International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies

1-23

Authors: Dr. Abhijit Gongopadhyay

The Partition of India became an inevitable reality in the wake of successive events in Bengal. However, the Partition experience on India's eastern front was very different from that on its western border. Literature has emerged as an alternate archive of the times. In the study of the partition of the Indian subcontinent, in particular, literature has articulated the little narratives against the grand; the unofficial histories against the official. Amar Mitra (born 30 August 1951) is an eminent writer in Bengali living in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. A student of Chemistry, he has been working for the Land Reforms Department of The Government of West Bengal. He was awarded with Sahitya Academi Award for his novel ‘Dhurbaputra’ in 2006. He has also received the Bankim Puraskar from Government of West Bengal for his novel ‘Aswacharit’ in 2001.His latest published work ‘Harano Desh Harano Manush’—an anthology of a novel and 13 short stories on partition. The stories in this anthology show how the socio-economic fabric of an inter- dependent society on either side of the eastern border slowly changed and was finally ripped apart by Partition. He also sketched how the Dream and fantasy of later-partition is evolving gradually and works into the true consciousness of next generation, how they feel the grieves of alienation from the Root, how the friendships were tested, loyalties were being changed and how the humanity of some people were surfaced in spite of the divisive politics. He illustrated the endless struggle of the East Bengal as well as East Pakistan refugees and portrayed the continuing relevance of the border or Radcliffe Boundary. The stories also show the sense of uncertainty that still grips the different community on either side of this demarcating line.

39-46

Authors: Barnali Bhoumik (Ghosh)

The Bengali dialect at state of Tripura situated in the North-East India is being diverse with that of the standard Bengali language.The geographical contiguity of whole 845 km. of the border of Tripura from North to South of Bangladesh and in the East with Assam has an impact on the Bengali dialect being used in Tripura. This research paper focuses on the use and ascent of Bengali at district of West Tripura, including the capital Agartala and it's related sub-divisions.The field work being done for the preparation of this manuscript is a genuine work of its kind.

56-66

Authors: Tanaya Mukherjee,Dr. Sujay Kumar Mandal

Undivided Medinipur is one of the most important regions of Radh Bengal. This regions has been separated into two separate district. East Medinipur and West Medinipur. Undivided Medinipur’s area was much bigger than now. The Soil of West Midnipur is rough, dry and infertile. It is the land of red soil. Though the soil of this region is dry and rough but it is enriched with precious resources of folklore. The area of this district is vast and is filled with innumerous numbers of temples and religious places. We can get much significance information about these extra-ordinary terracotta temple architectures. But now a days, we cannot see these temples because of lack of preservation these has been destroyed. These terracotta temples were constructed in the Late Medieval period. Moreover these temples were built under the patronized of the Kings, landlords and rich People. Here, Chala, Ratna, Rekha, Deul styles of terracotta temples can be seen. The sensory of these temples is an overview of the terracotta temple architecture of West Bengal. These temples have a strong relationship with the local history of this area. In the front side of temples, the beautiful terracotta plaque increases the aesthetic values much more. The place of Ghatal, Daspur, Chandrakona, Pathra, Medinipur Sador etc. in West Medinipur or Paschim Medinipur is enclosed with this marvelous terracotta temple architecture. In this research paper we will vividly discourses about the terracotta architecture style, structure, ornamentation, tradition, uniqueness etc. of Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal.

73-87

Authors: Tagari Das, Dr. Sujay Kumar Mandal

In the sphere of folklore, folk arts and crafts is a branch of materialized folklore. Designs and motifs are the important parts of decoration of artefacts. The motif refers to a symbol, design, texture, decoration pattern or a dominant idea in artistic work. The socio-cultural, psychological, aesthetical and economical aspect reflected through the traditional motifs and designs of folkarts and crafts. Moreover, it is the reflection of an aesthetic experience and feelings of folk artisan or it is the medium of artistic exposure of any artisan group. Actually, the traditional symbols or designs of folkarts and crafts is called folk motif. There are some categories of motifs of folkarts and crafts. These are: Animal figure centered motif, floral motif, geometrical figure based motif etc. In folk motif, we have seen the extensive influences of religion. In this aspect we can find out the particular religious group based designs and motifs of folkarts and crafts. Generally, these are categorized as Hindu motif, Islamic motif, Buddhist motif etc. As for example, we see the ‘Kalka’ motif in every folk art form, which the word ‘Kalka’ derived from Turki-afgan culture as well as it is the contrition from Islamic courtesy. In the field of folkart studies Islamic motif is a thought-provoking subject matter. Through this paper we have discussed about the impact of Islamic motifs on folkarts and crafts tradition of Bengal.

