Scientific Journal of Astana IT University

14-23

Authors: Ye. Golenko, A. Ismailova, Ye. Rais

The bottom-up proteomics approach (also known as the shotgun approach), based on the digestion of proteins in peptides and their sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), has become widespread. The identification of peptides from the obtained MS/MS data is most often done using available sequence databases. This paper presents a detailed overview of the peptide identification workflow and a description of the main protein bioinformatics databases. Choosing the correct search parameters and the sequence database is essential to the success of this method, and we pay special attention to the practical aspects of searching for efficient analysis of MS/MS spectra. We also consider possible reasons why database search tools cannot find the correct sequence for some MS/MS spectra and highlight the misidentification issues that can significantly reduce the value of published data. To help assess the assignment of peptides to MS/MS spectra, we will look at the scoring algorithms that are used in the most popular database search tools. We also analyze statistical methods and computational tools for validating peptide compliance with MS/MS data. The final part describes the process of determining the identity of protein samples from a list of peptide identifications and discusses the limitations of bottom-up proteomics.

34-40

Authors: Zh. Sarsenova, Sh. Saimassayeva, A. Smaiyl

This article discusses the impact of suspended particles on human health, by providing small definitions of PM2.5, including how they appear, what particles they consist of, and how they harm the respiratory and circulatory systems. In addition, the analysis of the pollution level of the city of Almaty for the last three years from March 22, 2017, to October 6, 2020, with categorical intermediate values of suspended particles was carried out. Careful work was done with the SCV file such as data was skipped in the cells, that is, there were empty values; translation to a single data type; filling in empty cells. It also considers making a decision on the six categories provided to identify the average meeting categories. The authors identified specific categories based on digital readings of values received from sensors, where each category has its own verbal values that are understandable for each person. The indicator displays with weights as a graph for a specific Seifullin-Dulatov sensor location with categorical and without categorical division. Then for each intersection or location of the sensors is shown in a table. It is also revealed which level or category is the rarest among the others and the most common category as well.

49-57

Authors: S. Stetsenko, L. Sorokina, A. Goiko, T. Tsyfra, N. Bolila

This paper considers the pecularities of the formation of econmic immunity of construction companies. A system has been proposed to improve the mechanisms of preventive protection and securement of enterprises from loss of viability and subsequent self-liquidation or bankruptcy, which allows effectively identifying existing risks and threats from micro-, meso- and macro-environments and responding to them with the preventive means through economic immunity. A new definition for the term «economic immunity» of the enterprise is proposed, which includes subsystems of monitoring, early detection of internal and external threats, assessment of the degree of danger (risks), defusion, elimination or neutralization, and formation of «memory» of the threat through a system of indicators. The differences of economic indicators of construction enterprises, which are characterized by different levels of the anti-crisis potential use, are studied, the five most significant indicators of the use of the anti-crisis potential are identified. The rules-conditions for determining the level of activation of anti-crisis opportunities and vulnerability of enterprises to threats for economic security are formulated. Methods of identification and control of the level of anticrisis potential use of the construction enterprise in the context of digital transformation which allows estimating quality and expediency of administrative actions are developed. The formation mechanism of the anti-crisis potential of the construction enterprise is developed. Its structure is defined, conceptual foundations of the integrated information system creation of the construction enterprise that should provide the possibility of interaction of various subsystems within the enterprise and the analysis of threats from interaction with various stakeholders are substantiated.

67-76

Authors: Ye. Kazantseva, G. Danenova

The urban agglomeration is a multitude of united settlements according to economic, labor, cultural, household, and recreational characteristics. Agglomeration is perceived as an integral territorial union; therefore, it is essential to consider it in the framework of the “smart city” paradigm. All movements of the population within the agglomeration, despite the seeming chaos, can be presented systematically and identified certain patterns. These regularities will optimize the city’s infrastructure by shaping its transport system in such a way that it will be possible to exclude potentially emergency sections on the roads and reduce the traffic load on highways. In order to optimize the infrastructure of the agglomeration, the existing model of transport networks and population movement (migration) within it are considered. The article presents an analysis of the “smart city” paradigm, describes its multidimensional structure and levels on which the urban infrastructure is built, and provides mathematical models based on which the agglomeration transport system is formed. To describe the model of population movement within the framework of an agglomeration, a data warehouse is considered, which contains information about an urban transport network comprising a set of points and communications laid between them. Based on this transport network, a route network is formed, which is a collection of all transport routes. The paper describes a model of a transport and distribution system taking into account temporal and spatial characteristics and a model of an intelligent city transport system based on a hyper network. The models of transport systems used foreign countries’ experience, where there is a tendency to improve navigation and monitoring systems within the transport intelligent system of the city, are described.

