Science Research Reporter

9-13

Authors: Anupam Das Talukdar, H.A. Barbhuiya1, *Dilip Kr. Roy, Manabendra Dutta Choudhury2, and Bipin Kr. Sinha3

A rare and endemic variety of Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw is re-collected after 70 years from South Garo Hills district of Meghalaya, India. The field assessment ascertained that the occurrence and population status of this endemic taxon is very rare and low due to continuous decline in area of occupancy for habitat loss as because of various anthropogenic interferences such as primitive method of shifting cultivation called “Jhum cultivation” or “slash-and-burn cultivation”, mining activities, over exploitation of natural resources in the state of Meghalaya. For conservation perception IUCN status of the taxon has been evaluated and a detailed taxonomic description along with photographic illustration is given for easy identification.

20-23

Authors: Deshpande Suwarna, Surekha Kale, Sachin Dhok and D.K. Kulkarni

Wild edible plants plays a significant role in the sustenance of tribal people resides in forested area. Conservation and utilization of wild edible plants survey has been carried out in 10 villages of Deolapar region, Taluka: Ramtek, District: Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. The present study deals with six tubers analysis for four mineral contents like P, Cu, Fe, Mn. P is higher 3.21 mg in Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett ( Saknaru) ,Cu is higher 11.81 mg in Colocasia esculenta L (Gavati kochi), Fe is higher 53.8 mg in Colocasia esculenta L ( Wild kochi), Mn is higher 11.77 mg in Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett ( Saknaru). Consumption of wild tubers are rich source of minerals in diet of tribal people. It is first time to report mineral content from Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett ( Saknaru) a newly reported plant from Vidarbha region.

30-35

Authors: S. Kiran, M. Surekha and S.M. Reddy

Fungal infestation and mycotoxin contamination of paddy of flood affected region during (2012-2013) was analysed. In all 34 fungal species representing 16 genera could be isolated. However, the incidence of different fungi varied with the flood affected area and condition of sample. Significant percentage of moulds was mycotoxigenic and elaborated variety and varying amount of mycotoxins. Aflatoxins, patulin, CPA, citrinin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A were detected in one or other paddy sample.

67-71

Authors: Sajid Shaikh, N. S. Lokhande and B. S. Naphade

In the present study a bacteria was isolated from agricultural soil near Ahmednagar, Mahatrashtra and identified as Rhizomonas species by morphological and biochemical tests. It was further tested for plant growth promoting activities like indole acetic acid production, hydrogen cyanide production, ammonia production, nitrogen fixation. The bacteria were able to produce indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia. It was also able to grow on nitrogen free media, which indicated that it can fix atmospheric nitrogen. The effect isolate on wheat plant was tested by pot assay and data was analyzed by student t test. The P values for mean shoot length and mean root length were 0.00428 and 0.00688 respectively. The isolate significantly increased root and shoot length of wheat plant.

80-91

Authors: Ranjitsingh K. Nimbalkar and Sambahji S. Shinde

In the present study we record the maximum number of butterfly species than the species moths viz., family Lycaenidae (15 species), Nymphalidae (10 species), Hesperiidae (8 species), Pieridae (7 species), and from Papilionidae, Danaidae and Acraeidae six, three and one species respectively. In the present study we record 99 species of order Lepidoptera comprising 49 species of moth and 50 species of to butterflies. Moths from this order belong to eight families out of these Pterophoridae and Hyblaeidae consist single species. Family Eupterotidae and Hypsidae constitute with two species family Arctiidae comprises three species and family Sphingidae, Pyralidae and Noctuidae constitute with seven, eleven and twenty two species of moths respectively. Study on the occurrence of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura was conducted by using Pheromones traps.

8-13

Authors: Pushpa K Kavatagi and H C Lakshman

The different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were evaluated for their symbiotic response with Solanum lycopersicum L (Var.Vaibhav) under greenhouse conditions. Four AM fungi were used Rhizophagus fasciculatus (Thaxt.) C.Walker&A.Schußle, Gigaspora margarita Becker & Koske, Sclerocystis dussi (Patouillard) von Hohnel and Acaulospora laevies Gerd & Trappe. All the inoculated seedlings showed significant results over control after 30, 60 and 90 days of inoculation. Solanum lycopersicum L (Var.Vaibhav) seedlings raised in the presence of AM fungi showed higher Shoot length, fresh weight of shoot, dry weight of root, dry weight of root, number of leaves, number of flowers and number of fruits, compared to non-inoculated control plants. The possible second influenced AM fungus was Gigaspora margarita, Sclerocystis dussi and Acaulospora laevies, the third and fourth respectively. Rhizophagus fasciculatus appeared to be the most promising AM fungus for inoculating for overall growth and biomass production of Tomato. Considering the various plant growth parameters and nutritional status of the plants, it was observed that Rhizophagus fasciculatus the best AM symbiont for tomato plants compared to the others used under this experiment.

21-23

Authors: Bhogaonkar P Y and Dhole P A*

Luffa echinata Roxb. was first collected from Ramtirtha (Tq. Daryapur, Dist. Amravati) from Vidarbha during 2007. Over five years the species has successfully established itself and now is found to grow throughout the District. It is one of the important medicinal plants used in indigenous system of medicine.

31-34

Authors: Rupali Deshpande and Alka Chaturvedi

The dye was extracted from pink flower of Plumeriarubrain pure aqueous medium and producing various Green, Ivory and Brown shades on silk cloth.. To know the phytochemical constituents, flower dye is chromatographed by TLC and tested against some Bacterial strains for atibacterial activity. The dye is extracted in distilled water as well as in Alcohol and were separated the chemical constituents of dye by TLC The Antibacterial activity of dye was tested by disk diffusion method against some Bacterial strains .The present chemical constituents of dye were Flavonoid, Anthraquinone and Anthracene as well as Anthocyanidin compounds. The antibacterial assay showed that both the extract inhibit growth of bacterial strains. The distilled water extract of the flower was more active against all bacterial strains. Above present chemical constituents of flower dye could be responsible for antibacterial property. Present investigation is an effort to make such kind of textile dye which is useful to make AyurvedicVastra to fight against skin dsease.

