Russkaya Starina

69-77

Authors: Sergei A. Kropachev

The article deals with the ethnic groups of Russians of the late 19th – first quarter of the 20th century. The author divides all local groups of Russians into ethno-territorial, ethno-class, ethno-confessional and ethnographic. They were formed in the context of the development of territorial-economic and historical-cultural clusters: Southern and Central Russian, Northern Russian, Siberian, Far Eastern and Central Asian. Subethnic groups of Russians had to adapt to different climatic conditions, perceive the way of life and a new type of economy management, elements of the material culture of the aboriginal peoples. The degree of proximity to the latter was different, from self-isolation to close contacts and the conclusion of mixed marriages. At the same time, as a rule, Russians retained their language, cultural elements, ethnic identity and other basic values. The article presents demographic indicators of local groups of Russians of the late 19th – first quarter of the 20th century.

92-98

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Yury L. Kim

With the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the Sarapul tannery switched to fulfilling military orders. Since the loss of Donbass made it difficult to supply imported coal, firewood had to be used as the main energy source for production, which had to be transported along the Kama River 20-30 km away. At the end of 1941, to solve the problem of transporting firewood, the company began the construction of the “Kozhkombinat” boat. In 1948, a wooden barge was built for the same purpose, which was listed until 1954. Since for the mentioned years in the report of the enterprise there are no corresponding sums used to increase the balance sheet, it can be concluded that both vessels were built by their own efforts. Since the Leather Plant is not the only enterprise in the city engaged in shipbuilding, this makes it possible to identify Sarapul in 1930–1940s as a shipbuilding center on the Kama. In the second half of the war, the plant began to switch to Kuzbass coal, and its own water transport began to lose relevance. This is clearly demonstrated by the cost figures for ships’s expuatation: if at the beginning of the war the plant spent about 40 thousand rubles per year, then by the end of the war this amount decreased by half. Judging by the reports of the enterprise, it tried to use the fleet for transportation of hay, building materials and other cargoes, but finally in 1956 it was decided to give up the own fleet.

112-121

Authors: Elizaveta N. Sedakova

The article deals with the military burials of the Great Patriotic War in the territory of the Old Cemetery of Taganrog, Rostov region. The purpose of this work is to characterize the common graves of the Great Patriotic War through the use of data from burial records, reports of irretrievable losses as well as to identify their current state. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between the data on the number of buried Red Army soldiers in the old and new registration cards are presented. In addition, misspelled names in various documents are analyzed. As a result of the study, the problems and prospects for further study of military graves in the historical necropolis of Taganrog have been identified.

9-21

Authors: Mark R. Lysenko

The article deals with the defense of the left bank of the Dnieper River in August-September 1941. The author singles out the creation of Kremenchug bridgehead as the main reason for the Kiev encirclement. This thesis confirms the analysis of the general strategic situation in the Ukrainian direction, established by the time of the formation and consolidation of the Kremenchug bridgehead. The author examines in detail the chronology of the battle for the left bank, which mainly unfolded not over the entire front, but on separate bridgeheads. Comparing the German plans with the current operational situation in the area from Kanev to Zaporozhye, the author has concluded that the Red Army, pulling together large forces to fight on local breaks, in conjunction with the little interaction between the commands of armies, fronts and the Supreme Command, has created conditions conducive to the successful breakthrough of the enemy on his main direction. As secondary factors affecting the defense, the author considered the general problems of the Red Army at the end of summer – the lack of ammunition, weakness of mobile units, and “staff hysteria”. The study is based on the documents of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and German archival documents in the custody of the National Archives and Records Administration of the United States, as well as sources of personal origin and historiography on the subject under study.