88-98

Authors: B. Sultanova, A. Chsherbov

The article considers the methods of additional authorization of users of information systems, their advantages, and disadvantages, typical examples of usage. Multifactor authentication is becoming a standard tool for verifying the identity and access rights of information systems, from banking operations to access to enterprise databases. With the expansion of the spheres of use of various information systems, applications, and services, users of the systems get new opportunities, convenience, and mobility. But at the same time, there is a problem of secure and controlled access, authorization and identification of the user, confirmation of his authority. The options under consideration cannot be limited to service delivery alone: mechanisms could and should be used in various combinations. In addition to the analysis, experiments were carried out on implementing and testing additional authorization mechanisms, and feedback from end users was collected. Each of the methods was evaluated from many angles: ease of implementation, ease of use by the end user, availability, and adequacy of use. At the same time, there is no way to identify the optimal and universal method of additional authorization, since various service sectors have their own requirements for accessibility, reliability, and security. One can single out corporate services that provide data exchange, data processing or analytics, or remote management services industrial network management as the most promising areas for implementation. The authors analyzed the various methods most widely used in the security market, their capabilities, advantages, and disadvantages. The authors did not set the goal of nominating one selected mechanism as a priority; therefore, no recommendations are given to use a particular method.

11-118

Authors: I. Zachko, A. Ivanusa, O. Zachko

The scientific article considers an important scientific and applied problem of developing models and mechanisms for projects and programs management for the socioeconomic development of territories by means of financial regulation instruments. The priority of reorienting the paradigm of project management using mechanisms of financial regulation and project management is justified. The genesis of the problem of projects and programs management for the development of territorial socio-economic systems was researched on the example of leading scientific schools. An informational and literary analysis of modern trends in the implementation of large-scale programs and projects for the socio-economic development of territories was carried out on the example of Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Japan. Based on the informational and literary analysis of modern trends in the implementation of programs and projects for the socio-economic development of territories, specific categories of development projects were formulated taking into account the cross functional culture of the multi-project environment. A life cycle model has been developed for the development projects of the regional socio-economic territorial system. A definition of a regional socio-economic territorial system is given using project management definitions, in particular the concept of a project environment. The synergistic effect of the socio-economic development projects and programs is achieved precisely by integrating the best project management practices using the P2M methodology, financial regulation tools using subsidies and subventions for targeted program projects as sources of financing projects and public-private partnership mechanisms. The scientific results obtained in the article complement the existing methodology for managing programs and portfolios of regional development projects and change the vision of the value characteristics of the project by reloading the existing management paradigms using financial regulation mechanisms.

28-34

Authors: S. Biloshchytska, A. Bondar, S. Bushuyev, N. Malaksiano

This study presents the universal formalization of energy entropy for various organizations and its expression for project-oriented organizations. The energy entropy of organizations is determined by information entropy, total energy and the ratio of the achieved level of energy efficiency to the «ideal» level. Entropy is viewed as a measure of uncertainty in the information and organizational space. In the information space, it determines the measure of the missing information for making decisions. In the organizational space, entropy determines the level of entrepreneurial energy that is necessary for the successful operation of an organization in the implementation of projects and programs. The relationship between energy entropy and informational (structural) entropy of project-oriented organizations is established. It is determined that when adding a new project to the current totality, the organization must ensure a balance between the growth of uncertainty (information entropy) and energy efficiency. The method of «decomposition» of the total energy entropy of project-oriented organizations in the form of the sum of local energy entropies for projects is presented. The effect of adding a new project to the structure of a project-oriented organization on its integrated energy entropy is investigated. The presented results form a new look at the qualitative assessment of both a single project and the entire set of projects of a project-oriented organization.