96-108

Authors: Jamaruddin, Rozita Binti Arshad

Social safety nets (SSNt) is a form of government involvement in providing assistance to need live of the poor and vulnerable for increase the quality of life people. This study is the introduction of the concept of SSNt and quality of life. The method used is the analysis of documents and analysis of the literature. The resulth of the analysis indicate that there are a lot of SSNt program in Indonesia and effectively the equality of life.

120-128

Authors: Dr. Sanmathi kumar

India is a large country having continental dimensions and comprising no fewer than 29 states and 7 Union Territories. It is a multi-racial, multi-lingual nation. There are scores of regional languages, various strains of culture and different loyalties, single as well as multiple. Amidst the amazing diversities, it is natural that regional feelings, regional parities, regional institutions and similar other organizations meant for voicing the aspirations of local people and providing forums for them, should emerged. Indeed, with the passage of years, the multi-faceted aspirations, which together may be described as regionalism, have gained strength. In principal, regionalism need not be regarded as an unhealthy or anti-national phenomenon- unless it takes a militant, aggressive turn and encourages the growth of secessionist tendencies. National Unity is not impaired if the people of a region have a genuine pride in their language and culture. But regionalism develops into a serious threat to National Unity if politicians do not go beyond their regional loyalty and claim to stand only for their regional interests if regionalism is to be regarded as an unhealthy phenomenon, decentralization too would be objectionable, which of course it is not. So there is nothing basically contradictory between Nationalism and Regionalism. Regionalism is the study of behavior that emphasizes the geographic region as the unit of analysis. Regionalism means a part of nation state marked by homogeneity in respect of language, culture and community of economic and other interests. Both Regionalism and Nationalism are associated with territory, it is basically psychological phenomena. Regionalism has two aspects. One aspect opposes loyalty to the region. In its extreme form it is a negation of nationalism. It becomes antagonistic to and subversive of the national unity. It aims at securing a region a greater measure of administrative autonomy. Regionalism in India its different forms like demand for secession from the Indian nation, demand for separate statehood, inter-state disputes. In some states there is hostile attitude of the people of a state against migrants. Regionalism is a challenge to Indian nationalism because of sub-territorial loyalty. Here different variable operate in different degrees like geography, religion, language, common historical tradition and expression, a common way of living.

139-150

Authors: Ritumani Haloi

Literary the people who made earthen product are known as “Potters” and the profession is called as “Pottery”. It is also well known that a caste or community defined or given a name according to its occupation and from this point of view the section of people who exclusively belongs to the profession of pottery are known as “Hiras” in Assam. It is observed that the socio-economic conditions of the Hira people have been deteriorating and the pottery workers are shifting to other profession because of the low development of pottery industry. Against this backdrop, an attempt has been made to examine the socio-economic conditions of the targeted populations. The paper also identified some emerging areas where alternative livelihood opportunities may be materialized provided government and other agencies are sufficient enough to take the initiative for rural industrialization. Data are collected from primary and secondary sources and descriptive statistics has been used whenever necessary arises.

164-173

Authors: Sri Rahul Daimary

Each and every civilization in this earth has stemmed from rudimentary and ignorance lives in their primitive stage. As human knowledge was developing and passing from ignorance, the socio-economic backwardness was part of any human society in their initial stage of civilization. The socio-economic backwardness has very disadvantageous because it breeds many social evils and superstitions in the society concerned. The much appeared gory incident owing to witch related issue particularly among the Bodo society has been endorsed by socio-economic backwardness of that tribe. The belief on witch’s power is a part of superstition which is rooted in Bodo society. As per the articles of Indian constitution, the tribal communities have been recognized as most backward in their all spheres of lives. The unabated hunting of witches has been occurring in the backward tribal communities since long years. However, in days of scientific development, the magical power or blind faith is not granted for believe by the people. Although in many places around the world, belief upon black magic and hunting of suspected witches has been becoming order of day. The witch hunting has become a catchphrase for opportunist peoples for their nasty gain. However, the witch hunting has been institutionalized behind the curtain of laws of the land in the society. The suspected quacks those who are innocent are being killed by the conspirators in midnight. Undoubtly, the hunting of witches has been leading gross violation of human rights.

