International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies

07-32

Authors: Md. Nasir uddin,Sah Syamuel Kayzar,Dr.Kudrat E Khuda

This article focuses on the the process of born of Bangladesh. Basically the Language Movement of 1952 was the first step of independence of Bangladesh. Political and economic deprivation of the Bengalees prompted Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Father of the Nation, to put forward in 1966 his historic six points, which in effect structured the foundation for East Pakistan's future independence. In the 1970 elections, even though the Awami League emerged as the largest party in Pakistan Parliament, it was not allowed to form the Govt. by the ruling military junta. Bangabandhu declared at a historic public meeting at Ramna Race Course on 7th March 1971, attended by around 2 million people for independence. It was a defacto declaration of independence.Thus in a preplanned manner on 25th March 1971. The Pakistan army embarked on what may be termed as history's worst genocide. A military crackdown was ordered, and Bangabandhu was arrested. But just before he was arrested he sent out a call for the liberation war to begin. After nine months of war, the Pakistani occupation forces surrendered in Dhaka on 16th December 1971 after killing an estimated three million people. Due to the heroic resistance and supreme sacrifices of the valiant freedom fighters Bangladesh finally became an independent sovereign state.

52-58

Authors: Dr. Saumya Sengupta

The revolutionary movement of Bengal and Bihar, which subsequently spread to the United Provinces and Punjab was essentially a middle-class movement.1 Dr. Shanker Ghose also holds that the Indian revolutionary movement was confined to the bourgeoisie classes.2 Like many structural generalizations, these gentle assertions require some qualification in the study of a profoundly ambiguous and contradictory pattern of an important aspect of the anti-imperialist movement in India. We must not forget that Prof. D. P. Mukherji in his work, ‘Modern Indian Culture: A Sociological study’3 also refers to an Indian ‘middle-middle class’ in Colonial Sociology. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, as Prof. Bipan Chandra describes was a major new leader of the revolutionary terrorist politics in India.4 This paper tries to highlight his social roots which will have an additional advantage of bringing the historians into the closer touch with the problems, motivation and ideology of rural elites in Bengal during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

67-88

Authors: Dr. Gokhan Savas

This research investigates the college destinations of students from different racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Utilizing the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 and Barron’s Profiles of American Colleges, the study finds that black and Latino students are significantly less likely than are white students to attend all types of institutions. For 2 year and nonselective 4-year college enrollment, this race effect is explained by socio-economic background and high school achievement. For selective college enrollment, precollege achievement primarily explained the race effect. Overall, race achievement gap during high school strongly predicted the race gap in college enrollment. Low socio-economic background of black and Latino students also explained their disadvantages in 4-year colleges and universities. Key Words: higher education, inequality, race/ethnicity, selective college enrollment.

98-106

Authors: Dr. Manoj Kumar Mishra

Though India remained a traditional security concern for Pakistan, the Pakistani conception of Strategic Depth in Afghanistan is much broader than mere military depth and related to expansion of Pakistan’s influence towards West and Central Asia by colluding with radical religious groups and working towards installing a pro-Pakistani regime in Afghanistan. Pakistan seems to have been influenced by the idea that the more strategic depth it acquires towards its north and west, the more strengthened and emboldened it becomes vis-à-vis India on the Kashmir issue. Not merely that, Pakistan’s search for natural resources and market is intertwined with the idea of deepening its strategic depth towards its north and west and keeping Afghanistan dependent on it for trade. Keeping this in view, Pakistan established strong links with radical religious groups to expand its influence primarily among the Islamic countries of Central Asia and in Afghanistan. However, increased factions within the Taliban along with the loss of Pakistani grip over them produced power vacuum congenial to the growth of a dangerous non-state actor – Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which is likely to be as much of a threat to Pakistan as to the international community. Therefore, Pakistan needs to review its age-old strategies of supporting terror groups and assist in evolving a coordinated response to the Afghan muddle. Key Words: Strategies, Sphere of influence, Strategic, Military and Economic depth, Non-state actor.