51-62

Authors: Iu. Chupryna, V. Pokolenko, M. Horbach, O. Bolebrukh, D. Hrabchak

The article analyzes the market position of construction companies and builds a justification for updated methodological and analytical tools for evaluating, selecting, and building a productive system of portfolio administration of housing projects, which are implemented in a single operating system of the development company. The problems of investment activity of stakeholder construction companies, which have been constantly carried out in many countries by prominent foreign and domestic scientists, have been studied. Several variants of circumstances that shape the external and internal environment of the developer are analyzed, which must be taken into account when determining the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, its capabilities and threats, which provides a general picture of the internal situation and is important for developing optimal strategy for the enterprise. The operating system is determined by the introduction of fundamentally new updated scientific and applied tools designed to provide the development company with a clear formalization and proper analytical support of the processes of formation, analysis, and productive subsequent administration: the leading innovation of the tools introduced commercial housing construction, which are implemented in a complex economic and managerial format – production-technological, resource-logistical and administrative management of the content of business processes of project cycles as part of the portfolio of housing construction projects of the developer.

71-82

Authors: G. Ryzhakova, K. Chupryna, I. Ivakhnenko, A. Derkach, D. Huliaiev

This article develops an expert-analytical model for assessing the quality of process-oriented management of construction companies. The model differs in a two-tier approach to object evaluation by pre-evaluating the characteristics of objects and their parameters. Assessments were made in connection with the time and financial costs of resources that allow to forming an expert group, conduct a survey and analyzing its results. These results were conducted by the method of written questionnaires, which are divided into three groups: general information about the expert (age, experience, specialty, etc.), the main questions related to the problems being analyzed or evaluated, additional questions to determine the rationale for answers , competence of experts, etc. The list of possible linguistic estimations of characteristics and parameters and their numerical equivalents is formed that will give the chance to provide quality of process-oriented management on the basis of the analyzed integrated indicators of quality of management of the building enterprise. A generalized assessment of the characteristics of each of the experts of the formed group in the expert-analytical model is also formed. The list of objects, parameters and their components which are intended for an estimation of quality of management at the building enterprise is generalized. The dynamic analysis of the integrated indicator of management quality allows the institutional level of contractors to rationally plan the activities of the construction company and adjust the work in sectors (financial, production, resource, etc.) for which negative evaluations were obtained.

91-110

Authors: D. Lukianov, V. Gogunskii, E. Kolesnikova

The article proposes to consider some of the results of the analysis of the internal relations of the structure of the model of individual competencies of project managers, proposed by the International Project Management Association (ICB IPMA). A method is proposed for analyzing such structures, which provides for a series of steps, starting with the formulation of the problem and identification of the system investigated for solving the problem, and ending with updating the idea of the structure of interactions of the elements of the system under consideration and setting a new problem (problem). The authors use an approach such as system engineering based on modeling, which assumes a plurality of representations (models) in the study of one system. In the article, the system under study is presented both in the form of a graph and in the form of an adjacency matrix, which makes it possible to use various methods of analysis and build various models on a common model of primary data. When presented in the form of a graph, an example of application for analysis of such software as yEd and Gephi is considered. When analyzing using matrix analysis, it is first of all proposed to use classical methods of analyzing such representations as Markov systems with discrete states. It is suggested to consider the representation in the form of a second-order adjacency matrix, presenting it in the form of a “system landscape” showing the number of “paths” of transitions from one state to another (connections between elements), including through the adjacent elements of the system. It is proposed to consider such a matrix as an analogue of a “decision matrix”, considering the full set of system elements both as a set of “strategies” and as a set of “reactions” to strategies, which allows applying the methods of analysis of such a matrix used in game theory (decision theory). The closeness between the conclusions obtained on the basis of the analysis of the set of visual representations proposed by the authors and also the analytical approach they use, using elements of Markov analysis and game theory, is shown.

