrum as a moderate medicine against free-radical-associated oxidative damage. Key words: phenolics, flavanoids, Piper Nigrum.

988-995

Authors: Mohd. Imran*

Fourteen(Z)-2-(2-oxo-1-((arylamino)methyl)indolin-3-ylidene)-N-(4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)thiazol-2 yl)hydrazine-1-carboxamides 4a-4n were prepared by treating (Z)-N-(4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-(2- oxoindolin-3-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carboxamide 3 with the aryl amines and formaldehyde. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by their physical constants, spectral data and elemental analysis. These compounds were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against five Gram-positive bacteria, namely, S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis and B. cereus; five Gram-negative bacteria, namely, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, B. bronchiseptica and P. vulgaris; and five fungi, namely, C. albicans, A. niger, A. flavus, M. purpureous and P. citrinum by serial plate dilution method using standard drugs, ofloxacin and ketoconazole, respectively, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also determined. These compounds showed mild to moderate antibacterial activity against Gram positive as well as Gram negative bacteria. However, they exhibited better antifungal activity. The compound 4j (Ar = 1,2,4-Triazol-4-yl) has been identified as the most promising antifungal agent of this series. There is a possibility that the replacement of triazole ring by other azole ring .e.g. imidazole and 1,2,3-triazole; and / or the presence of halogen substituted coumarin ring may produce promising potent antimicrobial agents that are effective against Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, coumarin, isatin, thiazole.

999-1003

Authors: Sowmya Boreda , Sagarika Addetla, Asha Sara Stephen

Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) is an important issue and now it is also realized that many of them can be explained by change in the enzymes, which involve in metabolism that are present in and out of liver. Co-administration of some drugs act as enzyme inducers, whereas some are inhibitors of enzyme which results undesirable effects. Hypertension (HTN) is a most common cardiovascular disease which can be defined as “consistently elevated blood pressure (arterial) or average systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg”. It is a disease which has a high global burden which is a worldwide public health challenge as well as a leading risk factor of mortality. The study was a prospective observational study and conducted at a tertiary care hospital at Suraram, Telangana, India. The study were carried over two months. Designing a Proforma for data collection. Analyzing the prescription and categorizing it into varieties based on antibiotics prescribed, route of administration and combinations. 100 HTN patient’s prescription’s were collected from different departments of Malla Reddy Hospital. Of which 45 prescription’s showed DDIs and 55 prescription don’t have DDIs. Out of 45 DDI’s prescriptions 15 were male patients and 30 female patients. Prescription then evaluated using Standard Drug Interaction Software i.e. Lexi-comp’s Lexi-Interact to check the Degree of DDIs. Key Words: Drug Drug Interactions, Hypertension, Hypertensive Drugs.

1009-1013

Authors: Sourabh Jain*, Aakanchha Jain, Asutosh Pal Jain, Nidhi Jain, Vikas Jain, Dharmendra Kumar, R G Singhal

In this present study a new, simple, rapid, sensitive, precise and economic spectrophotometric method in ultraviolet region has been developed for the determination of embelin (marker compound) in different marketed and In house formulation of Vidagnasava. Embelin showed the maximum wavelength at 294.3 nm and hence the UV spectrophotometric method was performed at 294.3 nm. The samples were prepared by solvent fraction method. Pure embelin obeys Beers law in concentration ranges of 20-120mcg/ml. The content of embelin in ayurvedic formulation was determined by calibration curve y = 0.007x - 0.116 R² = 0.998. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and recovery studies confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method. Hence the proposed method can be used for the reliable quantification of embelin in its ayurvedic formulation. Key Words: Embelin, Vidangasava, Vidang, Embelia ribes

1020-1024

Authors: J.Navya, A.Madhu Babu

Drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is a highly variable process. Floating microspheres are promises to be a potential approach for gastric retention enhances the bioavailability and controlled delivery of various therapeutic agents. Significant attempts have been made worldwide to explore these systems according to patient requirements, both in terms of therapeutic efficacy and compliance. Floating microspheres as gastro retentive dosage forms precisely control the release rate of target drug to a specific site and facilitate an enormous impact on health care. These systems also provide tremendous opportunities in the designing of new controlled and delayed release oral formulations, thus extending the frontier of futuristic pharmaceutical development. Furthermore, recent innovations in pharmaceutical investigation will surely provide real prospects for establishment of novel and effective means in the development of these promising drug delivery systems. Keywords: Gastro Retention, Hollow microspheres, Floating microspheres, Short halflife, Solvent Diffusion, Floating drug delivery system (FDDS).