39-43

Authors: H C Lakshman

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate symbioants, generally multiply in association of other living host plants. Therefore, its multiplication status in roots is extremely varied and different with different plants. A low cost, low maintenance system for soilless production of AM fungal spores and inoculum was developed and adapted for production of Basella albaL. Plants. Preliminary experiments were undertaken on seven plants. An ideal soil less mixture could hold sufficient water for plant grown and simultaneously permit good aeration. Earthen pots had a porous texture with numerous air spaces into which the mycorrhiza lpropagules fit well. A greenhouse study was conducted under nursery conditions to study the responses of soilless grown Basella alba L. plant. The seedlings raised in presence of AM fungi (Glomus faciculatum) with vermiculite and perlite significantly showed an increased in dry weight of shoot and root and phosphours uptake in shoots over the control (non-inoculated plants).

51-56

Authors: Ugandhar.T, Chandraiah.G , Anitha Devi, U BalaRaju, .P and Kanaka Rajesham. Ch3

Plants are an integral part of nature and the nature reflects the creativity of God. The plants are designed with a specific purpose. They are the life sustaining force on the earth.Ramagiri fort Reserve Forest, Karimnagar East Division; Karimnagar District of Telangana is one of the richest biodiversity area and a part of green belt in sufficient humidity throughout the year. Many herbalists are inhabiting in the forest only for collection and selling of medicinal plants. The area under study has not been systematically explored and enumerated the indigenous medicinal plants till date. The area under study has not been systematically explored and enumerated the indigenous medicinal plants till date in the present study as many as 55 plants species from 34 families useful in women folk’s health care were recorded along with their scientific names, vernacular names plant parts used and uses in brief. The plants reported in this study are claimed to be the most effective remedies for condition such as leucorrhoea, gonorrhea, disorders during delivery, pregnancy, menstuaraion and other fertility related complaints in women. Authors feel to suggest that there is an ample opportunity to utilize these medicinal plants and also to generate revenue and man-hour days.

64-66

Authors: Anjali Patil, B T Dangat and MS Patil

Genus Cordyceps comprises of more than 100 species. Most of them are entomogenous. In India only 06 species have been reported till date of which four occur in Maharashtra state viz. Cordyceps blattae (T.Petch) T.Petch, C. superficialis (Peck) Sacc., C. militaris (L.ex St.Amans) and C. forquignoni Quel. In the present paper Cordyceps natans Pat., an entomogenous species has been described as a new record to India.

71-78

Authors: Sami Patel and Sayyed I. U*.

An approach to standardising plant images for Physiological diagnosis has been detailed. The efficacy of our custom colour chart and the use of a weighted least squares formulation have been demonstrated to study the leaf protein quality. It is anticipated that the method described here will be applicable to other applications utilising colour images that cannot be captured in repeatable way, for quality control and assessment purposes. Future work will more rigorously test our approach. Red and green colour index of in the image processing can distinguish the level of maturity at the age of picking lemons with 100 days 110 days old quotation. Area of image processing parameters, form factors, as well as RGB colour index texture features can be used to determine ripeness and maturity. Artificial neural network with data given from image processing area, RGB colour index is an ideal model to identify the age and maturity level of the plant.

85-88

Authors: Varsha Sonkamble, Gajanan Zore and Laxmikant Kamble

A less-time consuming and more specific qualitative technique to screen for α-amylase inhibitors could facilitate high throughput screening. Taking up developing method facilitating this as an objective, a protocol to screen a large number of plant extracts for presence of α-amylase inhibitors is being reported here. The potential of separated compounds to inhibit α-amylase was checked by first flooding their TLC plate with a solution of α-amylase followed by a solution of the substrate, starch. Iodine staining was then used to visualise inhibitory activity where a blue colour spot on the TLC plate was taken as a positive α-amylase inhibitory test for the corresponding compound. The visualization was enhanced by observing the plate under UV light. Blue spots were observed on the TLC plate following visualization under UV light indicating presence of α-amylase inhibitory activity in the corresponding compound as a result of inability of α-amylase to hydrolyse starch. This inability we conclude was a result of inhibition of the enzyme by the compound on the TLC plate. Our protocol presents itself as a simple, less time consuming and more specific alternative for high throughput screening of various plants extracts without the use of any sophisticated instrumentation facility.

94-100

Authors: Nilesh Rokade, Sagar Sankpal and Pratap Naikwade

The present investigation was carried out to assess drinking water quality of Avashi village of Lote Parshuram Industrial Area (LPIA) of Maharashtra. Water samples were collected from six selected sampling stations for the pre monsoon and post monsoon period during August 2012 to January, 2013. The Physico-chemical parameters like Temperature, Odour, Taste, pH, Conductivity, BOD, COD, DO, Total Hardness, Total Acidity, Total Alkalinity, TDS, Chloride, Turbidity etc. and some heavy metals like Copper, Mercury, Chromium, Zinc, Cadmium along with Biological parameter like Most Probable Number (MPN) was also analyzed respectively. The Standard procedures (APHA, 1995 and Trivedi and Goel, 1986) are used in this study. To assess the quality of water each parameter was compared with the desirable limit of that parameter in drinking water as prescribed as Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). It was found that water quality in Awashi village of 6 different locations was very severely polluted specially with heavy metal contamination.

106-108

Authors: Mukund P. Kulthe and Umesh P. Mogle

The winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) seeds variety EC 38955 (A) is treated with Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS). The effectiveness and efficiency of mutagen is determined by observing Frequency of mutations induced by mutagenic treatment. In the present experiments from results it is observed that effectiveness is reduced when concentration of mutagen increased. The mutagenic efficiency increased with increase in concentration of mutagen. The mutation rates were calculated taking into consideration the mean values of efficiency for each treatment.