18-31

Authors: O. Kravchenko, Zh. Plakasova, M. Gladka, А. Karapetyan, S. Besedina

An expert system for text analysis based on the heuristic knowledge of an expert linguist is proposed. Methods of linguistic analysis of the text through the use of computer technology have been further developed. Data verification was performed on the example of the Germanic language group. The algorithm of the system operation is given. The sequence of actions of the text analysis process is described. Research relates to the subject of computational linguistics and helps to automate text analysis processes. The main purpose of the research is to improve the machine’s understanding of the semantic structure of the text by finding current connections between the main members of the sentence, current connections between secondary members of the sentence, the best concept of the current word and the function of the current word in the sentence. Semantic networks are used in the software solution. The Java programming shell, such as NetBeans IDE 8.1, and the CLIPS shell, were used to create the software product. The main logical connections and structure of the program are described in the article. Methods and relations are considered on the example of the Germanic group of languages. All languages of the Germanic group are similar because they have a direct line of words which makes them even more similar: subject + predicate + subordinate clauses. Thus, to reflect the structure of the Germanic group of languages, it is sufficient to consider one of them. Namely, English, as it is the most common (1.5 billion people), international, has the largest vocabulary among the group (500 thousand words) and, in our opinion, the most complex

44-52

Authors: Y. Kravchenko, O. Leshchenko, A. Trush, K. Dukhnovska, O. Kovtun

The paper considers a new direction of scientific research – «synergetics». The key provisions and its development as a science are considered. The focus is on open feedback systems as objects of research. The properties of these systems – openness, nonlinearity, dissipation and multidimensionality, allow the use of a synergistic approach in the study. Due to new trends in information technology in recent years, interest in the new architecture of Software Defined Networks has grown. A programmable controller is used as a control mechanism for SDN networks. The connection between the logical controller and the physical network is made using the OpenFlow protocol. The graph of the network topology is presented as a set of key parameters that come to the controller. From the set of parameters, the key ones used in the study are selected. The dynamics of the ratio of key parameters under the condition of optimizing the network infrastructure is studied. The dynamics of the network corresponding to the stability condition is investigated by the methods of synergetic control theory. SDN network control is formed by methods based on the principle of self-organization of nonlinear systems. As a result, synergetic control is synthesized to increase the resistance of the control system to destructive influences. Based on the selected dynamic invariant, the possibility of providing the selection of the parameter of the SDN network management system for the transition to a controlled state is shown.

60-70

Authors: А. Бондарь, С.Д. Бушуев, С. Онищенко

В данном исследовании рассмотрена информационная энтропия проек- тно-ориентиованных организаций в рамках энергоэнтропийной концепции. Установлена взаимосвязь между энергоэнтропией и информационной (структурной) энтропией про- ектно-ориентированных организаций. Построена концептуальная модель формирования информационной энтропии проектно-ориентированных организаций и ее влияния на энергоэнтропию. Представленный подход соответствует интегральному рассмотрению «информационных (структурных)» и «энергетических» процессов организации, что в наи- большей степени отражает реальные условия и сущность деятельности организаций. Пред- ставлен подход к идентификации сущности событий, вероятности которых формируют информационную энтропию проектно-ориентированной организации. В основе подхода лежит формирование интервалов на диапазоне значений с учетом их нормального зако- на распределения. В процессе исследований установлена взаимосвязь между информа- ционной энтропией проекта и законом распределения его результатов. Обосновано, что борьба с энтропией обеих видов является борьбой за уменьшение дисперсии результатов деятельности организаций, что может быть обеспечено благодаря проектно-ориентиро- ванному управлению. Преимуществом проектно-ориентированного управления является то, что оно позволяет снизить указанные дисперсии, за счет: гибкой системы распределе- ния человеческих ресурсов по проектам с учетом их ценности; сосредоточения проектной команды исключительно на конкретном проекте и обеспечения ею формирование таких условий во внешней среде, которые более четко прогнозируемы, а, следовательно, облада- ют минимальной дисперсией.

86-101

Authors: С.Д. Бушуев, Д.А. Бушуев, С.И. Неизвестный

Предметом статьи является разработка гибридных методологий управления проектами, программами и портфелями проектов. Существенные сокращения жизненных циклов инфраструктурных программ, которые содержат проекты различных направлений деятельности и различными методологиями управления, например «водопадные» с жестким жизненным циклом и Agile с гибким жизненным циклом методологии, требуют использования инструментов конвергенции для формирования «гибридных» методологий. Цель – разработать конвергентный подход к построению гибридных методологий управления проектами с точки зрения процессов принятия решений в управлении проектами на основе различных платформ. Результаты исследования получены на основе использования конвергентного подхода к построению методологии управления инфраструктурными проектами и программами. Представлена содержательная модель полученной гибридной методологии управления проектами и программами. Выводы: гибридные методологии управления проектами и программами становятся более востребованными в этой категории программ. Главной причиной является наличие в программе компонентов с различны- ми жизненными циклами, а следовательно, и методологиями, которые требуют интеграции и гармонизации. Методологию проверено практикой использования механизмов систем гибридного многоуровневого управления инфраструктурными проектами и программа- ми. Исследование гибридных методологий управления проектами и программами, определенных практикой внедрения различных, по сути, компонентов программ. Применение гибридной методологии управления проектами позволило авторам выполнить различные, по сути, проекты в оговоренные сроки с заданным бюджетом. На примере сложных строительных проектов и проектов создания информационно-коммуникационных систем управления инфраструктурой. Дальнейшие направления исследований связаны с деталь- ной проработкой механизмов гармонизации, интеграции, конвергенции и актуализации.