192-197

Authors: Topu Choudhury

Peace is redefined to include in its fold the attempt by women to be a part of the peace making process, reworking the structural inequalities face by them and their struggle against all forms of oppression. In any conflict situation, women and children are directly or indirectly drawn into the vortex of the problem, and Assam, North-eastern India’s largest state is no exception. Assam has been witness to violent insurrections for separate homelands, armed campaigns and bloody feuds between ethnic groups over territorial supremacy, sucking into the vortex of the conflicts women, children and innumerable other innocent people. It is not surprising to find trouble in Bodoland{Assam},for the state, like other Indian North-eastern States, is an ethnic minefield, being home to diverse ethnic group communities. The study basically focuses on the involvement of Bodo women in the movement for Bodoland in the terms of their mobilization on the issue of Bodo Nationalism and participation. It also focuses Bodo women’s involvement in solving the problems of conflict groups. In the light of the broader understanding of peace, the study looks into the activism of Bodo women both during the movement and beyond.

206-218

Authors: Mr. Antarwell Warjri

Regional unevenness is one of the main reasons responsible for the emergence of the regional political parties in the state of Meghalaya. Other responsible factors that led to the emergence of the regional political parties in the state were the presence of multi-cultures, multi-languages, factionalism, personality cult, and demand for Autonomy. Another important factor was that of the negligence of the national parties in the development of the region and the ever-increasing centralized tendency has become the primary reasons for the emergence of regional political parties in the state. This investigation tries to draw out reasons on the evolution of regional political parties in Meghalaya The study had examined and evaluated the emergence of regional political parties, programmes, role and their contribution to the formation of Coalition Government in Meghalaya during the period from 1972-2013. The idea of Coalition is an act of uniting into one body or to grow together. Meghalaya was inevitable from the detrimental effect of Coalition Government because no single political party is able to secure a working majority in the house on account of the presence of the multi party system.

226-240

Authors: Chandan Das

SEZ is a geographical region that has economic laws different from a country’s typical laws. These are considered to be an engine of growth and a medium for attainment of globalization and liberalization. India launched its first EPZ (Export Processing Zone) in 1965 in Gujarat. With a view to overcome the multiplicity of controls and clearances, the absence of world-class infrastructure, and an unstable fiscal regime, and to attract large foreign investments, the SEZ policy was announced in India in 2000. Two of the primary objective of SEZ is to promote export and generate employment in India. The study examines the performance of SEZ in generating employment and export promotion. The study also undertakes an analysis of the role of SEZ in any economy, the SEZ scheme in India, Its origin and its distribution among the states of India and according to the sectors. It is evident from the analysis that SEZ are providing both direct and indirect employment and employment for women in India. The significance of SEZ in export can be realized from the increasing trend in the value of SEZ’s export in rupee terms and the share of SEZ export in total export of India.

250-258

Authors: Chiranjib Kar

A poet is usually inspired by nature as Wardsworth and Shelly have been. In the case of Rabindranath Tagore, nature undoubtedly played an important role in his life. In addition some iconic personality likes Bhagavan Buddha, Kabir, Sanatan Goswami etc., had occupied a wide seat in his poetic inspiration. Rabindranath tried to depict Buddha as a human being who achieved the Bodhi above the human cognatery mental status. Rabindranath Tagore and Gautama the Buddha are the two great persons who are the cultural icons of India. Though Buddhist philosophy is generally believed to be anti-Vedic, but in Tagore’s observation, the teachings of Buddha and the Upanisads speak of the same. This he tried to justify with the notion of Brahma Vihāra and from that standpoint he tried to look at the doctrines of Four Noble Truths and Nirvāṇa in a new way. In Tagore’s poems like Śrēṣṭhābhikṣā, Mūlyaprāpti, Pūjārinī, etc; drama like Malini, Raja, Naṭīrapūjā, Acalāẏatana etc; dance drama like Śyāmā, Chaṇḍalikā and also his novel Śēṣēra-Kabitā, he has expressed his reverence to this great personality. Rabindranath’s poems on Buddha mainly depend on the Avadānas stories. Therefore here in my Article I have tried to give emphasis on those poems which are related to Buddhist Avadāna-Śataka Literature.