113-118

Authors: Kiran S. Chudasama, Rita S. Chudasama and Vrinda S. Thaker

Bacteria as plant pathogen are known to attack diverse crops of economic significance. Many of disease symptoms caused by phytopathogenic microbes appear to reflect the changes in plant hormones levels. In this study, gram negative bacteria, inhibiting seed germination were isolated from the seeds of Cajanus cajan and maintained on Nutrient agar medium. This bacterium, identified on the basis biochemical tests and 16s rDNA sequencing as Pantoea agglomerans. To study the role of pathogenic bacteria in food mobilization, five hundred mg of dry seed powder was treated with different concentrations of N-broth (1ml to 5 ml bacterial culture) for 48 h. Control was prepared with uninoculated N-broth. Endogenous hormonal levels of treated and untreated seed powder were estimated by indirect ELISA. To estimate endogenous hormonal concentration, antibodies against IAA, PAA, KiN, GA, and ABA were raised in rabbits. IAA, PAA, KiN, GA, ABA were conjugated with BSA and injected to the rabbits via intramuscular routs. Antibodies against each plant growth hormones was purified and used for estimation of free and conjugated forms. It was observed that bacteria have released bound IAA, PAA, KiN, GA, and ABA from dry seed powder significantly. These results were confirmed by comparing the data with control. The probable mechanism of pathogenic bacteria in hydrolyzing conjugated forms of all hormones in C. cajan is discussed.

04-06

Authors: Jalander V and B D Gachande

In-vitro efficacy of two fungicides captasul (capton-50) and ridomil gold were evaluated at different concentrations i.e. 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ppm against Cordana musae (Zimm.) Hohn. Causing sigatoka disease in banana. Fungicide captasul was highly toxic to pathogen. Fungicides at 300 ppm concentration were highly reduced the growth of pathogenic fungus tested.

09-14

Authors: Ayodhya D. Kshirsagar and Venkat R Gunale

The present study deals with the aquatic macrophytes diversity of river Mula from Pune city. Macrophytes were studied during the year October 2007 to September 2008. During present study three different sampling stations were selected, total 74 species of plants were recorded from Mula river flowing through the Pune City. Species among plant, indicative of organic enrichment as Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Alternanthera sessilis, Persicaria glabra, Cyperus compressus and Amaranthus tricolor were found in large population at station II and III at Mula river. Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes as weeds was predominant at sampling stations which are the most tolerant and could be regarded as pollution tolerant aquatic macrophytes and be used as a biological indicator for water pollution. It indicates that, aquatic macrophytes species are specific to the environmental quality and therefore can be used as agent in bioremediation.

20-26

Authors: Shagufta Bashir, Aijaz A Wani and Irshad A Nawchoo

This study was performed by exposing the seeds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) to gamma rays, ethyl methanesulphonate [EMS] and sodium azide [SA]. The observations were made on seed germination, seedling height, plant survival and pollen fertility. The study revealed that germination percentage, seedling height, percent survival and pollen fertility decreased with an increase in dose/concentration of the mutagens. The results conclude that treatments of gamma rays were more effective in reducing germination and survival percentage and seedling height as compared to EMS and SA (ϒ-rays>EMS>SA). On the other hand EMS treatments were more superior to gamma rays and SA in inducing pollen sterility (EMS>ϒ-rays>SA). Lower treatments of all the three mutagens have influenced less biological damage and would be suitable for inducing desirable mutations in fenugreek.

30-32

Authors: Alawa K S, Sudip Ray and Anuradha Dubey

Dhar district is known as one of the tribal district of Madhya Pradesh. The use of dyes for making specific color or color combinations was found to play an important role in the social and religious life of the tribals.18 dye yielding plants have been observed in the study area which are used by tribal. Indigenous knowledge of ethno-herbal dye is facing threats from synthetic dyes and needs attention for conservation.

38-40

Authors: A Anami Augustus Arul, S Jeeva and S Karuppusamy

Blyxa aubertii L.C. Richard (Hydrocharitaceae) is extended its distribution in southern Western Ghats of Kanyakumari district, since it was reported in many parts of Northern and central Tamilnadu and plain districts of other states. The relevant notes with photograph are provided herewith for easy identification of this submerged aquatic species.

44-48

Authors: Ulhe S K and S D Narkhede

Hyptis suaveolens plant collected from Gorewada Lake forest, Nagpur district (Maharashtra state).This plant belongs to family -Lamiaceae and is commonly known as “Ran tulsi” which is evergreen aromatic, perennial, erect herb and measuring about 120-170cm tall. The roots are typically tap root and weak herbaceous type .The stem is quadrangular. The leaves are covered by hairs and inflorescence is of verticillasters type. In the present study anatomical characters and phytochemical analysis of the leaves were reported. Anatomical characters: Both outer and lower epidermis layers of the leaves were covered by multi-cellular hairs. Pallisade was poorly developed while mesophyll is filled with compact parenchyma. Midrib and Vascular bundles were well developed having secondary growth with broad vessels .Phytochemical Analysis: Fresh leaves were shaded dried and 50gm powder was used. The aqueous extract was prepared in six solvents viz.Petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethyl alcohol and water to screen the active chemical constituents. The qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, tannin and saponin in leaves. Alkaloids showed high scores while tannins showed moderate scores but saponins indicated low scores. Aromatic oil is found in 6% in 3gm of dry weight of powder of leaves of H. suaveolens. The present investigations concluded that the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens contains alkaloids>tannins> saponins in this order, and contains double percent amount of aromatic oil. These chemicals are widely used in Ayurvedic traditional medicinal system.

53-56

Authors: Pravina P. Pawar and Chandrakant S. Mahajan

Mass (μ/ρ) and linear attenuation coefficients (μ) of glycine for 0.360, 0.662, 1.170 and 1.330 MeV gamma-rays photons have been measured using the well-type scintillation spectrometer. Measurements have been made to determine gamma ray attenuation coefficients very accurately by using a narrow-collimated-beam method which effectively excluded corrections due to small-angle and multiple scattering of photons. The values of μ and μ/ρ thus obtained are found to be in good agreement with the theory.