1033-1042

Authors: V.Uma Maheswara Rao, S.Vidyadhara* , RLC Sasidhar, A.Ramu and D.Lakshmi Harika.

Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems utilize osmotic pressure as energy source for the controlled delivery of drugs, independent of pH and hydrodynamic conditions of gastro intestinal tract (GIT). The present study was aimed to develop osmotic controlled extended release formulations of Verapamil Hydrochloride an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with anti- hypertensive activity. Verapamil Hydrochloride matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression process using poly(ethylene oxide) as polymeric material and mannitol as osmogen at varied concentrations. The matrix tablets were further coated with different compositions of ethylcellulose7cps and PEG-4000 by pan coating method. Physical parameters such as weight uniformity, drug content, hardness and friability were evaluated for uncoated tablets and were found to be within I.P limits. The coating thickness and percentage of coating applied for various tablets were also evaluated. The optimized coated tablets were further subjected to micro drilling on the upper face to get 0.5µm orifice diameter. All the tablets were further subjected to dissolution studies by using USP apparatus II with 6.8 pH phosphate buffer as medium. These studies indicated that all the tablets were found to release the drug up to 12 hours, while coated tablets with orifice found to release the drug at zero order rate, which was in good agreement with peppas n values >0.9. Key words: Verapamil hydrochloride, osmotic pressure, micro drilling, controlled release.

1049-1053

Authors: Elizabeth Phoeba Paul1* , Geethu C1 , Jasmin Elizabeth Thomas1 , Chintu S Pullan1 , Joseph Tomy1 , Menaka K2 , T Sivakumar

Background: After surgery, pain is common in hospital-admitted patients and its management is determined by different therapeutic ways and also depends on the attitudes of different health professionals in various hospitals. The aim of this study is nothing but to describe the patterns of prescription for postoperative pain after surgeries and whether pain reliefs are given according to standard guidelines. Materials and Methods: A brief data collection form with demographic details, Numerical Rating scale (NRS) to estimate pain intensity, the type of analgesics used, Pain management index (PMI), treatment adequacy and patient satisfaction were included to accomplish our aim. Results: NSAIDs or Combination of NSAIDs are mostly used rather than opioids. Conclusion: The study showed that most of the health practitioners of today do not practice according to the standard guidelines especially in a developing country like India. Keywords: Pain Management, Surgery.

777-787

Authors: Rakesh Pahwa*, Shwetakshi Sharma,Abhinav Singh Rana, Anshul Garg and Inderbir Singh

Orally disintegrating tablets have carved a significant role amongst the oral drug delivery systems owing to their enhanced patient compliance especially in the geriatrics and pediatrics. These tablets offer numerous substantial advantages over conventional dosage forms because of improved efficacy, bioavailability and rapid onset of action. Use of natural superdisintegrants in the development of orally disintegrating tablets has numerous benefits such as chemically inert, non-toxic, less expensive, biodegradable and widely available. The present manuscript is an earnest attempt to illustrate ideal properties, significance and formulation aspect of orally disintegrating tablets especially the use of superdisintegrants. Various natural superdisintegrants utilized in the development of orally disintegrating tablets have also been discussed. Keywords: Orally disintegrating tablets, Natural superdisintegrants, Gums, Mucilages, Disintegration time

