International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies

11-20

Authors: Dr. Sushanta Ghosh,

Naribad is a Bengali literary word which is similar to Feminism of western world. Feminism means granting the same rights of women but it is more about compassion, respect and understanding from the male counter parts. Throughout the world women are deprived of their social and economic rights. Twentieth Century has witnessed a growing awareness among women regarding their desire, sexuality, self-definition, existence and destiny. Women’s effort to seek their Independence and self-identity started a revolution all over the world which was termed by analysts and critics as ‘Feminism’. Middle age Bengali Literature was mainly dominated by male writers. But some Literatures were created by women writers. Chandravati and Rajakini Rami were great artists and writers in the middle age Bengali Literature. In the Folk culture and folk Literature on that time was enriched by women writers. To change the conventional image of women constructed by orthodox society it is necessary to discourage the habit of defining women as an essence whose nature is determined biologically and whose sole identity is to produce human species. Women’s contributions in the Middle Age Bengali Literature are always respectable

31-35

Authors: Dr. Mampi Baidya

The poor and underprivileged people residing under the geographical, cultural, and political environment of Bangladesh are not considered to be as bengali, though their language for communication is Bengali. As they have a feeling of deep admiration about their own cast, it leads to grow a strong feeling of casteism among them. The novel Khanda Bikhand proved to be a solution for protecting the differences arises from the feelings of the different people. The novel enlighten us about the bengali people, along with the casts like dupka , orao, sanotal, munda, toto, malpahari, mdeshiya, lohar, garo, rajbangshi, nepali, mech, rabha, dhimaal-as the writer draws a beautiful sketch of their religion, culture, education, politics, dance, dress, and also discussed about several ritual of the societal cast. The novel gives a broader message “The common man faces problems due to game of power and politics”. History defines different images of Uttarbanga due to ‘common or lower caste rajbangshi people’ activities. We have seen after the freedom, West Purbanchal have several agitation which converts to violence due to interest in protection of own caste. In English, we can say ‘ithno political’. Like lower caste people, the fight among the naga and kuki of Nagaland, mizo and brue of Mizoram, garo and khasi of Meghalaya are in the worst condition. The fear of terrorism has been seen in hilly regions as because of the different feelings of casteism of the hilly people belonging to different casts. The discussion is concerned with the society’s ups and downs and based on Tapan Bandopadhyay’s novel Khanda bikhanda.

46-58

Authors: Satyajit Bishwas

Ramapada Chowdhury who are well known by ‘Galpakar of Middle Class Bengali People’. He was born on 1922, in the city of Kharagpur, undivided of district Midnapore. This time, The British Government ruled over the whole Indian. The decade of 1940, when ‘The second world war’ war occured and all the Indian was suffered by this ‘war’, then he was came into Bengla Sahitya and wrote many novels and short stories, fundamentally based by middle class people. He is alive now.

64-70

Authors: Paramita Mondal

The journey of Bengali Novel started form Bankimchandra Chatterjee’s ‘Durgeshnandini’ (1865). But the social status of women was either neglected or highly idealized by the authors upto the mid-twentieth-century. From the mid-twentieth-century some novelist (so called ‘Lady-novelist’) started to depict the real social status of women. Among them Pratibha Basu (13th March 1915-13th October 2006) took a great role to focus the suppressed condition of women by various kinds of superstitions and social barriers. She also highlighted the ways to get a open space for the women. She stressed on women’s emancipation by women’s empowerment in her novels: ‘Manolina’ (1944), ‘Setubandho’ (1947), ‘Moner Moyur’ (1952), ‘Bibahita Stri’ (1954), ‘Megher Pore Megh’ (1958), ‘Modhyorater Tara’ (1958), ‘Bone Jodi Futlo Kusum’ (1961), ‘Ghumer Pakhira’ (1965), ‘Isworer Probesh’ (1978), ‘Prothom Bosonto’ (1999) etc. So in her novels the heroines [as Anasuya (‘Moner Moyur’ 1952), Sujata (‘Modhyorater Tara’ 1958), Sita (‘Padmasona Bharati’ 1979), etc.] lead their life avoiding any understanding with freedom and prestige. They gave up many common easy opportunities to be self-dependant and self-guided. In this regard, in her birth-centenary we want to review her novels in the context of women’s emancipation and empowerment. Key Words: Women, Emancipation, Empowerment, Novel, Prativa Basu