61-65

Authors: A C Bhagat and S K Popalghat

The technique of crystals growth has significant role in the recent technology of material science. Various methods have been developed and practiced for the growth of crystals of industrial and commercial interest. The biological organic crystals are also grown by various methods. The study of crystals growth process is also significantly important to understand the growth of various crystals and stones that are grown in human and animal bodies which is major health problem all over the world. In the in vitro crystallization in gel media, the nucleation time, the growth rate and the morphology of crystals depends on various parameters such as solvent used, concentration of solution, specific gravity and temperature. In the present work, the effect of solvent and that of exposure of weak microwave power of X-Band has been studied. The weak microwave is exposed at nucleation state of Cholesterol crystals in gel media and effect is noted for various frequencies and period of exposure. The grown crystals are characterized by using XRD and FTIR method.

69-73

Authors: Bhalerao A L, R N Deshmukh, R K Aher and V S Kothekar

In present studies several attempts have been made to reduce the amount of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) mutants developed through induced mutation. The low seed TI (trypsin inhibitor) lines comprised long pod-5 and long pod-2 mutant lines. The low tuber TI feature could be noted in the mutant population. Such lines were long pod-5, large leaf/high yield-5, dark green/flat pod-4 and anthostem-3. The CTI (chymotrypsin) content in seed and tuber of mutant lines has revealed a good amount of variation. The low seed CTI lines like flat pod/wingless-2, large leaf/high yielding-2, early maturing-2 and dwarf-5 could be distinctly observed among the varied mutants of winged bean. The seeds and tubers of such low TI and CTI mutant lines are easy for digestion as compared to original germplasm. The winged bean mutants carrying lowered levels of TI/CTI are likely to assume significant importance and immense economic value especially in regard to their nutritional potential. The detailed understanding of the genetics of inhibitors and other antinutritional components present in winged bean mutants would prove immensely helpful to breeders in planning their programmes directed towards qualitative enhancement of winged bean.

78-82

Authors: Bhuvaneshwari K and Ajay Kumar

An incubation experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of Azolla on the physical and chemical properties of the soil in which the soil were treated with Azolla at 0,10,30,60 and 90g/kg. The treated soils were incubated in the dark at 25o C for 60 days in the laboratory. The application of Azolla increased the soil pH, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na with rate of Azolla. There was reduction in soil bulk density but increased soil porosity.

87-90

Authors: Tambekar D H and Gayakwad S S

Most of the industrial effluent contains chromium which is pulmonary carcinogen. Generally the industrial effluent has high pH, and bacteria isolated from normal environment cannot tolerate the alkaline condition in effluent. Therefore, aim of this study was to isolate bacteria alkaline environment having ability to survive and remediate the chromium from industrial effluent. The alkaline Lonar Lake is one of them, situated in the Maharashtra State (India). In present study, twelve water samples were collected from Lonar Lake and two bacterial strains were isolated on alkaline medium having pH 10 with 100µg/ml of chromium. The isolates were characterized biochemically and identified as Pseudomonas species by 16S rRNA sequencing.. The chromium remediation ability of the strains was estimated by the Spectrophotometric method of Di-phenyl carbazide and atomic absorption spectra (AAS) (Perkin Elmer) and the study revealed that the isolates SSG1 and SSG2 oxidized 65.38% and 64.88% of chromium after 96 hours of incubation respectively, showing the ability of organisms to tolerate the chromium concentration at alkaline pH and potential to remediate and detoxify Cr (VI) to Cr (III) as well.

97-101

Authors: Shaikh Mosma and Christine Struck

The narrow-leafed lupin Lupinus angustifolius is highly susceptible to soil-borne pathogenic fungus Thielaviopsis basicola causing root rot. Light microscopy was used to study the penetration, colonization and sporulation of lupin roots by this pathogenic fungus. Events were observed in 2 to 3 days old roots produced on moist filter paper. By 24 h post inoculation (PI), infection hyphae had entered into the root hair and continued the elongation of hyphae. By 48 h PI, intercellular hyphae were present in the cortical region. By 72 h PI, intracellular hyphae were present in necrotic cortical cells. Germination of conidia within the cortical cell surrounded by host cytoplasm was observed at 72 h PI which indicates presence of secondary infection.

106-114

Authors: M Packia Lincy, K Paulpriya, V R Mohan

Antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts of the pneumatophore of Avicennia marina have been tested using various antioxidant model systems viz., DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS. Ethyl acetate extracts of the pneumatophore showed strong DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity where as ethanol and methanol extract showed strong superoxide and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity respectively. The IC50 values in all models viz., DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity of methanol extract of pneumatophore of A.marina were found to be 13.24, 19.74, 24.64 and 27.96 µg/ml respectively at 1 µg/ml concentration. This study indicates significant free radical scavenging potential of the pneumatophore of A.marina which can be exploited for the treatment of various free radical mediated diseases.

120-123

Authors: Prabhu Kumar K M , Binu Thomas, V Sreeraj, Indira Balachandran and A Rajendran

Dipcadi montanum (Dalz.) Baker is reported so far only from the Belgaum district of Karnataka in South India. The present collection of taxon from Madukkarai hills shows its extended distribution to the Tamil Nadu parts of southern Western Ghats of India. The paper provides some critical notes on D. montanum var. madrasicum. Detailed description, photographs, distributional and ecological details are provided.

129-134

Authors: Airsang R V and H C Lakshman

The present paper deals mainly with the study of Phytoplanktons belonging to the class Chlorophyceae in ShetterLake. Detailed Physico-chemical characteristics of this Lake were analyzed. The variable Temperature, pH, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Dissolved oxygen, Biological oxygen demand, Nitrates, Phosphates and Chemical oxygen demand were played an important role in the diversity of Chlorophyceae members. The values of Physico-chemical parameters which were found in the Lake always deviated from the drinking water quality standards. Therefore, it can be concluded that the water of the Lake is not fit for consumption according to drinking water quality standards (WHO, 1990).

142-145

Authors: Vijigiri Dinesh, Shivraj Kashinath Bembrekar and P P Sharma

The present survey provides information on the therapeutic properties of 18 crude drugs used for by the natives of Nizamabad District. Of the Eighteen species that presented here, 12 had not been previously reported. Information on botanical names, vernacular name, family, part used, mode of drug preparation and administration is provided.