131-137

Authors: Dr. Sudha S. R.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have helped in bringing out a much needed focus and pressure on basic development issues in India. Considerable progress has been made in the field of basic universal education, gender equality in education, and global economic growth. However there is slow progress in the improvement of health indicators related to mortality, morbidity, and various environmental factors contributing to poor health conditions. Even though the government has implemented a wide array of programs, policies, and various schemes to combat these health challenges. Though India has made good progress with regard to few MDG it still lags behind when compared to its immediate neighbors. India needs to gear up and come up with a comprehensive strategy which would plug the loopholes in the existing framework. India has made significant progress in some areas. India could have done much better in achieving MDGs if the government as policy making body and officials as implementing agency had serious concern, commitment, good governance, transparency and accountability. India lags behind on targets for empowering women through wage employment and political participation, reducing child and infant mortality and improving access to adequatesanitation. India's performance in achieving the targets of millennium development goal can be termed as mixed success with much scope for improvement.

148-154

Authors: Dr. G. N. Qasba,Kapil Sharma, Adil Ashraf Tanki, Raja Suhail

In this study an attempt has been made to analyze the impact of Jammu and Kashmir State Rural Livelihoods Mission on lives of rural poor women in block Bhaderwah. In this endeavor, the study makes an effort to cover the processes involved and enabled socio-economic empowerment of women. The effort has also been made to highlight the extent of facilitation provided through organization of poor women into Self Help Groups (SHGs) which enabled the women to come out of poverty and move towards self-reliance. This study focused on holistic role of SHGs in rural woman empowerment as a paradigm of rural empowerment through various activities like capacity building, access to credit, livelihood generation, awareness, etc. Rural area being the biggest segment is the backbone of the economy in state. The rural woman is the centre of rural development in terms of alleviation of rural poverty with economic growth and stability. Key Words: Self-Help Group, Women Empowerment, Credit, Revolving Fund, Community Investment Fund.

161-170

Authors: Foo Seau An,Prof. Dr. Leow Chee Seng

The effects of an aging population have become an issue that need to be addressed due to the serious and far reaching impact that it will have on a country and its citizens; to be precise its senior citizens. For Malaysia, senior citizen is defined as aged 60 and over. For other countries, it can be refined as aged 55 or aged 65 and over. The worries of an aging population are many – loss of income and employment upon retirement, the lack of health care, companionship and public facilities that can cater for their needs. This research will study the various programmes and initiatives that have already been implemented successfully in other countries and seek to suggest, identify what are the particular challenges facing an aging population and how Companionship, improvement of public facilities and healthcare could be done to create a quality life for senior citizens especially in Malaysia. Key Words: Aging population, Companionship, public facilities, health care.

177-183

Authors: Miss Pujashree Borah

This paper is an attempt to analyze the problems face by Small Tea Growers of Assam and also highlights some strategies required for the development of tea growers of Assam. Tea is the ancient beverage and the most popular drink in the world. Among the tea producing states of India Assam is well known internationally since a long time ago. The state dominates the county’s tea map by producing almost half (50%) of the total tea production. Being a labour intensive industry, it is the source of employment for the Assam’s indigenous people. It is estimated that there are nearly 90 thousands small tea growers in Assam creating employment for around 1.5 lakh people of Assam. But they face various financial, marketing and managerial problems in present days. So in order to remove these problems, there should be required some strategies for the development of small tea growers of Assam. Key Words: Tea, Tea industry, Small tea grower, Issues, Strategies.