77-87

Authors: Arjun Bishwas

Vaisnab literature alludes in the innermost part of Rabindranath’s literary creation in various ways in various occasions. The relation between Rabindra darshan and vaisnab padabali is always ever green. This very thought and impression that is inherent in his poems and verses is to highlight my subject matter.

94-99

Authors: Nakuleshwar Mukherjee

The British government in India was responsive to the Indian Muslim community and helped Muslim intellectuals to modernise their society as well as the economic development of the Muslims in India. In the First World War Turkey had joined the opposition to Britain. At the time of world war, Muslims of India, particularly Muslims of Bengali intellectuals were facing two types of problems: (i) the friendly relationship with the British government and (ii) the question of Pan-Islam and Khilafat. Despite the British government's policy of conciliation, Bengali Muslims were forwarded to oppose the British because of the interest in ‘Pan-Islamic’ ideology and the honour of Khalifa and Turkey. Muslim nationalist leaders wanted to utilize the chance of engaging large scale with the Muslim community in the India's nationalist movement. Newspapers in Bengal, which was maintained by the Muslim intellectual have turned into anti-British during the period of World War I, as its opposite reaction British government were forced to change their attitude towards the Muslim community in India. The main objective of the present study is to analytical assessment of the British oppositional politics of the Bengali Muslim press and Bengali Muslim intelligentsia for the interest of the spread of ‘Pan-Islamic’ ideology during the study period. Key Words: Bengali Muslims, Muslim Press, Pan-Islam, Bengali Press, Newspaper in Bengal

112-122

Authors: Dr. Artur Borcuch

The Świętokrzyskie Voivodship (or region) is situated in the south-east of Poland. The region is located in the center of the country, where a lot of important communication routes cross. Economy of the Świetokrzyskie Voivodship is rooted in traditional sectors based on local resources. The strongest branches include: construction sector (both services and production of construction materials, with a strong emphasis on mining), metallurgy and machinery industry (foundry and metal processing, e.g. steelworks), and agricultural sector (food production). The main aim of this article is to present the role of factor “entrepreneurship” from the perspective of SWOT matrix in the analysis of the Świetokrzyskie Voivodship economic development. The central research problem explored in this paper is - what are the main opportunities and threats of Świętokrzyskie Voivodship development. The poll was conducted among 91 inhabitants of Świetokrzyskie Voivodship who expressed their opinions in questionnaires. The research was based on inhabitants' opinions concerning particular courses of development, i.e. tourism, services, handicraft, industry, agriculture, food processing, and environmental protection.

134-167

Authors: Dr. Sartipi Hossein

International lawyers have always considered sovereignty as one of the fundamental principles. Although sovereignty was diverted from its primarily considered concept of absolute, it has been inviolable. In parallel to occurring changes in sovereignty, other principles derived from or related to it such as the principle of non-intervention, non-use of force, territorial integrity and right of self-determination were also transformed. Despite all changes, the principle of sovereignty along with other accepted rules was categorized in the traditional framework of international laws. Changes in recent decades appeared after the end of the Cold War, especially after the terrorist events on September 11, led to fundamental change in some of these principles and collapsing the traditional framework of international laws. A new legal order of international law is getting formed that can be interpreted as Postmodern Law. Key Words: International law, sovereignty, legitimacy, self-determination, the principle of territorial integrity, human rights, responsibility for support, terrorism.