151-154

Authors: Sasikala K and M. Reema Kumari

Pothos tirunelveliensis Sasikala & Reema Kumari, a new species from Nagapothigai hills, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu is described and illustrated. The species is closely allied to P. crassipedunculatus Sivad. & N. Mohanan, but differs in having hexagonal pistil without annular ridges and subglobose berries.

159-163

Authors: Deepmala A Gaikwad

Flower extracts and fruit extract of Jatropha curcas, J. glandulufera, J. integerrima and J. gossypofolia were screened in order to study their effect on plant pathogenic bacteria like Erwinia carotovora pv. Carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Citri and Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Degree of variation of antibacterial activity of different parts of Jatropha sp. was observed. It was found that flower and fruit extract of Jatropha sp. were significantly reduced the growth of bacteria. Only flower extract of J. integerrima at 50 µl was proved to inhibitory for growth of Erwinia carotovora pv. Carotovora. At 100 µl concentration flower extract of J. integerrima was found to be most inhibitory against all bacteria. J. curcas fruit extract at 50 µl and 100 µl concentrations was found to be most effective against plant pathogenic bacteria. Fruit extract of all Jatropha species at 50 µl and 100 µl concentration was found to be inhibitory for the growth of Erwinia carotovora pv. Carotovora and Pseudomonas. Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae growth was only inhibited in fruit extract of all Jatropha species at 100 µl concentration, while, at 50 µl concentration it did not show inhibition.

167-170

Authors: N Vinatha, V Bikshapathi and S Ramesh Babu

In the post helminth infection, Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and Alanine aminotransferase (AlAT) activity changes have been studied in the Myotomal muscles of Channa punctatus due to the intestinal infection by Genarchopsis goppo Ozaki (1925) and liver infection by Callodistomum diaphanum Odhner (1902). The biochemical parameters that have been investigated are AAT and AlAT. These parameters were showed an increase in the myotomal muscles of infected animals. The increase of substrate content enzyme and the activity levels of enzymes suggest that in the myotomal muscles the rate of AAT and AlAT activity is greatly enhanced during the liver infection than to the intestinal infection. This indicates that liver plays an active role in metabolic changes that occurred due to helminth infestation. The increase activity levels of AAT and AlAT indicate that biochemical adaptations of hosts to combat the parasitic effect.

175-182

Authors: Tambekar D H and Shirsat S D

Hands are the principle vehicles for transfer of infectious agents. Transmission of bacterial infections via hands has important consequences on students, as they are more likely to take meal and water without washing hands therefore they are posed to risk of infection. Hand washing can potentially result in the reduction of the spread of infection. Present study was designed to evaluate the number and type of enteric bacteria associated with hands of students and influence of hand washing on percent reduction in bacterial type and count after hand washing. Thus, 1200 hand swabs from left and right hands were collected as before and after hand wash from 300 students of Amravati district which included 181 female and 119 male students. All students (100%) found to harbour bacteria on their hands before washing hands. Varieties of bacteria were found on the hands of the students before taking mid-day meal at school viz Escherichia species (27%), Staphylococcus species (17%), Pseudomonas species (11%), Proteus species (9%), Klebsiella species (8%), Enterobacter species (8%), Micrococcus species (7%), Streptococcus species (5%), Citrobacter species (5%), Enterococcus species (2%) and Salmonella species (1%). There was complete removal of bacteria from the hands of 64 (21%) of the students after washing hands with soap and water. There was about 56% overall reduction in bacterial count after washing hands with soap and water. Bacterial load on the hands of the female students was more (59%) than on the hands of male students (41%) before washing hands. Highest bacterial contamination (70%) was observed on the hands of the KG students than primary, secondary and post graduate students. Highest bacterial contamination (69%) was reported from the hands of the students who frequently experienced the gastrointestinal problems. Hence hand washing is a key component of good hygiene and can produce significant benefits in terms of reducing the transmission/ incidence of (gastrointestinal infection) enteric bacterial infections.

188-189

Authors: Sonune M B

The present study deal with the biochemical analysis of cestode parasite Acanthobothrium abhayii and Acanthobothrium keshavravii its host M. armatus. The result obtained an amount of glycogen content in the present study indicates that the amount of glycogen present in cestode parasites is lower as compared to glycogen present in infected intestine as well as in normal intestine.

193-199

Authors: Shende A M

Biosurfactants are naturally occurring surface active compounds produced by micro-organism, which reduces surface tension. Lonar Lake is unique with alkaline water having average pH 10.5 harbors diverse microorganisms having potential to produce variety of biotechnological products. The study is focused on production of biosurfactant by using bacteria Exiguobacterium sp. isolated from Lonar Lake. Twelve samples of sediment, matt and water were screened on mineral salt medium containing 2% soybean oil as a carbon source. The bacterial strain Exiguobacterium sp having potential to produce biosurfactant is isolated and identified by standard biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. Surface tension measurement, oil displacement test and emulsification index methods were used to screen the capability of isolates for biosurfactant production. The study revealed that maximum biosurfactant production was found in coconut oil and break oil. Also the bacterium is able to grow and produce biosurfactant over a wide range of pH, salinity, and temperature. The results of present study suggested that the isolate might be helpful for remediation of oil at polluted site of marine environment.

204-207

Authors: S K Dutta, A K Dutta, M K Ghosh and S Nirmal Kumar

One of the major constrain of mulberry (Morus alba, L.) cultivation is the out break of pests and diseases in mulberry field. Incidence of Myrothecium leaf spot (Myrothecium roridum) disease in the leaves of mulberry in Malda district is very common. The disease severity data (PDI) of Myrothecium leaf spot (MLS) in three different villages viz. Pataldanga, Khanpara and Mohabbatpur of Malda district in weekly interval and day wise meteorological data ( viz. maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum relative humidity (% ), minimum relative humidity (%) and rainfall) were collected compiled during 2006 -2011. Correlation coefficient (r) of disease incidence shows a significant positive correlation with the meteorological variable viz. maximum RH but negative correlation with maximum and minimum temperature, minimum RH and rainfall. Prediction of disease severity is done by regression analysis and severity of MLS of Malda is predicted as Y = - 6.941 + 0.049 X1 + 0.073 X2 – 0.043 X3 + 0.026 X4 + 0.009 X5, when X 1 = Maximum temperature, X 2 = Minimum temperature, X 3 = Maximum relative humidity, X 4 = Minimum relative humidity, X 5 = Rainfall, and Y = Predicted disease severity. Moreover coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.252 Application of 0.1% Carbendazim (Bavistin, 50%WP), @ 180 litre per acre to control the disease incidence is recommended.