191-196

Authors: Gitanjali Devi

Yajña is a wel-defined act so far the Vedic literature is concerned.All the four Vedas, especially the Brāhmaṇas belonging to them discuss elaborately the procedures of Yajña. Yajña is divided many ways. Amongst them is the Darśapūrṇamāsayāga. In this connection it must be mentioned that the Brāhmaṇas are invaluable literary works which supplement the Saṃhitā part of the Veda- mantrabrāhmaṇayorvedanāmadheyam”. Each Veda has different Brāhmaṇas. As such the Śatapathabrāhmaṇa belongs to the Yajurveda. The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa, consisting of 100 chapters as the name itself implies, is not only a voluminous work but also a storehouse of geographical datas, socio-cultural datas, socio–economical datas, legends, historical datas etc. Hence, this Brāhmaṇa has attained more popularity among the scholars worldwide. In fact “it is next to the Ṛgveda” according to the great scholar A. A. Macdonell. On the otherhand the Darśapūrṇamāsayāga which takes place on the new moon day and the full moon day is the model of iṣṭi of the five prominent yāgas the other four being the paśu, soma, homa and satra. In the article “Some Salient Features of the Darśapūrṇamāsayāga as Revealed in the Śatapathabrāhmaṇa” a humble attempt has been made to discuss a part of the salient features of the prominent yāga called the Darśapūrṇamāsa as found in the Śatapathabrāhmaṇa. Key Words: Yajña, Vedic, Darśapūrṇamāsayāga, Śatapathabrāhmaṇa, Yāga.

209-217

Authors: Bidisha Barua,Moumita Dey,Dr. Snehamanju Basu

Pandal maker is one of the cultural communities of Bengal. They have been seen during the festive season of early autumn especially. They are skilled labor of rural Bengal. A pandal makers group consist of different professionals like mason, carpenter, electrician, porter, painters etc. They have been hired by puja organizing committees. According to the spatial location of Barawari puja, the Demography, Work environment and problems of them varies from one space to another. This paper has been studied to understand the present condition of this community. Pandal makers of Kolkata and greater Kolkata are different from each other. As pandal makers of Kolkata barawari puja pandals are economically and politically more powerful, they have faced fewer problems. This research paper is based on primary data, collected from different puja pandals of Kolkata and kalipuja pandals of Madhyamgram Municipality. Data have been analysed qualitatively. This paper is nothing but a tribute to the great artisan community of Bengal-‘The Pandal Makers’. Key Words: Pandal, Barawari, Urban, Suburban, Artisans.

227-232

Authors: Arpana Premi Lina Oraon

This paper brings out the issues related to natural resource exists and it conservation. The natural resource such as forest and forest products were found as a basic source of survival for living organisms during the initial period. Later, the natural resources started degrading slowly and steadily due to increased human activities. In the beginning, natural resources were the primary assets for the growth of agriculture, industry, urbanization etc. subsequently, increased anthropogenic activities started degrading the forest cover on a large scale through extending the agricultural landscape and other developmental activities in Kolhan Division. The importance of traditional knowledge regarding resource conservation, protection of sacred grooves, endangered species etc started declining in this time. Innovativeness and policy framework for resource conservation and utilization became unfriendly in addition to gradual decline of community management. The key findings of the study point to major gaps existing such as between line departments and institutions in the promotion and management of forests, human welfare, agriculture, animal husbandry etc. moreover, people tend to be more inclined towards the utilization of natural resources rather than conservation. From an observational and practical point of view, the natural resource has been declining rapidly. Therefore, this study strongly suggests that a due attention be directed toward developing people- friendly and environment friendly conservation strategies. Key Words: Anthropogenic, natural resources endangered, decline, people- friendly.

241-248

Authors: Mrs. Darshana Das

India virtually lives in its villages. Being a pre dominant agrarian economy, in India agriculture continues to be the only avenue of employment available with a major chunk of the rural populace. Thus seasonality of agriculture and its low productivity combined with absence of alternative opportunities are responsible for higher incidence of poverty in the rural sector. In order to tackle the problems of poverty and unemployment, the planners and policy makers have launched several employment generation programmes like IRDP, NREP, RLEGP, JRY, SGSY etc. Despite these well meaning programmes and massive investments, rural areas continued to suffer from acute poverty and unemployment problems at a alarming rate. Considering this, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was launched on 2nd February, 2006 to enhance livelihood security in rural areas of the country. MGNREGA is the most pragmatic approach to the problems of rural poverty and unemployment. In fact, the Scheme ensures the economic security of the rural poor by providing guaranteed 100 day of wage employment. This Act has marked a paradigm shift from the other employment programmes with its right based approach. Govt. is legally accountable for providing employment of hundred days to those who demand it. Moreover, MGNREGA has positive impact on employment pattern of women. A key goal MGNREGA is to protect natural resources like land, water, soil etc. The study is an attempt to assess the impact and effectiveness of the Act in the district of Barpeta, Assam during the financial year 2013-14. Key Words: Poverty, Employment, MGNREGA.