29-43

Authors: Pavel E. Semashka

The article analyzes the modern Russian historiography of the constitutional crisis of September – October 1993 in Moscow. The author considers articles published in journals and collections included in the Russian Science Citation Index. Using methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis, the author identifies and characterizes seven major topics that have been most actively studied in historical science. Researchers paid the most attention to the problem of regions and the interaction of the center with them. They also paid an attention to the legal aspects of the topic: institute of presidency in the legal system of the country, peculiarities of adoption and characteristic features of the Constitution, etc. Besides, the article examines the historical sources used by the authors (they mainly referred to scientific literature on the issue, press data and published documents of state authorities) and makes a conclusion about the necessity of introducing new sources and more active use of the existing ones (archival and statistical data). The positive (increased attention to the problems of regions, the role of the press in the conflict) and negative sides of modern historiography on the subject (poor coverage of the role of social movements and political parties in the conflict) are noted.

78-88

Authors: Yuri S. Sulaberidze

The article reveals one of the most important aspects of the activities of the Military History Department of the Headquarters of the Caucasian Military District in the description and creation of monuments of military valor in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The author traces the work on the preservation of single and mass burial, the creation of monuments-obelisks to heroes of the Caucasian wars on the territory of the South Caucasus. The source of the study is the archival materials deposited in the fund 1087 of the Central Historical Archive of Georgia: reports of the heads of the Military Historical Department and other cases related to the description of memorial sites. The work done by the staff of the Department and its numerous assistants – the officers of the combat units – was reflected in two issues of the publication “Monuments of the Times of the Establishment of Russian Rule in the Caucasus” (Tiflis, 1906–1909). This work is the most important document of historical memory about the Caucasian War. The activity of Military Historical Department served to educate patriotism, high spiritual principles in defending of the Motherland, transferring of military traditions of “old Caucasians” to the younger generation.

102-117

Authors: Olga M. Morozova, Alina D. Smirnova

Improving of park areas in the 1930s became an important element in the restructuring of the cities and industrial centers on the basis of the Soviet communal services. Being a habitual center of public activity associated with memorable events for the new government, the M. Gorky city park in Rostov-on-Don became a tool for visual propaganda of an affordable and comfortable new way of life. It is noted that in the system of ongoing events, the methods of political technologies are clearly identified. At the same time, on the basis of archival textual and visual sources, a reconstruction of the early history of the city garden and the connection of the object with the socio-political events of the city and region was carried out.

131-140

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov

The fleets of forestries, especially multi-profile ones, where timber rafting was not their main occupation, still remain one of the less studied pages of the history of river transport. In their priorities, water transport was significantly inferior to automobile and tractor, and even horse-drawn transport. For this reason, the annual reports of such farms, even if they had a fleet, usually ignored the filling in of special forms on water transport. In the work, based on a comparison of synchronous documentation for the Izhevsk operational office and enterprises of the association “Udmurtles”, the biography of the boat “Bolshevik” was reconstructed. In all likelihood, this is the former boat No. 57 of the Sarapul raid of the Kamlesosplav, transferred in 1943 to the Sarapul timber processing plant. In 1958, the ship was handed over to the Izhevsk Construction Department and transported to the Izhevsk Pond, where in 1959 it was handed over to the Izhevsk Operational Office. Here the ship was renamed “Puteets” and handed over to the way’s service, where, probably, the engine was replaced on it. The ship was in operation until 1961, until it was replaced by the boat “Kambaryak”. Apparently, the final write-off of the ship was made only in January 1962, when the ships were transferred to the Izhevsk operational office in connection with the liquidation of the Udmurt administration of small rivers.

149-155

Authors: Natalia V. Dmitrieva

The article analyzes the approaches to solving the national question in post-reform Russia by one of the prominent representatives of liberal social thought K.D. Kavelin, who analyzed in detail the peculiarities of the situation and the level of requests of non-Russian peoples within the empire. In the second half of the XIX century, after the suppression of the uprising in the Kingdom of Poland in 1864, representatives of Russian liberal social thought realized that the economic, political and cultural development of the peoples during this period actualized the problem of acceptable legal guarantees of equality within the framework of multi-ethnic states. Attention is focused on a special interpretation of K.D. Kavelin of the policy pursued by the tsarist government towards non-Russian peoples. In the specific conditions of post-reform Russia, the scientist was especially concerned about the negative attitude towards non-Russian peoples. The conclusion is made about the applied nature of the scientist’s works on the national question, the solution of which was supposed to be through the expansion of the rights of local governments, primarily for the more developed peoples of the west and north of Russia from his point of view.