794-803

Authors: S. N. H. Pratap*, P. Spandana, A.H.V.Siddhardha Varma

Liquid solid compact technology is a novel approach to enhance bioavailability of a BCS class II drug by improving its solubility and dissolution rate of the drug. Liquisols are the formulations which make the solid drug transforms into its solubilized state and further it will be converted into a free flowing powder with good flow properties that is suitable for per-oral administration. Ketoprofen is a BCS class II drug with poor aqueous solubility and limited its bioavailability. In the present study, liquid solid technique is used to enhance the bioavailability of Ketoprofen. Liquisols of Ketoprofen were prepared using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 as liquid vehicle, Avicel pH 102 as carrier and Aerosil 200 as coating material. All the nine formulations were prepared using 30%, 40% and 50% concentration of drug in liquid vehicle and a Carrier: Coating ratios of 10:1, 15:1, 20:1. All the formulations were subjected for preformulation studies for drug polymer compatibility, saturation solubility studies. The unit doses were calculated and the flow properties of the powder were estimated using Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio and angle of repose. The final preparations were filled in hard gelatin capsules and subjected for dissolution studies using pH 7.4 phosphate buffer in order to find out the optimized formula. Finally, the optimized formula was compared with a marketed tablet to study the enhancement in bioavailability and the results showed a quick release of drug from Liquisols. Keywords: Ketoprofen, Liquisols, Mathematical model, liquid load factor, Solubility, Dissolution, Bioavailability

809-813

Authors: Ch. Krishna Mohan*, V. Soundarya, R. Vasanth Kumar, L. Kiran Kumar, K. Vamshi Sharathnath, B. Narender

The Borassus flabellifer is a tall, erect palm, easy to recognize by its large, fan-shaped leaves which are quite unlike the pinnate leaves of other palms. The different parts of the plant are used for ailments like secondary syphilis, anti periodic, heart burns, liver and spleen enlargement. The chemical constituents of Borassus flabellifer include gums, albuminoids, fats, steroidal glycosides and carbohydrates like sucrose. The fresh pulp is reportedly rich in vitamins A and C. The fresh sap is reportedly a good source f vitamin B-complex. The male inflorescence constitutes borassosides and dioscin, spirostane-type steroid saponins. Though the plant has pharmacognostical potentials no standardization has been done pharmacologically, hence form the basis for performing the work. These data’s would help in the development of a leaf profile for the plant. Keywords: Borassus flabellifer, borassosides, anti inflammatory activity, vitamin A

821-825

Authors: Amit Gupta, Ratnakar Chitte, Sushama R Chaphalkar

In order to compared its immunopharmacological activity of protease (against Casein) and aqueous leaves extract of Adhatoda vasica (using phosphate buffered saline, PBS, pH 7.2) against hepatitis B Vaccine containing surface antigen (HBsAg; 20 µg/ml) and determined antibody (IgG) production through indirect Elisa and also examined its proliferative response including nitric oxide production. For these studies, qualitative assays were determined and evaluate the presence of secondary metabolites in aqueous leaves extract whereas concentration of protein is also determined for protease separation. The results showed that aqueous leaves extract and protease at higher doses showed enhancement in anti-HBsAg IgG titre as compared to standard and control but there is sudden decline in proliferation including NO production containing HBsAg at higher doses. In short, protease and aqueous leaves extract of Adhatoda vasica could be a potent immune enhancer of B cells and inhibitor of T cells. Key words: Adhatoda vasica; aqueous extract; protease; nitric oxide; proliferation; Elisa

831-835

Authors: Seeram. Hariprasad1*, G. Susheela Bhai1 , B. Kishore Babu1 , CH.Madhu1 , G. Ravi Kumar1 , A. Hymavathi1 , J.Santhosh kumar1 , S. Nageswara rao2

Green method is simple, cost effective and eco- friendly method. In last decades, Nanotechnology is developed very rapidly. Nano particles are solid particles with size range between 1-100 nm. Copper nano particles are prepared from variety of medicinal plant leaves extract followed by characterized by using characterization techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD,UV-VISIBLE,FT-IR. In this manuscript we report general synthesis, Characterization and antimicrobial activities of copper nano particles. Key words: Copper nano particles, Nano science and Nanotechnology.

841-845

Authors: Dewan Md. Sumsuzzman3 , Turabe Farah Chowdhury4 , Israt Jahan Bulbul1 , Yesmin Begum