176-181

Authors: Dr. K.M. Jahirul Islam

Around 400 million disabled persons live in the developing world. Most often they are the poorest. Poverty is the most important cause of disability. Every year millions of people go below the poverty line. This makes them more vulnerable to disability. The disabled are deprived of all opportunities for social and economic development. The basic facilities like health, education and employment are denied to them. The State infrastructure is grossly inadequate and ill functioning where disabled are concerned. Millions are in the verge of collapsing due to severe disabilities. People with physical disabilities at least get noticed, but the others with mental illness are just written off. Along with the physical problems they also bear the brunt of social ostracism and stigma. Disabled are also not a homogenous group. There are different types of disabilities, with different requirements. Each one’s problems, needs and help required are different from the other. In spite of several international and national pronouncements the rights of the disabled has remained on paper. Given the magnitude of the problem it is important that disabled persons receive political attention. It is important to note that all the targets and policies of achieving social and economy equality will not be possible to meet if the concerns of the disabled are not addressed. There is need for policy level changes backed by adequate budgetary allocation. Key Words: Attitudes, Disability, Opportunities, Preventable, Stigma.

187-191

Authors: Dr. Rajib Bhaumik

The literature of Diaspora deals with such challenged ethnicity and provides sufficient evidence of the fact that diasporic space is pressing on the space of the home country. It is not that the centre has shifted alone; the margins have also been expanded to push the home cultures further to outer space. This inevitably demands the need to realize the significance of the cultural encounter which takes place in diasporic writing, the bicultural mechanics as well as the construction of a new culture born out of the transparent translation in a diasporic space. Thus, the textual mapping of the colonial encounter concludes with the new ‘migrant’ novel, a form which is explicit in its commitment to hybridity. Such trans-cultural narrative possesses a serious challenge to the cultural stability of the metropolitan centers. In its transformational quality, Diaspora is typically a site of hybridity which questions fixed identities based on mono-centric essentialisms. In reaction to the literature and myth of expatriation Mukherjee endorses the literature of immigration, representing the neo-national sprit of America. Key Words: Diaspora, ethnicity, space, margins, cultures, bicultural mechanics, transparent translation, hybridity, mono-centric essentialisms, expatriation, immigration.

200-206

Authors: Prashant Chaudhry

Buddhism is a world religion; the founder of Buddhism in this world was Buddha Sakayamuni. He lived and gave teachings in India some two and half thousands years ago. Since then millions of people around the world are following the path shown by him of spirituality, non-violence, compassion and social harmony. The teachings of Buddha reveal the step by step process of changing the state of mind for long lasting happiness. It makes the mind to become more positive and constructive so that the life experiences becomes more satisfactory and helpful for others. In this study, an attempt has been made to qualitatively analyse the functioning of Buddhist organizations working for the welfare of poor, marginalized, downtrodden and disabled people. The objective of present paper is to understand the norms, values and spiritual conscience followed by such organizations, working for human welfare and social harmony. The paper will also highlight the methods which they follow for spiritual healings and also developing the feeling of compassion and fraternity in the behaviour of individuals towards each other. Mahabodhi International has been chosen to conduct the present study. The organization is based in Leh, Ladakh and run various activities of welfare and spirituality around the world. Key Words: Buddhism, Spirituality, Compassion, Harmony, Welfare.