110-120

Authors: М. Рыспаева, О. Салыкова.

В статье приведена статистика использования социальных сетей по итогам 2018 года на территории Республики Казахстан в сравнении с данными Комитета статистики. Из года в год основными целями использования Интернет гражданами страны является участие в социальных сетях, размещение информации и обмен мгновенными сообщениями, что показывает все увеличивающийся интерес к социальным сетям. В свою очередь, целью статьи является определение параметров, указывающих на реальность аккаунта. Отобраны три группы параметров: информация об аккаунте, наполненность аккаунта и друзья. Согласно открытой информации социальных сетей и их API, каждая группа включает в себя ряд параметров, указывающих, что аккаунт принадлежит реальному или фейковому пользователю. Пример указанных групп параметров приведены на примере использования Graph API Explorer социальной сети Facebook. Дополнительно, проанализированы зависимости между параметрами и как они могут повлиять на результаты алгоритма. В статье предложена гипотеза – на основе друзей и выявленных родственных отношений, возможно более точно определить принадлежность аккаунтов к реальному человеку и результаты проверки гипотезы.

12-20

Authors: A. Biloshchytskyi, А. Kuchansky, Yu. Andrashko, S. Biloshchytska

A modification of the PageRank method based on link ranking is proposed to evaluate the research results of subjects of the scientific space, taking into account selfcitation. The method of reducing the influence of self-citation on the final evaluation of the results of research activity of subjects of the scientific space is described. The evaluation of the results of research is calculated using the modified PR-q method, taking into account self-citation as a solution of a system of linear algebraic equations, matrix of which consists of coefficients determined by the number of citations of publications of one scientist in the publications of another scientist. The described method can be used for the task of evaluating the activity of the components of the scientific space: scientists, higher education institutions and their structural units. For the task of evaluating the research activity of subjects of the scientific space, a method based on link ranking (PageRank method for web pages) and taking into account the selfcitation of scientists is proposed. The latter allows for an adequate assessment, taking into account the abuses associated with the authors’ excessive self-citation. The essence of the constructed method lies in the construction of a system of linear algebraic equations, whose coefficients of the matrix reflect the citations of some scientists by others in the citation network of scientific publications. The value of the coefficients of the matrix of such a system of linear algebraic equations is subject to certain restrictions, which allow to reduce the influence of the factor of excessive self-citation of the author on his overall assessment of research activity. The described method can be used to calculate the complex evaluation of the components of the scientific space: the scientist, the institution of higher education and its separate structural units. Evaluating research results provides an opportunity to verify the relevance of the research process to the goals identified at the planning stage and, if necessary, to adjust the progress of those studies. Also, the calculation of research evaluations of the components (objects and entities) of the scientific space is a powerful tool for managing research projects.

30-38

Authors: V. Golovachyova, N. Tomilova, G. Abildaeva

The aim of the article is a comprehensive approach to addressing the digitalization of education in the Republic of Kazakhstan based on identifying problems in this area, forming priority tasks and possible ways to solve them. Implementation of IT-programs in the learning process making serious additions to the pedagogical requirements, ethics, and discipline of students also the content of the disciplines. All these aspects are becoming especially relevant today when the quality of education is becoming a strategic task and the key to the successful development of the country’s economy in the digital era. The article touches on the problems of the modern “digital” generation, its dependence on communication in social networks and instant messengers, the impact of this dependence on health and the level of knowledge. The algorithm for educational technologies will be the main educational goals: the ability to think outside the box, be creative in solving problems, and develop logic and intelligence. Therefore, to formulate requirements for training ICTs, it is necessary to implement measures to assess the effectiveness of implemented programs based on experimental data. Such studies are being conducted today to improve the quality of the educational process, which means that they can be used for ICT. In conclusion, if to base on the results of the survey, the main problems were identified and a number of tasks were set for a deeper study, a general idea was formed on the scope of the forthcoming work and the goals for its achievement.