9-16

Authors: Andrey V. Dyukarev

The article deals with the complex of plots and images of the military history of the Kuban Cossacks, reflected in the memorial practice of the 19th – early 21th centuries. The example of military duty and sacrifice of Cossack detachments under the command of colonel Tikhovsky, sotniks Grechishkin and Gorbatko during the Caucasian War shows the tradition of the formation of the historical memory in the pre-revolutionary period. Revolutionary events and the Civil War did not allow the episodes of the Russian-Japanese and World War I to be integrated into the system of commemoration of the heroic past. During the Soviet period, the memorial practice reflected the exploits of the Cossacks of the 17th Cavalry, and then the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps during the Great Patriotic War. The period of the late 20th – early 21th centuries is characterized by an appeal to the plots of military exploits of all historical periods, these plots are integrated into the system of the memory of the Kuban Cossacks.

29-35

Authors: Sergei G. Nekrasov

The article deals with the defensive battles for Rostov-on-Don on July 23–25, 1942 in the context of their mention in the order of the People’s Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 227 of July 28, 1942. The Battle of Rostov-on-Don in July 1942 is practically not disclosed in Soviet, Russian and foreign historiography. Meanwhile, in the history of the Great Patriotic War, these actions played an important strategic role. Despite significant losses, they made it possible to carry out an organized withdrawal of the formations and units of the Southern Front to the new defensive lines. Using as an example of one specific formation – the 31st Stalingrad Rifle Division – the article shows that the personnel of such formations fought heroically and skillfully, as far as the operational-strategic situation allowed. The article is based on documents from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

50-53

Authors: Evgeny F. Krinko

The history of the Russian Orthodox Church is one of the leading trends in Contemporary Russian historiography. In 2020-2021 have been published fundamental monographs on the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Rostov-on-Don. Previously, these issues were not the subject of special study. The author is one of the leading specialists in the history of Orthodoxy on the Don, A.V. Shadrina. The study is based on a significant set of sources, including documents from 176 files from 19 funds of 10 archives. The first book was devoted to the history of construction and the subsequent difficult fate of the temple in the 19th–21st centuries. In the second monograph, the author examines the restoration, shrines, church activities and the consecration of the cathedral after the restoration.

87-94

Authors: Andrey V. Venkov

In Rostov region since 2013, the decision to rebury the remains of three Don Cossack generals, heroes of the War of 1812 – Lieutenant General A.A. Karpov, Major General P.M. Grekov and Major General G.A. Dyachkin is delayed. Their remains were found by students and teachers of the Cossack cadet corps named after Ya.P. Baklanov in Shakhty in Tarasovsky district of the Rostov region. During the revolution of 1917, their former graves were destroyed and looted. The bodies were found lying randomly mixed with construction debris. The process of identifying the remains is still underway. When it is completed, the Don generals will be interred according to their status and merits. This article gives a brief biography of one of the honored Don generals, whose ashes have not yet found rest. Studying his life path, we found a number of problems connected with the formation of a new Don Cossack elite, which began to form in the late 18th – early 19th centuries.

102-111

Authors: Oleg A. Grom

The article deals with the publications of the newspaper “Prizyv” (“The Appeal”), which is practically not studied in the historiography. “Prizyv” was the first periodical in the Region of the Don Host with strongly pronounced nationalist tendency, printed in Taganrog in 1910−1911. The newspaper propagated so called “economic nationalism” based on the idea of the struggle of Russians with foreigners (“inorodtsy”) in trade, industry and agriculture. The Jews, who composed a negligible minority in the region, living mostly in two cities, Taganrog and Rostov-on-Don, were treated by the “Prizyv” newspaper as the main antagonists of the “Russian case”. The right-wing publicists imputed to the Jews great ascendancy, especially in the sphere of mass-media. The Armenian problem in the Don was reflected in the debates on the on the so called “Nakhichevan Question” – the project of the accession of Nakhichevan to Rostov-on-Don, which, both right-wing and “progressist” newspapers, were interpreted as a confrontation between the Armenian and Russian parties. The “Prizyv” authors considered the Don Ukrainians (Little Russians), along with the Cossacks, to be an integral part of a great Russian nation, however, unlike most of their colleagues from the nationalist camp in other regions, they left them the right to their own cultural and linguistic identity. Among other non-Russians from the Don and Azovia region (Germans, Greeks, Molokans, etc.), only the Greeks were described as a purely positive element, whose existence did not contradict the “tasks of Russian statehood”. The newspaper was closed at the beginning of 1911 due to the plans for the transformation of the publication “Rostovskiy-na-Donu Listok” (Rostov-on-Don Leaflet) into the regional daily newspaper of nationalist orientation.