213-222

Authors: Jayeeta Bhattacharjee

Rabindra Nath Tagore rightly said, “A teacher can never truly teach unless he is still learning himself. A lamp can never light another lamp unless it continues to burn its own flame.” The Education Commission (1964-66) professed, “The destiny of India is now being shaped in her classrooms”. The National Policy on Education 1986 emphasize: “The status of the teacher reflects the socio-cultural ethos of the society; it is said that no people can rise above the level of its teachers”. According to an Indian prayer, ”The teacher is Brahma, the Creator, He is God Vishnu, He is God Maheshwara. He is the entire universe, salutation to him”. The community establishes schools for preservation, progress and enrichment of its traditions and conventions. Teacher education programme is a must in order to have efficient and really capable teachers. Teacher education programme starts molding from the ancient education system and till the present system of education taking shape according to the global and local needs of the Indian society. History of teacher education in India can be classified into two parts. First part deals with teacher education during pre-independent India which starts from ancient education system of education till India got independent and second part deals with teacher education during post independent India that is after independence till present year. The progress of a country depends upon the quality of its teachers and for this reason teaching is the noblest among all professions. The education commission recommends the introduction of a “sound programme of professional education of teachers”. Teaching has been one of the oldest and respected professions in the world. The role, functions, competence and preparation of teachers have undergone a dramatic change from time to time but the need for teachers has been imperative for all times. The changing times as well as the requirements of the society have necessitated changes in the ways of teacher preparation. This paper elaborates the progress of teacher education in India from past to present. Key Words: Teacher Education, Ancient Education, Buddhist Education, Muslim Education, British Education, Monitorial System.

233-238

Authors: K. Bhavani Shankar

“Go back to your traditions- See, Think, and Practice.” Andhra Pradesh was among the very few states in the country, which indicated green revolution to be the major reason of disaster in agriculture sector, especially in respect of rice, in the 1970s. In last decade or so, farmers' suicides have increased in Andhra Pradesh. Short term and long-term factors are responsible for farmers' suicides and agrarian crisis. The green revolution in the 1960s and 1970s has been greatly facilitated by the availability of good irrigation infrastructure. However, the existing systems have deteriorated over time and addition to the capacity has been negligible due to the decline in public investment. Disappointed with the western knowledge of practice and excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides that has finally led to crop destruction and decreasing soil fertility. To find a soluble solution, the researchers, policy makers, scientists and the government through various projects and support of NGOs are going back to age-old practices of Indian agriculture practices. For the encouragement of Traditional Science and Technologies (TSTs) are on with a new ray of hope. Again with a positive notion of keeping the traditional cultivation techniques alive and to pass on to next generation and towards the upliftment of rural and tribal communities for sustainable Development. The paper attempts to high light the ‘Tribal Women’s Role and Participation towards Sustainable agriculture with traditional practices like: Seed conservation, Use of Farm Yard Manure and nature methods of spraying techniques that has been looked as model development towards agriculture. Overview: challenges and gender considerations.

247-252

Authors: Nibedita Hazra

Human & environment has an adhere relation. But human are continuously damaging the environment for maintaining their external happiness. This unbridled damage is spoiling the balance of the environment. Today, realising the importance of the environment, human are trying to eliminate the crisis by organising different programmes in different way. We can mention Vedic Era as source of this awareness. Time to time the definition of the environment changed, but it is found ardour on preservation of the environment in every era. In this article I want to highlight the awareness on environment by the people of ancient India and will only talk about the people of $gveda due to the extensive of the Vedas. Key Words: Balance, Environment, $gveda, Vedic Era, Vedic Sages.

257-261

Authors: Abhijit Ghosh

April 1, 2010 was a historic day for the people of India. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, popularly known as the Right to Education Act (RTE)’2009 came into force on that day. The right to education is now accorded the same legal status as the right to life as provided under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. This entitles children to have the right to education enforced as a fundamental right. Every child between the age group of 6 to 14 years of age will get eight years of elementary education. Besides guaranteeing universal enrolment and retention, this act also looks forward to ensure quality education. To ensure this, the RTE Act, 2009 makes provision for “No Detention”policy. This policy ever since its introduction has remained in the center of controversy. Teachers, academicians, students and parents have blamed the policy for bringing down the quality of education in the country. The students now become cosmetically literate without any significant improvement in their educational standard. In the backdrop of these conflicting views, the present paper tries to delve deep into the rationale and objectives of the policy and the impact it has had on the quality of education across the country. Key Words: No detention, continuous and comprehensive evaluation, quality education, RTE, SSA, elementary education.