The aim of conducting this study is to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the ethanolic leaf and fruit extracts of Ficus hispida to rationalize its primitive medicinal contemplation. F. hispida was subjected to bacterial inquisition by disc diffusion stratagemin opposition to Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria conducting kanamycin as standard. The leaf extract ascertained good antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 13 mm zone of inhibition and moderate activity against Bacillus cereus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus with 11mm and 10 mm zone of inhibition respectively. But the organisms were not sensitive to the fruit extract. Antioxidant activity of the plant was evaluated spectrophotometrically using DPPH and ascorbic acid as standard. The leaf and fruit extracts explicated significant antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 41.68 μg/ml, 28.39 μg/ml successively compared with the standard ascorbic acid at 45.78 μg/ml. The cytotoxic activity of F. hispida was scrutinized by brine shrimp lethality bioassay utilizing vincristine sulfate as standard. The ethanolic leaves and fruits extract revealed auspicious cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 10.32 μg/ml, 14.69μg/ml consecutively, inwhere; LC50 of Vincristine sulphate was 6.11 µg/ml. This article may provide optimistic empirical data to fact-finders and it can be further outstretchedto disengage the bio-active components owing to determine the antioxidant as well as cytotoxic activity in human cell line. Key words: Ficus hispida, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic activity.

854-861

Authors: Madala Anuradha

A simple, specific and accurate stability indicating reverse phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the estimation of Azilsartan Medoxil in its bulk form. Azilsartan medoxil is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. Chromatography was performed using C18 column Qualisil Gold (250 X 4.6 mm, 5μm) with mobile phase consisting 0.2% trifluroacetic acid in acetonitrile and 0.2% trifluroacetic acid in MilliQ water in the ratio of 62:38.The pH was adjusted to 3 with orthophosphoric acid. The detection was carried out at 248nm and retention time (RT) of Azilsartan Medoxil was found to be 7.353min.The developed method was statistically validated for linearity(20-120 µg/ml) and the results of precision, accuracy, specificity, LOD(0.0186µg/ml), and LOQ(0.0613 µg/ml) were well within limits. Azilsartan Medoxil was subjected to stress conditions including acidic, alkaline, oxidative, photolysis and thermal degradation and the results showed that it was highly sensitive to alkaline conditions followed by liable to photolytic, oxidative, thermal, acidic and neutral stress conditions. The degraded products were well resolved from the analyte peak with significant difference in their RT values. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Keywords: Azilsartan medoxil, Reverse phase, ICH, Chromatography

867-879

Authors: T.Balakrishna*, S.Vidyadhara, RLC.Sasidhar, G.Kusuma Kumari

All dispensed medicinal products will need to be dispensed to the patient in a suitable product container. The function of a container for a medicinal product is to maintain the quality, safety and stability of its contents. Although different pharmaceutical preparations will be packaged in different containers depending on the product type, pharmaceutical packaging can largely be grouped. It is device used for providing protection, presentation, identification, information and convenience for pharmaceuticals product from the moment of production until it is used or administered. Drugs need more care in their packaging than do most other product, because any failure in their packing could result in changes in the drug that lead either to a failure to cure, to illness, to injury or even cause death of patient. It should protect the drug product from physical and chemical damage, and also give protection from mechanical and climatic hazards and microbial contamination. It should provide maximum possible information related to the dosage form, provide special precautions specified for different under schedules. Its area not only helps in creation of wealth, preserving product quality, but also lengthens the shelf life of products. This review provides maximum possible information regarding the materials, additives, tests used for manufacturing of containers and closures. Keywords: Containers & closures, Additives, Types, Problems & Tests.

892-899

Authors: Mawhoob N. Alkadasi* 1 , E.T. Putaiah2 , Gamal A.A_ameri, Ali Sallam, Kamal Olyoa3 , Arif Alameri4

Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and its associated risks factors among pregnant women and to asses s the relation of some abnormalities and infection with Toxoplasmosis in Alkaeda province ibb city. Methodology: This pr ospective study was conducted at Alkaeda Hospital, over a 6 months period (March’ 2016 to August’ 2016). The study was a pproved by the Alrahma Medical collage and written informed consents were obtained from the patients. The study group co mprised pregnant women. Samples were tested for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antipodies by using OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid Test-Cassette. The OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid Test is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for the simultane ous detection and differentiation of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma Gondii (T. gondii) in human serum or plasma. This kit is i ntended to be used as a screening test and as an aid in the diagnosis of infection with T. gondii. Any reactive specimen with t he OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid Test must be confirmed with alternative testing method(s) and clinical findings. Results: In the present study found that 13 sample (13%) were seropositive and 87 cases (87%) were seronegative for Toxo plasma specific IgG antibody and 4 samples (4%) were seropositive and 96 samples (96%) were seronegative for toxoplasm a specific IgM antibody. The distribution of positive serum samples among the different age groups for anti-Toxoplasma gon dii IgG and IgM showed that pregnant woman of the age group 23-30 years had the highest percentage (17.78 % and 6.68% ) of positive results respectively. In present study of all cases,71 living in village which 4 (13.8%) cases of them were detecte d as IgG and 3(3.5) cases of them were detected as IgM. Of all cases 68 had history of contact with cat which 10(14.7) cases of them were detected as IgG positive and 4(5.9) cases of them were detected as IgM. In the present study showed that the s eropositivity of Toxoplasma in relation to the number of times the antenatal woman experienced BOH revealed that the high est percentages (13.20%) of positivity was noted among women with a history of one BOH and seropositive cases were distri buted in relation to the type of BOH revealed that Abortion (66.67%) was the commonest form of pregnancy wastage.. Keywords: Prevalence Of Toxoplasmosis Among Pregnant Women And Risk Factors.

905-915

Authors: Sreekanth Kakarla* 1 , Geetha Kodali2 , Ganapaty Seru3

A simple, sensitive and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of the levodopa (LEV) and carbidopa (CAR) in human plasma. Following solid phase extraction, the electron rich elements in the protein, which were triggered during analysis of small molecules, were eliminated to avoid matrix effect, using alumina-A cartridges. The analytes (levodopa and carbidopa) and internal standard (methyldopa) were analysed using mobile phase of constant eluting strength on phenominex kinetex biphenyl, 50 mm x 3 mm, 2.6 µm column and were analyzed by an LC-MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H]+ ions, m/z 198→ 152 for levodopa, m/z 227→ 181 for carbidopa and m/z 212→ 166 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 5 to 2000 ng/mL for levodopa and 2 to 500 ng/mL of carbidopa. The lower limit of quantification was 5 ng/mL for levodopa and 2 ng/mL for carbidopa with a relative standard deviation of less than 1.0%. This LC-MS/MS method was validated with intra-batch and inter-batch precision and accuracy. Results for precision and accuracy for LEV and CAR are in range of 3.4 – 5.6 %, 4.1 to 6.4 % and 99.6 – 101.3 %, 94.5 – 102.2 % respectively. This validated method is simple and repeatable to use in bioequivalence/pharmacokinetic studies. Key Words: Levodopa, Carbidopa, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, human plasma.

926-944

Authors: M. V. N. L. Chaitanya1*, S. P. Dhanabal 2, B. Duraiswamy3 , P. Dhamodaran4, Sameer varma5

The present research is focused on the phytochemical and biological investigation of Solanum mauritianum as a potent human dual topo I & II poisons. A good amount of secondary metabolites like alkaloids ( 163.10 µg/g Atropine equivalents), phenolics (119.94 ug/g µg/g Gallic acid equivalents), flavanoids (59.94 µg/g quercetin equivalents) and saponins ( 14.2 % w/w) were identified from this plant. First time, a novel saponin glycoside Tetrahydro-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(octadecahydro-2,7,10a-trimethyl-1propylchrysen-8-yloxy)-2H-Pyran-3,4,5-triol (CH1) was isolated from the chloroform fraction of the aerial parts of this plant using flash chromatography, a total ESI-MS spectra was carried out in negative mode. The saponins namely, Nocturnoside –b, Protodioscine, Paraquisoside –b, Solanine, Solasodine and Solasonine were identified based on the mass peaks. The isolated compound CH1 also showed good CTC50 values on A- 549 (53.7±1.7), MCF-7 (64.6±1.2) & HCT-116 (72.8±0.6) incompare to standard Quercetin. Based on docking results on topoisomerase I ( 1K4T, 3AL2) and topoisomerase II (1ZXN, 3QX3) showed the apoptosis is may be due to dual topo- poisoning activity. The isolated compound (CH-1) arrest the cell cycle at S Phase and showed dual human topopoison I & II activity at 200 µg/ml. Key words: Saponins, Flash chromatography, CTC50 Values , human dual topo I & II Poisons, saponins and Tetrahydro-2-(hydroxymethyl)- 6-(octadecahydro-2,7,10a-trimethyl-1propylchrysen-8-yloxy)-2H-Pyran-3,4,5-triol (CH1).