119-128

Authors: Iosif G. Rochko

The Daugavpils ghetto existed from July 15, 1941 to October 28, 1943. More than 13,000 Jews passed through the ghetto gates. A little more than 100 survived. In the ghetto there were, like the Jews of Daugavpils and the surrounding area, small towns and townships of Latgale, as well as several thousand Jews from Lithuania. About ten former prisoners left diaries and memories of the terrible days, which are published and have survived to this day. Later, the works of historians and local historians about the history of the Daugavpils ghetto appeared. The author conditionally divided the works: first, written in the West and the United States, second, in the USSR, and third, in the Republic of Latvia. Such a comprehensive approach includes an ideological justification, preserves the chronology, place and language of the publication. The totality of all these works is the object of the study.

141-154

Authors: Marina A. Ryblova

This publication is a continuation of an article published earlier in the 1st issue of the journal for 2021. It is devoted to the memoirs of the three years spent by the author in a small Cossack khutor as a teacher of an 8-year school, supplemented by the author’s comments on them. The peculiarity of both parts of the publication is its belonging to the genre of “notes”, in which the author appears simultaneously as a person remembering and commenting. The second part of the publication presents the characteristics of the sex and age groups of the population of the Cossack khutor during the Soviet “stagnation”: young people of marriageable age, family and old people. The author defines the boundaries, statuses and functions of these groups, as well as identifies the changes that occurred with them in the Soviet period of our history in comparison with the pre-revolutionary time. Describing a group of young men of marriage age, the author reveals the peculiarities of the process of their self-organization in adapting to the conditions of growing up using many traditional forms inherited from the former community life of the Cossacks. Such forms include youth gatherings, practices of collective mutual assistance to those who find themselves in difficult living conditions, etc. The author shows that despite the fact that the farm youth found themselves without the care of the older generation (with the loss of their former moral principles and values), they still had the need to organize their own lives with the support of the youth collective. Within this collective, their own code of honor was formed, and behavioral stereotypes were constantly levelled. At the same time, it was not the Soviet principles and forms that prevailed, but the former ones – traditional (although significantly transformed), and often associated with marginal spheres of life. The group of family Cossacks in the public space of the Cossack farm is mostly represented by women. They were active participants in the social life of the settlement and the true heads of their families and households, displacing the men who dominated them in pre-revolutionary times from these spheres. As in the Soviet village, in the Cossack farm, men took positions close to the position of unmarried youth: protected, not burdened with caring for families, often leading a very free lifestyle; in the working sphere of life, they also often realize themselves in marginal and extreme activities. As for the group of old Cossacks and Cossack women, it is also more represented by women who demonstrate special activity in the public space of the farm. Old men, having lost their former statuses and functions, practically disappeared from the social life of the farm, often found themselves excluded from the process of education and socialization of young people, being a clear illustration of the process of breaking the former intergenerational ties and ways of transferring cultural and social experience from the older generation to the younger ones. In Soviet times, there was a process of blurring the boundaries between different gender and age groups, between the moral norm and the anomaly. As studies of Soviet everyday life in recent years show, many of the phenomena described by the author were characteristic of the village as a whole at that time, but in a small and abandoned farmstead they appeared with special evidence and a significant degree of concentration, largely explaining all the subsequent political, economic and social upheavals and cataclysms of the post-perestroika period.