50-59

Authors: E. Sipko, O. Kravchenko, A. Karapetyan, Zh. Plakasova, M. Gladka

A system for recognizing surface defects in marble slabs is proposed. The pattern recognition method based on segmentation methods was further developed. The algorithm of the recognition system. The article describes methods for determining damage from digital images on various hard surfaces. Research in this field is relevant for a wide range of industrial enterprises that specialize in the production of various kinds of materials: parts, marble slabs, building materials, etc. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use the k-means clustering method. It has been experimentally established that Gaussian blurring algorithms, the Hough transform, and the Kenny algorithm are best suited for recognizing defects on the surface of a marble slab. The developed complex method based on the theory of pattern recognition allows you to quickly identify defects and damage on the surfaces of marble slabs. On the basis of the method, a system for understanding defects is implemented in software. The main stages of the system are described in the article. The results of the analysis of the image of the surface of the marble slab on a specific example are presented. The developed complex method based on the theory of pattern recognition allows you to quickly identify defects and damage on the surfaces of marble slabs. On the basis of the method, a system for understanding defects is implemented in software. The main stages of the system are described in the article. The results of the analysis of the image of the surface of the marble slab on a specific example are presented.

70-83

Authors: S. Bushuyev, D. Bushuyev, V. Bushuiev, B. Kozyr, A. Ugay

The structure and functions of the mechanisms of development and erosion of competencies in innovative projects for the implementation of information and communication technologies in the digitalization of society are considered. The factors of development and erosion of competencies are determined. A model for assessing competence and competencies for the successful implementation of information and communication technologies using the example of project management and digitalization programs has been built. The proposed model for the development of competence of the project team for the creation and implementation is based on a balance of factors for the development of competencies of the innovative project and their erosion in the implementation process. The study of factors of development and erosion of competencies in the management of innovative digitalization projects allows us to adequately respond to changes in the profile of competencies of innovative projects. At the same time, analysis allows the project manager to form effective programs for acquiring certain competencies for team members and other interested parties. The proposed model of the factors of development and erosion of the competency system is tested on examples that confirm its adequacy and effectiveness. This model for the development and erosion of the competencies of the digitalization project team is based on a balance of factors for the development of competencies of the innovative project and their erosion in the implementation process. The study of the factors of development and erosion of competencies in the management of innovative projects allows us to adequately respond to changes in the profile of competencies of innovative projects. At the same time, analysis allows the project manager to form effective programs for acquiring certain competencies for team members and other interested parties. The model of factors of development and erosion of the competency system proposed by the authors is tested on examples of applying the Agile methodology at the level of the project management department of the Kiev National University of Construction and Architecture. The implementation confirmed the adequacy and effectiveness of the model and methods of analysis of the development and erosion of competencies, and as a consequence of competence. As a direction for further development, it is necessary to determine the methods and algorithms of the Leader’s proactive response to the development and erosion of competencies, forming the corresponding competencies of team members ensuring the success of innovative projects.

96-101

Authors: Ye. Bakhtiyarova, Zh. Suleimen

The article is devoted to experimental estimation of interference parameters. The article discusses LTE technology, the main parameters and services of LTE technology, and calculates the internal parameters. Introduction of LTE technology in the Republic of Kazakhstan is currently an urgent topic. LTE technology is one of the most high-speed mobile access technologies. The main advantage of LTE is the so-called “open” Internet access. This means that a mobile network subscriber can access the Internet using the most convenient device at the moment – a mobile phone, PDA, smartphone, or laptop that has the most suitable characteristics for the current exchange of information. It is established that the losses depend on the distance between the transmitter and the antenna. The results obtained during this experiment showed that when using cellular communication equipment in the service area with a radius of about 1.9 km, communication in the direction of the AC-BS will be established at 90% of the time and places with a signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver output is no worse 16 dB As can be seen from the calculations, LTE technology provides effective radio coverage and can operate at high speeds, for subscribers located in the center and at the cell border to have a fairly good signal level.