256-260

Authors: Arghya Bose

There exists an impressive volume of academic literature when it comes to the study of Rabindranath Tagore and his notion of politics. Owing to his explicit discourse on nation, nationalism and society, Tagore's idea of these notions have clearly been extensively and massively over-explored. However, when it comes to exploring Tagore's notion of communitarianism, scholars have repeatedly shied away from doing so– essentially because the myriad minded genius of Tagore never spoke explicitly on the notion. And yet, he is taken to be the greatest advocate of communitarianism at the backdrop of the Bengali renaissance– and this poses a serious conundrum. Communitarianism has a emerged to play a pivotal role in the study of society today- and it is taken to go without saying that the concept of communitarianism is a very recent development in the realm of politics, owing its origin to the early 1990s, essentially in the Western world. The aim of this paper is to deconstruct this very stereotype by seeking to research and elucidate on the idea of communitarianism as perceived by Tagore.

268-272

Authors: Md. Zaharul Hoque

Education is the only mechanism that enhances the process of social, economic, and cultural development of communities. Among all the religious communities, Muslims are in the least educated section of Indian Society. In West Bengal this condition is more pathetic than other states. Among the all districts of West Bengal the status of Muslims in Murshidabad is greatly noticeable to all. Their percentage in Primary Education Level is not too much worse. But their educational fate starts deteriorating after the completion their primary education. In higher education they become Microscopic Minority. There are several reasons for backwardness of Muslims in Murshidabad such as poverty, negative attitude towards girl’s education, lack awareness among guardians, child marriage, unsuitable social environment etc. The education condition of Muslims in Murshidabad may be changed if we collectively strive to rid of the problems irrespective of caste, religion, sex, region, language, ethnicity and social status. Key Words: Muslim Education, Murshidabad, West Bengal, Problem, Solution

283-290

Authors: Monalisha Chakraborty

Orissa is a maritime state along the east coast of India having 589 marine fishing villages and 3289 inland fishing villages. The Telugu community with their age old experience started marine fishing in Orissa. Still now the non-Oriya group of people dominate marine fishing in the state. This paper mainly aims to show the socio-economic condition of the fisherman of Bali Nolia Sahi village, Puri. Data’s were collected through primary surveys by preparing questionnaires consisting of both open ended and close ended questions and secondary data’s were collected from various articles, journals and District Handbook of Orissa, 2011. The study shows that the socio-economic conditions of the fisherman of Bali Nolia Sahi are not good. The educational status of the boys is much lower than that of the girls. Their housing conditions are not too bad, but in terms of fishing they don’t get much help from the Government. They lack the basic necessities of their fishing which deprived the development of fishing in the State. The fishermen should be provided with major facilities like cold storage, motorized boat and education programs too should be implemented so that it would help them in understanding the modern technologies of fishing and will help them to develop fishing. Key Words: Nolia, fishing, peak season, socio-economic status.

