JOURNAL OF FUNDAMENTAL PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH

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Authors: Chakraverty Raja 1*, Naskar Sagar 1, Chakraborty Bhaswat 2

The aim of this present article is to underscore the recent evidence linking clinical depression to increased inflammatory drive and its significance in development of newer antidepressants. For this purpose extensive bibliographic search of articles were conducted from different referred journals and indexing services such as Pubmed central and Medline. The mechanisms for the underlying association are based on a review of a total of 20 preclinical and clinical literatures on the subject. The literature reviewed suggests that there is substantial evidence of inflammatory and neurodegenerative (I&ND) processes playing an important role in depression and that enhanced neurodegeneration in depression may be caused by inflammatory processes. One hypothesis of depression states that stress leads to the up regulation of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α (gene factors of NF-kB) The data from preliminary findings in patients with inflammatory disorders suggest that inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines or their signaling pathways may actually improve depressed mood and increase treatment response to conventional antidepressant medication. Implications of these findings include reconsideration of dosage regimens of existing antidepressants, and utilization of this knowledge in ensuring future targeted drug development in this area with the aim of ensuring rational therapy for depressive disorders. This review stresses on the fact that even though current understanding of depression is that it is not characterized as an inflammatory condition, inflammation can cause depression and inflammatory cytokines and neurodegenerative pathways are clearly factors which may be modulated for targeted deugs for ameliorating clinically depressive disorders.

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Authors: Vikram Singh1, R. D. Gupta2

Nail fungus infections are common and very ignominy, this nail infection can seriously scathe by systemic circulation if untreated. In this study we tried for the formulation the with natural penetration enhancer (PEs) for better nail penetration of active constituents. Acacia Catechu extract was practiced as a novel penetration enhancer. For extract the penetration enhancer, extraction was done with methanol and dried; the Acacia Catech’s extract present full penetrations across the nail plate. Human cadaver nail plates (dry weight 45.8 mg, thickness 220 μm approximately) defatted with chloroform: methanol (2:1) were used for penetration study. Diffusion study with the help of Franz diffusion cell with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) saline. The transungual film F32 evaluated for the physical properties %Drug Content 96.1±0.02, Weight variation 150±0.80, Thickness 0.21±0.01, Flatness 99%, Folding endurance 210±6, WVTR 3.143±0.436, %Moisture content 2.127±0.24. The drug diffused across the nail plates closely to first order manner and affirm by the pepass “n” value i.e.0.92. The formulation with the Acacia Catech’s extract penetrates the 4.80% more drug through nail plate. This study can claim that the Acacia Catechu as a stiff penetration enhancer for transungual delivery as the penetration is a limiting factor and it can be overcome with Acacia Catechu.

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Authors: Rini Sharma*, Sanjiv Mittal, Deepak Kumar, Puneet Singla, Veera Garg, Anshu Arora

Bilayer tablets concept had long been utilized to develop both immediate release and sustained release formulation. Immediate release bilayer tablets generally contained two layers for two drugs. After administration, such a bilayer tablet was broken down into granules and small fragments that facilitate dissolution by increasing the surface area for both the drugs. Different fast release formulations of aceclofenac sodium and tramadol hydrochloride containing different ratios of croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate as well as different sustained release formulations containing different ratios of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and xanthan gum were prepared by direct compression method. The fast release formulation F2, containing 12.5% croscarmellose sodium and sustained release formulation S2 containing HPMC (1:1) were selected for the preparation of bilayer tablet of combination of both the drugs by direct compression method. The bilayer formulation, B2 had shown better drug release and followed first order and hixson crowell kinetic model.

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Authors: Arvind Kumara*, Rahul Rama Hegdeb,c*, Alka Lohanib, Ankita Vermab, Anurag Vermab, Amrita Mishraa, Arun K Mishraa

Rare marine sponges originated in deep sea are found to highly active against malignant neoplasm. Lack of plentifulness of these sponges makes them remain unused for their clinical exploration. With the expansion in developments in modern chemistry enabled to synthesize analogs similar to naturally occurring rare sponges. Eribulin mesylate (EM) is one of the synthetic analogues of halichondrin B (halB), a natural product separated from the marine sponge Hchondria okadai. EM is approved to treat metastatic breast cancer (MBC) chemotherapy regimens for late-stage of breast neoplasia. EM shows its pharmacologic effects by binding to the plus ends of microtubules and stops microtubule (MT) growth, without any perverse effects on microtubule shortening, by forming nonproductive tubulin aggregates. EM is the latest MT inhibitor to be approved in the USA, EU and few Asian countries. This review summarizes the milestones in the development of EM leading to its first global approval for treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

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Authors: Hirumani Bhuyan1 , Smriti Rekha Chanda Das

In this study the anthelmintic activity of Houttuynia cordata leaves was evaluated using Pheretima posthuma (earth worm) as test worms. Three different concentrations of ethanolic extract of H. cordata leaves were taken (10, 20, 50mg/ml) and tested for anthelmintic activity which mainly involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. Albendazole at varying concentrations (10, 20 and 50mg/ml) was taken as the standard reference and normal saline was used as the control. The result of the present study shows that the ethanolic extract of Houttuynia cordata leaves showed profound anthelmintic activity against tested worm species. It justifies its folklore use in curing helmintic infections. Further studies are needed to establish the mechanism of action responsible for the concerned activity.

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Authors: Basu Aalok1, Ghosh Amitava2, Malakar Jadupati2

Nanoparticles have attracted the attention of many research groups and have been utilized in quite a number of areas during the last few years. In general, two main strategies are used for their preparation: the dispersion of preformed polymers and the polymerization of monomers. Different techniques may be used to prepare the polymer nanoparticles, such as solvent evaporation, salting-out, supercritical fluid technology, micro-emulsion and mini-emulsion. The choice of technique is based on a number of factors, for example, particle size, particle size distribution, area of application, etc. This review attempts to provide the general description of the preparation, characterization and applications of nanoparticles.

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Authors: Prabir Kumar Datta1*, Jasmina Khanam2, Amitava Ghosh1, Goutam Mukhopadhyay3

There exists a common idea that toxic chemicals are generally produced by chemical industries. While pharmaceutical industries are the only producers of antidotes and medicines to cure ailment of the patient. The pharmaceutical industries have shown a rapid growth in last few decades with the advent of latest G.M.P. and automation, but advancement in the field of pollution control in pharmaceutical plants still found to be sluggish, particularly in developing countries. This article will provide information to technical personnel of pharmaceutical industries regarding different toxic pollutants generated during the operation of pharmaceutical plants and their control based on commercial feasibility. Different ways of pollution control like waste minimization from the source, recycling and reuse, control of dusts and toxic volatile gases from boiler and production plants by filter and adsorbents , use of aqueous coating technology for reduction of chlorinated hydrocarbon in air, control of spilled materials in storage and processing areas have been discussed. Various technologies and devices have been mentioned for pollution control of waste water like Bar Screen, Flocculation, Sedimentation, Gravity Coagulation, Adsorptive Bubble separation, Activated Sludge Process, Trickling Filter, Aerated Lagoons, Reverse Osmosis, Ultra Filtration, Ion Exchange Resin, and Membrane Filtration. After treatment water can be reused for pharmaceutical production.