267-273

Authors: Doma Kishor

Now a day we are observing the scarcity of water all around the world. This was happened due to sudden changes in the environment. If we take an example of India, many people in the country are facing the problem of drinking water and also facing the water related diseases, and to agriculture. A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation have been tested in India, in particular in the early 2000s. These include demand-driven approaches in rural water supply since 1999, community-led total sanitation, a public-private partnerships to improve the continuity of urban water supply in Karnataka, and the use of microcredits for water supply and sanitation in order to improve access to water and sanitation. If it comes to Telangana many parts of the state are facing the water problems and water related diseases. So, for this Telangana Government has started the Mission Bhagiratha to overcome the problems related to the water.

285-299

Authors: Kedir Abda

This study was conducted to assess factors that affect teaching speaking skills at Robe Teachers’ College, English Department second year students. The quantitative and qualitative methods and quota sampling were employed to achieve this goal. The participants were two instructors and one hundred students. Questionnaires with close and open ended items for students, semi-structured interview questions for instructors, and Classroom observation check-lists with semi-structured items were employed as data collection instruments. The data collected through questionnaires were described using frequency and percentages while data those collected through interview and classroom observation were narrated qualitatively and data from all sources were triangulated to increase reliability of the finding. The results suggested that the students did not practice speaking skills both in and out-side classroom due to: lack of motivation, fear of making mistakes, lack of self-confidence, poor grammar knowledge, shortage of vocabularies, lack of exposure, and their poor back-ground experience. Therefore, it is primarily suggested that students need to develop their self-confidence, be aware of the role of mistakes in learning speaking skills, feel responsible for their learning and build their knowledge of grammar and vocabulary; secondly, the instructors should employ their maximum potential to assess and activate the students’ basic language skills and increase students’ motivation and self-confidence in speaking skills; thirdly, the college should fulfill supplementary materials (books, films, equipments of language laboratories) for better improvement of students’ speaking skills.

308-316

Authors: M. Karthi,Dr. P. Balamurugan

Traditional small water bodies erect by constructing a huge earthen bund transversely water flow paths ensuing in the capture and storage of rain water. Entirely there are about 39,202 tanks in Tamil Nadu. This work has been undertaken on the basis of secondary sources of data, which includes the in various parts of rural tanks in Tamil Nadu. The improved the quality of water be required need to restoration, they will have reduced flooding and solve the water scarcity, so the value of restoration work necessary for the timely implement and maintenance. This paper concludes for efficient preservation, emphasis should shift from rural tank to basin for long term sustainability of rural ecosystem as well as identified as an effective strategy for future purpose.

324-334

Authors: Mr Pynhunlang NM Shullai

The Genesis of European Empires in India started at the end of the 15th Century, when Vasco Da Gama discovered a sea route to India and landed at the Port of Calicut in 1498 and following his arrival, many Europeans powers like Portugal, France, Holland Denmark, and Britain also extended their imperialism in India. On the other hand, Christianity in India was introduce in India during the 1st Century CE but it was well established by the end of the 19th Century. European Colonizers and Christian missionaries introduce several changes in the Indian society with both positive as well as negative influence, i.e. new growth and development in social, religious and other aspects, at the same time there were some misconception in their mission. It is obvious that Christian mission activities and colonialism go hand in hand with each other in spite of certain misunderstandings between them. Colonialism as an instrument paves the way for Christian mission activities and at the same time helping them to establish power. It is hard to affirm whether the association of colonialism in the mission work was a blessing or curse. Because, on the one hand, Colonialism improved the Christian mission activities and granted resources and moral support; on the other hand, because of its collaboration with Colonial authority, Christian missions received many allegations and instilled negative attitude towards Christian mission by many indigenous people.