210-215

Authors: Jat J G and H R Agalave

Pathogenic fungi were isolated from oilseeds like groundnut, soybean, sesame, sunflower and safflower on PDA medium. Antifungal activity of aqueous and methanolic leaf extract of medicinal plants was evaluated against oilseed-borne fungi. For this study 50% and 100% concentration of aqueous and methanolic extracts was used. 50% and 100% aqueous leaf extract of ten medicinal plants was screened against ten oilseed-borne fungi. Methanolic extract was found to be effective against oilseed-borne fungi as compared to aqueous extract. Antifungal activity was maximum as concentration of methanolic and aqueous extract of leaf was increased. It was found that methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus sp., and Withania somnifera was found to be more fungitoxic against seed-borne fungi as compared to other medicinal plants. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus showed minimum growth in presence of methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus sp., and Withania somnifera.

223-228

Authors: Mallick G K, K Jana, S Ghosh, G Sardar and K K Bhadra

BNKR – 1 (Dhiren), a late duration rice variety developed at Rice Research Station, Bankura, West Bengal, India. It was released by the ‘State Variety Release Committee, West Bengal’, India in 2011. Morpho – Agronomic Characteristics of BNKR – 1 (Dhiren) are described in this paper in details through DUS test data. Key words: Rice Variety, Late duration, IET 20760, BNKR – 1 (Dhiren)

233-238

Authors: Naphade S T

The present communication deals with the study of prevalence of intestinal helminthic infection in broiler poultry birds from different parts of Marathwada region, Maharashtra state India.The study was conducted during, annual cycle June 2011 to May 2012 from different sampling station and different season to estimate the prevalence of helminthic infection. For this study annually 298 broiler poultry birds were randomly selected from small, medium and large poultry farms from different part of Marathwada region under various management systems and different season. Simple salt floatation methods were employed for examination of helminthic infection. After examined the intestine of the birds the overall prevalence found 154 (51.67%) during the annual cycle. The seasonal prevalence percentage of helminthic infection was highest during summer followed by rainy and lowest during winter season and the value were found (60.24%), (53.54%) and (40.78%) respectively. The considerable difference was found in the prevalence of helminthic infection found in different season. The average helminthic infection of parasite found in the broiler poultry birds 48 (16.10%) and 70 (23.48%) were cestode and nematode respectively while the rest 36 (12.08%) were mixed infestations. It was found that the percentage of prevalence of cestode (Summer: 19.10%), (Rainy: 16.26%), (Winter: 12.58%), nematode (Summer: 26.66%), (Rainy: 25.60%), (Winter: 17.89%) and mixed infection (Summer: 14.47%), (Rainy: 11.67%), (Winter: 10.31%) was highest during summer followed by rainy and lowest during winter season. The major helminthic infection of parasites was found in the broiler poultry birds include Raillietina and Ascaridia spp. the values are (19.62%) and (26.21%) respectively. The study indicated that helminthic infections are highly prevalent in broiler poultry birds in the study area. Therefore, sustainable ways of controlling these parasites and further studies on helminth infection in broiler poultry birds need to be designed for improved poultry meat production.

243-245

Authors: Naise M J and D G Bhadange

Medicinal plants are the wealthy source of antibacterial agents and curatives.The selected plant, Anisomeles indica (L) O. Ktze is an aromatic under-shrub, belongs to family Lamiaceae. This plant is generally found at higher elevations throughout Indian subcontinent. The plant is used as folk medicine by the tribals and villagers inhabiting in Satpuda ranges, predominantly in the treatment of intestinal disorder and intermittent fever. This paper deals with investigation on invitro antibacterial activity of crude leaf extracts of A. indica plant against selected pathogenic bacterial strains. All the tested bacteria were found to be highly susceptible to the crude extracts of A. indica. The most effective activity was observed in methanolic extract with maximum zone of inhibition ranging from 13 mm and 10 mm againstB.subtalis and S.typh irespectively. The aqueous extract shows comparatively less inhibition ranging from 10 mm and 9 mm in B. subtilis.

130-134

Authors: Agbabiaka, L A, C U Madubuiko and C N Anyanwu

A seventy days experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) as substitute for maize in diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell) juveniles. Five isonitrogeneous diets (CP=40%) were formulated such that tigernut replaced maize at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively in a completely randomized design. The control diet contained no tigernut. The experiment was conducted in hapa nets suspended in an outdoor concrete pond at the rate of ten fish per hapa in a triplicate, making a total of fifteen experimental units and fed at 5% biomass daily. Result of the growth performance revealed that control diet has the best weight gain and specific growth rate (P<0.05) while the least was obtained from diet containing 100% tigernut. Mean weight gain decreased as tigernut increased in the diet similar observation was recorded from the feed intake (P<0.05). This study revealed that tigernut cannot totally replace maize in diets of Clarias gariepinus but may be used at dietary level not beyond 50% for catfish production.

183-186

Authors: Agbabiaka L A

28 days feeding trial was conducted to determine the growth performance of broiler finishers fed graded levels of fermented castor oil bean (Ricinus communis L) meal. Castor oil bean seeds were dehulled and detoxified by cooking, fermentation and oven drying at 70oc for 9 hours. Eighty four (84) five weeks old unsexed broiler finisher (Anak Strain) were randomly divided into four groups of 21 birds each in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each group was fed isocaloric (ME= 2860 Kcal /Kg) and isonitrogenous (19.3 % crude protein) diets containing 0% (control), 5%, 10% and 15% levels of dehulled cooked and fermented castor bean meal (CBM) respectively for four weeks. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences between birds fed the control (0%) and those fed 5% CBM diets in all the parameters except FCR (P<0.05). Inclusion levels of CBM above 10% caused significant (p<0.05) reduction in Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI), daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein intake. Overall, the birds fed diet containing 15% CBM had the lowest performance. It was concluded that dehulled, cooked and fermented CBM could be included at 5% dietary level in broiler finisher diets without adverse effect on the performance.