271-277

Authors: Siddhartha Sarmah and Dr. Sailendra Bhuyan

The present investigation was undertaken to analyze the Environmental Education Textbooks prepared by S.C.E.R.T. Assam, at the elementary level for class v to vii. The content analysis was conducted by investigator himself. The investigator had collected all the existing textbooks both in English and Assamese medium, prescribed by the SCERT, Assam from classes V to VII. The investigator studied the content material thoroughly giving focus on environment related topics in relation to curriculum on environmental education. The result of the study revealed that the Contents on Environmental Education are not sufficient for fulfilling all the objectives of Environmental Education in the schools. In different textbooks i.e. language, science and social science, the stress is given only on enriching the cognitive abilities of the students. Objectives of affective and psychomotor domain have been reflected partially.

288-295

Authors: K. M. Atikur Rahman

This study has been conducted to find out the root causes and consequences of ethnic conflict regarding especially the Rohingya minority in Myanmar. As Rohingya crisis in Myanmar is a contemporary and crucial issue not only in South and Southeast Asia but also in the world; that is why, it has been selected as a research topic. This study is conducted in qualitative approach. In this study, secondary sources have been used for data collection which is based on content analysis. Text books, journal articles, reports of government and non-government organizations, television and newspaper reports are the main sources of data. In this study it has been found that the Rohingya people are considered as the world’s least wanted groups. They are the world’s most persecuted minorities. About 43 percent of the Rohingyas are still refugees and of them 87 percent are deprived from basic needs. The main objectives of the study are: (i) to examine the root causes of ethnic conflict; (ii) to analyze the current humanitarian vulnerability of the Rohingyas. Rohingya conflict begins with mainly the denial of separate identities and rejection of their citizenship. A large number of Rohingyas are now stateless refugees who are too much vulnerable. The study will reveal the current vulnerable conditions of the Rohingyas. The findings of the study may help the different global organizations of human rights in policy supports for the Rohingyas. Key Words: Minority, Human rights, Identity, Persecute, Vulnerable.

305-315

Authors: Sandipan Ganguly and Avijit Guray

The Gems and Jewellery sector especially the gold industry plays a significant role in the Indian economy. India is deemed to be the hub of the global jewellery market because of its low costs and availability of high skilled labours. The Sonapatti area of Barddhaman town is famous for the location of hundreds of gold jewellery shops, resembling the shape of an industry. The paper attempts to reveal a comprehensive picture of gold mongers and goldsmith workers of Sonapatti area with special emphasis on their socio-economic profile. The paper also addresses several problems and prospects related to the study area. An in-depth study will help the policy makers to generate suitable strategies and the government to implement them, thus triggering the development of this informal economy. The study was undertaken by extensive field survey, collection of secondary data from authentic sources and data analysis by suitable digital cartographic techniques. Key Words: Gems and jewellery industry, Gold monger, Goldsmith, Marketing system and Occupational hazard.

322-333

Authors: Borok A. M.,Suleiman A. and Charles Azgaku

Intergroup Relations is one of the major issues in African states. This is because of the introduction of modern system of government and economy, democracy and capitalism, the former is the game of number where the majority group rules and the latter is a competitive game that embodies contradiction just for survival sake. In such situation, the minorities in terms of ethnic, religious and regional groups do feel marginalized. These kinds of feelings normally affect intergroup relations negatively. In respect to the present day Jos- Plateau in Nigeria, the objective of this paper is to understand, the politics of labour control and intergroup relations in the Jos-Plateau mining camps, 1945-1960. This will enable us to have a grasp of one of the formative stages of the present day Jos-Plateau civil unrest. Key Note: Politics, Labour Control, and Intergroup Relations.

343-352

Authors: Sriparna Mitra

Shifting course of river Ganga is causing a large scale disaster in terms of flooding and bank failure in Malda dist. River bank erosion and flooding in Malda dist have become a chronic phenomenon since early’60s and the problem turns into disaster during last few decades. In every year the large numbers of local inhabitants are being severely affected due to bank erosion, particularly along the river bed of the Ganga in the present study area.