340-346

Authors: Mrs Pdianghunshisha Lyngkhoi

School’s wastage and stagnation depends upon various factors such as poverty, school’s distance, transport communications, teachers’ quality, social environment and many other factors. Poverty is a leading reason in student wastage and stagnation across rural schools in Meghalaya and this is a major reason of students leaving secondary school. It is one of the serious and alarming problems of wastage and stagnation in Meghalaya and especially in rural villages where there are still people living below the poverty line and living under distressing and difficult circumstances. This research article investigated the problem of Poverty as the main cause and reason for cause of wastage and stagnation at Secondary School level in Meghalaya. It will be employing a descriptive and empirical analysis method to identify the problem. This research is conducted in the area of Mawkyrwat, South West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. The villages in which the sample population located are Mawlangwir, Mawkyrwat, Mawten, Nonglang, Sakwang, Marshilong, Jakrem, Umjarain, Rangthong, Rangmaw, Mawranglang and Laitlawsang. A total of 350 secondary school students and 50 dropout students participated in the investigation. The highest dropout rate, wastage and stagnation at secondary school were observed and the main reasons of poverty that lead to wastage and stagnation were self-supporting and self-financing (18%), textbook’s price is very high (62%), people belong to Below Poverty Line (35%), irregularity and lack of interest (39%) and education fees is very expensive (72%). There is a need to encourage the community concerning the significance of education and measures should be taken to address poverty and its consequences.

354-360

Authors: Dr. Thamarai Selvi

The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon was the compilation of 34 short stories and essays by Washington Irving. It included some of his most famous stories, such as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle, and was one of the first works of American fiction to become popular in Britain and Europe. The tone of the stories varied widely, and they were held together by the powerful charm of their narrator, Geoffrey Crayon. In The Sketch-Book (1820-21), Irving explored the uneasy relationship of an American writer to English literary traditions. In two sketches, he experimented with tales transplanted from Europe, thereby having created the first classic American short stories, Rip Van Winkle, and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Based on Irving's final revision of his most popular work, this new edition included comprehensive explanatory notes of The Sketch-Book's sources for the modern reader. William Makepeace Thackeray called Irving "the first ambassador whom the New World of Letters sent to the Old," and The Sketch Book had remained as Irving's most recognized and applauded work. Critics had praised Irving's skilful reinterpretation of European legends in "Rip Van Winkle" and "Sleepy Hollow," noted that Rip and Ichabod Crane immediately had become recognized as iconic American literary characters. Irving's use of supernatural elements in The Sketch Book had also been commended, with reviewers lauding the author's ambivalent and realistic approach to fantastic situations. Scholars had also complimented Irving for his astute social commentary in "Van Winkle" and "Sleepy Hollow," argued that Irving used his unusual protagonists to highlight the clash of divergent cultures—Loyalist versus the Revolutionary, Yankee versus the Backwoodsman. Donald R. Anderson had commented on the enduring "American-ness" of "Rip Van Winkle" and "Sleepy Hollow," stated "that Rip Van Winkle had become an almost instant cultural icon for an emerging American nation at the time of his appearance in 1819 was a testimony to what Washington Irving suggested had happened and would continue to happen within his nation's psyche: the creation of anchorages in the past, which, while perceptually at odds with idealized freedom, was an inevitability whose primary danger lies in our protective need to ignore the actualities, the particularizations, of freedom."

375-384

Authors: Lawrence I. Edet

This study examines the politics of defection and its implications on Nigeria’s democracy. Nigeria’s return to democracy in 1999 ushered in a great hope of democratic dividend and heralded a rare opportunity for the country to launch a new democratic strategy, after years of military dictatorship. The emergence of multiparty democracy in Nigeria since 1999 has been seen as a major breakthrough in the democratic process. However, the way and manner politicians in Nigeria defect from one party to the other has not only constituted democratic nuisance, but has continued to raise serious concern among political observers and participants in Nigeria. This have lend credence to lack of clear ideology and manifesto among political parties in Nigeria. The issue of defection has been one of the major bane of democratic process in Nigeria. The rate at which Nigerian politicians’ defect from one party to another depicts political immaturity, ideological confusion and total lack of sense of direction within the political class. Therefore, the study investigated the peculiar trend of defection in Nigeria and its implications on Nigeria’s democracy. In achieving this objective, the study relied on content analysis. The study however, recommended among others; the strengthening and/or amendment of the constitution and electoral laws to regulate the alarming rate of defection of politicians in Nigeria, social re-orientation and political education directed towards inculcation of new values and norms in the political system.