192-197

Authors: J. Joonu and Horne Iona Averal

Pollution in industrial areas is of serious environmental concern and has significant implications for human health. The present study focuses on isolation and characterization of bacteria from a heavy metal polluted environment. The contaminated soil samples were collected from around the BHEL (Bharath Heavy Electrical Limited), Tiruchriappalli Tamilnadu. The isolation of bacteria from soil sample was done by nutrient agar plate method. The colonies isolated were confirmed by morphological and biochemical tests like IMVIC, Catalase, Citrate Utilization, Coagulase, Oxidase, Starch hydrolysis,(Table-1,2,3) etc., The colonies identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriacea, Staphylococus aureus, and Bacillus sps. Thus the total heavy metals present in the sample were also analysed both in the soil and water of the effluent sample.

202-209

Authors: K. Parani and M. Eyini

In our study, Pleurotus eous and Chaetomium globosum the peak enzyme values (5.53 IU/ml; 2.6 IU/ml respectively) were observed on the 20th day, whereas in Ganodermalucidum, the enzyme activity steadily increased till the 30th day (3.6 IU/ml) followed by a steady decline thereafter. In coculture experiments, the maximum laccase activity (8.8 IU/ml) was shown by Pleurotus flabellatus + Pleurotus eous on the 20th day of biodegradation. The highest peroxidase enzyme activity was observed in coffee pulp colonized by Phanerochaete chrysosporium monoculture (3.1 IU/ml) on the 30th day after inoculation followed by Pleurotus flabellatus monoculture which showed the maximum 2.83 IU/ml of peroxidase activity on 40th day of biodegradation. Aspergillus terreus showed very low peroxidase activity, while peroxidase activity of Chaetomium globosum on 30th day (2.3 IU/ml) was on par with the 40th day activity of Fomes badius. Significant increase in peroxidase activity over the respective monocultures was observed in all the white rot + white rot dual culture combinations and in Pleurotus flabellatus + Chaetomium globosum (3.6 IU/ml) dual culture.

213-217

Authors: G. Flora and S. Maria Victorial Rani

The efficacy of aqueous concentrates of Padina pavonia, Acanthophora spicifera and Ulva lactuca as foliar spray on reducing the severity of fungal blast of rice caused by Pyricularia oryzae was investigated. The results indicated that all the seaweed concentrates significantly reduced the severity of the disease. Among the seaweeds Acanthophora spicifera concentrate was found to have more constrained over blast in rice on the basis of infection index. Present study also revealed that the peroxidase activity and phenylalanine ammonia – lyase activity were at higher level than the control (without any application). Seaweed concentrates of all the three species enhanced sugar, starch, protein level in 60th day where as decreased in 80th day. All the parameters were also analysed with foliar application of Bavistin, a common fungicide and the results were compared.

225-228

Authors: S. S. Patil

Pleurotus sajor-caju was cultivated on different agro wastes viz. soybean straw, paddy straw, wheat straw, groundnut straw, sunflower stalk and pigeon pea stalk to determine the suitability of these agro waste on yield , biological efficiency, moisture content, total carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, ash content. Soybean straw showed significantly highest yield (84.56% B.E.) with maximum crude protein (25.33%) content. Significantly maximum moisture and crude fiber content of Pleurotus was recorded on sunflower stalk, i.e. 89.35 and 7.82 % respectively. Maximum total carbohydrate (56.00 %) was recorded on wheat straw, while maximum fat and ash content of Pleurotus was recorded on ground nut straw, i.e. 2.85 and 7.00% respectively.

239-245

Authors: Paulpriya K and Mohan V.R.

The present study was undertaken to find the antioxidant activity of Dioscorea oppositifolia tuber. Antioxidants have been reported to prevent oxidative damage caused by free radical and can be used in cardiovascular and antiinflammatory diseases. The total phenolic, flavonoid content and the in vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Dioscorea oppositifolia tuber which had been used in ethnomedicine were investigated. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed by reducing power and the scavenging activity towards DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS radical cation. High radical scavenging activity was observed in the tuber of Dioscorea oppositifolia. The results suggest that, phenolic compounds are the significant contributors to the antioxidant activity. This study shows that, the studied plants are good sources of free radical scavenging compound and may explain their traditional medicinal application.

251-255

Authors: N. K. Gam and S.P. Borah

The present study deals with the male female flower ratios and quantitative study of floral parts. Jatropha curcus L. had more male-female flower ratio (21.38±0.47:1) than that of Jatropha gossypifolia L. (20.44±0.15:1). In Jatropha curcus L. the male/female flower ratio in the rachis of the inflorescence varied from 17.50:1.08 to 23.75:1.Whereas, in Jatropha gossypifolia L.,the rachis of the inflorescence showed a range of male/female flower ratio varied from 16.67:0.07 to 23.08:0.83. The male and female flowers of Jatropha curcus L. were bigger than those of Jatropha gossypifolia L. The male and female flowers of Jatropha curcus L. was of same length while the male flower of Jatropha gossypifolia L. was smaller than female flower. The investigation revealed the different in male/female flower ratiosignificantly ofJatropha curcus L. and Jatropha gossypifolia L. which seems tocritical for the improvement of Jatropha seed yield.

260-264

Authors: Khyanjeet Gogoi, Raju das and Rajendra Yonzone

Among the Orchid flora of Assam 5 species of Phalaenopsis recorded Phalaenopsis deliciosa, Phalaenopsis lobbii, Phalaenopsis mannii, Phalaenopsis parishii, and Phalaenopsis taenialis in an intensive survey during 1996-2011. The present paper deals Phalaenopsis species diversity and distribution in Assam, India. This attempt is the first step to correct taxonomic identification to workout currently accepted botanical names with present ecological status, date of collection, Voucher specimen numbers, habitat, altitudinal ranges, phenology and local and general distribution of Phalaenopsis species in the region.