297-306

Authors: Loveneesh Sharma

Christianity and Christian faith in India developed around 52 A. D. when St. Thomas the apostle comes to Indian on the southern coasts. He propagates the Christian faith among the community there and converted people. He has also build churches in southern India which are now the pilgrim of the people reside in south India. In these churches we see depictions of Christian themes and imagery is done in the form of murals, paintings etc. The early references of Christian art that we see in south India were somewhat Indian because the artisans were local Hindus who build these churches. We also see elements of Hindu architecture in the very formative phases of making of churches in India. The other examples of Christian art that we can see are in the churches of Goa. Here we can see the amalgamation of Indo-Baroque art in the construction of churches. Moreover other art forms also got the influence of European art. Portuguese found that there was an Indian influence on the art work, they introduce a law in which head of guild should be the European so as the artist could come out the Indian influence and style. Doing this a lot of artisans converted to the Christian faith. May be this can be their propaganda for conversion. Missionaries also during this time with their effort propagate the Christian faith and were succeeded in conversions. In Mughal times Missionaries again took advantage of using visual aids for propagating the Christian to the Mughal emperor Akbar. It was during his time when artists imitated copies of European art specifically related to Christian faith. His successors Jahangir and Shah Jahan also motivated artists to imitate Christian art and to create in European manner. We see a lot of examples of Christian themes during Mughal times. Interesting was that painting was forbade in Islam but it was due the zeal and interest of emperor Akbar and other Mughal emperors till Jahangir, that art of paintings is both flourished and motivated during their times. After that with the advent of Britishers we see many artists from Europe come to India and Indian artists learned their techniques of paintings. During this time we can see the best examples of Christian faith in a very European manner. It was also the time when India artists attracted towards in making art work in very European style. Art schools also imparting education in European manner. There by artists learned European techniques of making paintings, and sculptures. Their themes were now from European mythology and religion. And it was during the eras before independence and after independence Christ and other biblical themes were done on the individual perception and approach of the artists either they were Christians or non-Christians. The following paper endows the reader about visual interpretation about Christian faith time to time in India history and its art. It also represents the approaches of artists that how they perceive Christianity and its spiritual leader Christ in their terms. It is their urge to how Christianity is portrayed on canvases with the spiritual touches of their brushes and colours. Key Words: Artists, Christianity, Art, Paintings, India.

320-330

Authors: Muhammad Reza Suleiman

This paper looks at how African countries have been dribbled by the two ideological blocs-capitalist and socialist– all in search for ideal path to development. Their dissatisfaction with these two contending and often conflicting politico-economic prescriptions (path of capitalism and path of socialism) for development led scholars, intellectuals, leaders and policy-makers, and analysts in the Third world, which Africa constitutes a part, to come up with the idea of ‘delinking’ from the international capitalist system. Essentially in this paper, delinking means the breakaway of this group of countries from the imbalanced international capitalist system in order to develop. Various approaches of development are discussed. The paper also discusses ways through which African states are exploited and how these states react to this unequal relationship. The paper, then, visits the various strands of arguments for delinking. The findings reveal that African states need not delink, but remain within, and adjust to, the global capitalist system just like South Korea, India and Brazil. Secondly, African leadership has a very important role in Africa’s development and otherwise. Finally, ideology and language also plays vital role in this same respect. Key Words: Africa, Capitalism, Development, Globalization.

338-343

Authors: Madugu Vijay Kumar

The consumers are the foundation for economic building, responsible for transformation of resources into productive things. There is a need for creating the awareness, and to motivate the consumers concerning quality products. Higher the consumer awareness creates lower exploitation in the society. The consumer must be aware of his rights and duties the consumer should be vigilant with a discerning eye to enable to protect him from any malpractice on the part of the traders. To understand the level of the consumer awareness amongst the citizens of Mahabubnagar District of Telangana. The researcher has selected the related title to enlighten of their rights and legal measures assumes importance in the light of safeguarding the interest of the consumer and that forms as the problem of the study. Hence, the research finds the initiative to study the consumer awareness among the public in a backward district like Mahabubnagar. The study is intended with the objectives to assess the consumer awareness amongst people regarding the Rights, to study the awareness of consumer Responsibilities &Protection measures. The sample size under this study is 50 respondents. The questionnaire used to collect data from the consumer respondents by approaching directly.The study is descriptivein nature. The required data for the study collected from the primary and secondary sources. The primary data collected from the sample subjects, Mahabubnagar, as it is convenient to the researchers. Simple descriptive statistical tools like averages, percentages and ratios applied to analyse the data for drawing the conclusions