268-273

Authors: Tambekar D. H., D. S. Jaitalkar and M. V. Kavitkar

The alkaline Lonar Lake, situated in Buldhana district of Maharashtra state, India, ranks third in the world based on diameter and its high alkalinity (pH 10.5). Lonar crater is surrounded by dense forests constituting many medicinal plants with rich alkaline angiospermic bio-diversity. The medicinal potential of these plant’s fruits and vegetables is known but however, their antibacterial potential of these Lonar Lake medicinal flora is not studied. Hence attempt was made to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of these plants against various enteric bacterial pathogens. The finding concluded that all the medicinal plants of Lonar Lake have antimicrobial potential and should be further studied for their therapeutic use. These are very commonly available plants, economically affordable and have medicinal properties. So these plants can be used as herbal drugs without causing any side effects to reduce the common health problems.

277-280

Authors: Murugan M and Mohan V R

In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the antibacterial assay of hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, methanol and water extracts of root and seed of Mucuna atropurpurea used in ethnomedicine by the Palliyar tribals of Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. The extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method. The extracts tested possess various degree of antibacterial activity.

295-297

Authors: Khyanjeet Gogoi, Raju Das and Rajendra Yonzone

Extended distribution of Phaius luridus Thwaites, a rare species of Orchidaceae from Manas Biosphere Reserve and Tinsukia district, Assam is described here. Detailed description, photographs, distributional and ecological details are provided.

302-306

Authors: Rupali Deshpande and Alka Chaturvedi

A castor bean plant Ricinus communis L., a member of family Euphorbiaceae is a well known oil yielding plant. India is the world leader in Castor bean production. Whole plant body is utilised in Ayurvedic field, Present investigation is an effort to yield a Natural dye from different parts of Ricinus plant. Aerial parts of plant (Fruit coat, Leaf) were found to be good source of natural dye for cotton as well as silk Cloth. With different mordant Green, brown and yellow shades were on cloth. Excellent fastness property of dye was observed. A smart green shade was observed on Cotton cloth with mordant CuSO4. The dye extraction method is non hazardous and economically viable. The synthetic dyes created pollution in environment which can be avoided by using Natural dye. But still Natural Dye is unpopular in the market because of the higher price tag and lack of dye resource knowledge, being a dominant and widely spread species, a dye from Ricinus may be useful to solve the above problem.

316-320

Authors: Avinash Nichat, V. K. Kakaria and S. A. Shaffi

The sub - lethal zinc metal concentrations in presence of Spirulina platensis caused significant variations in brain (cerebrum, diencephalons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata) enzyme hexokinase in Labeo rohita, Clarias batrachus and Channa punctatus, in microbe presence to a lesser extent than metal exposure directly. Under detoxification studies the impact of Spirulina platensis on sub-lethal zinc toxicity on hexokinase in various brain regions, Spirulina may have potential as a precipitation agent. Spirulina rapidly adsorbed appreciable amount of zinc from the aqueous solutions .The autotroph Spirulina platensis has the detoxification ability and the change occurred in the enzyme levels of different brain regions of above fish species.

49-52

Authors: Alagammal M, Tresina Soris P and Mohan V R

In the present study, the bioactive components of Polygala chinensis whole plant have been evaluated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrum (GC-MS). Fourteen compounds in ethanolic extract were identified. 1, 5–Anhydro-d-mannitol (92.30%) was the prevailing compound in ethanolic extract, which is suggested to be an anticancer compound. This is the first report of identification of active constituents from whole plant of Polygala chinensis.

56-60

Authors: P B Dandge, P J Kasabe and R M Patil

Most of the wild plants from konkan (M.S.) India are being used for medicinal purposes. The present study deals with the evaluation of bioactive phytochemicals present in the fruits of the Elaeagnaceae family, especially Eleagnus conferta, commonly called as berry. The ripen fruit material was collected from the place Radhanagari; district Kolhapur, in the month of April. The objective of study is getting relevant information about the bioactive compounds having medicinal and nutritional importance. The various bioactive components such as 6.08 % phenolics, 11.68 % flavonoids, lipids from seed 2.9 % and from pulp 3.5%, carotenoids from seeds 1.35 % and from pulp 16 %, 39 % carbohydrates, 8.2 % ascorbic acid and 2.37 % of titratable acidity was quantified here.

65-68

Authors: Tembhurne R R and S P Nanir

During the floristic study of the myxomycetes of this region author come across a number of myxomycetous species. Physarum Pers., are being discussed with five species, Physarum panchaganiensis Nanir & Tembhurne sp. nov. marked by its fruiting sporangiate sessile, peridium double; Physarum panhalensis Nanir & Tembhurne sp. nov. sporangiate fruiting and short plasmodiocarp, pearly white; Physarum pusillum (Berk & Curt.) G. Lister globose or slightly flattened sporangia, cylindrical stalk; Physarum tessellatum Martin & Farr sessile sporangia, capillitium abundant and Physarum vernum Somm. Ex. Fries fructification sessile sporangiate to plasmodiocarps, grayish white. All species are being reported for the first time from this region.

73-76

Authors: Sanap N P, Patil D P* and Siddiqui M S

The present communication deals with a new species of the genus Cotugnia Diamare in 1893, collected from intestine of Columbia livia at Wasmat Dist. Hingoli, (M.S.) India. It differ from all the known species of genus with characters, scolex large, quadrangular, rostellum large, oval, mature segment medium, squarish, broader than long, craspedote, testes oval, small, 70 to75(73) in number, cirrus pouch small, oval, obliquely placed, cirrus medium, ovary small, cylindrical, bilobed, round acini, vagina medium, posterior to the cirrus pouch, ootype small, rounded, anteroventral and lateral to the ovary, genital pore medium, oval, vitelline gland medium, oval, longitudinal excretory canals are narrow.