Sport Mont

7-11

Authors: María-José Paredes-Ruiz, María Jodar-Reverte, Ignacio Martinez González –Moro, Vicente Ferrer-Lopez

Currently, muscle activity can be assessed by oxygen muscle saturation (SmO2) measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which is a non-invasive technique that can be used in training planning and control, but more needs to be known about it. To analyse gender differences in the SmO2 of quadriceps and hamstrings, in several phases of a maximum stress test. A total of 20 subjects, with an average age of 21 years (10 males and 10 females), were the subjects of maximal treadmill exercise testing. We obtained maximum oxygen consumption (Metalyzer 3B) and monitored the electrocardiogram continuously. In addition, we measured the SmO2 of quadriceps and hamstrings in rest (R), start decline (D) and maximum effort (M), with two Humon Hex devices, one placed on the anterior side of the thigh and another on the back. Quadriceps SmO2 in males: R=59.4±11.5%; D=48.3±19.1%; M=52.5±13%. Quadriceps SmO2 in women: R=51±11.5%; D=48.5±9.4%; M=43.1±6.9%. Hamstrings SmO2 in males: R=56.2±13.1%; D=62.9±9.1%; M=57.5±13.9%. Hamstrings SmO2 in women R=56.9±18.9%; D=49.7±7.4%; M=38.2±14.6%. There are no significant differences between muscles. There are only significant differences in M in hamstrings (p-0.009). SmO2 during treadmill exercise is similar in both sexes, but the overall decrease with maximum exercise is greater in women’s hamstrings.

19-23

Authors: Dora Maric, Barbara Gilic, Nikola Foretic

This study aimed to examine the internal- and external-training-load (ITL and ETL, respectively) during a match of young handball players. Field testing included heart-rate monitoring (memory belt, Suunto) as a marker of ITL and accelerometry (motion-biosensor, Actical Respironcis, Philips) as a marker of ETL. Time motion analysis data were obtained by recording the player’s game activities and later analysed with the Matlab software package. T-test and Pearson-product-moment correlation coefficient were used to examine the differences and the relationship between variables collected in the study. The t-test analysis did not show significant differences between the total distance covered (2216.42–2135.42 m), steps conducted (1829.25–1829.83 steps), steps per minute (91.46–91.49 steps/min), energy expenditure (92.24–90.87 METS), time spent in higher intensity zones calculated by motion biosensor (13.08–12.75 minutes), training- load calculated by Edwards TRIMP method (91.54–88.56 scores) in the first and in the second half of the match. Physical activity variables show no significant correlations with the data assessed by heart rate monitors. Similar results in monitored training-load variables in the first and second halves are connected with the game intensity, which was consistent throughout the match. The lack of correlations between ITL and ETL variables indicates that accelerometry is not suitable for the assessment of metabolic training load in intermittent activities, such as handball. ITL measures used in this study are more suitable for controlling load during training and competition, while the ETL parameters used are more appropriate for better understanding players activity in periods in which the players do not train; other activities can influence players fatigue and training and competition performance.

31-37

Authors: Toni Modric, Sime Versic, Damir Sekulic

The aim of this study was (i) to examine associations between training load during the week and match outcomes; (ii) to evidence position-specific differences between playing positions of training load and match running performances in top-level soccer/football. Training load and match running performances were evaluated through external load parameters: total-distance-covered, distance covered by walking, jogging, running, highintensity- running (high-speed-running + sprinting); the number of accelerations, high-intensity-accelerations, decelerations, and high-intensity- decelerations. All data were obtained via the Global Positioning System from twelve matches of the highest-level Croatian soccer competition and from training sessions in the preceding weeks. The players (age: 23.57±2.84 years) were divided into five playing positions: central defenders (n=18), fullbacks (n=20), central midfielders (n=26), wing midfielders (n=5) and forwards (n=9). Significant ANOVA differences (p<0.05) were found in all external match load variables, while in weekly training sessions only in high-intensityrunning, high-intensity-accelerations, and high-intensity- decelerations distinguished players across their playing positions. Inverse correlation for most of the external load parameters and positive correlation for the number of training sessions with match outcome was evidenced. Chances of positive match outcome were greater in weeks when the team participated in fewer training sessions and consequently had lower values of external training load.

45-49

Authors: Olga Igorevna Vaganova, Maxim Mikhaylovich Kutepov, Anna Vladimirovna Lapshova, Elena Alexandrovna Chelnokova, Ekaterina Viktorovna Vezetiu

The purpose of this article is to justify and develop the content and structure of an additional course of bachelors in physical education entitled “Methodological support for the activities of a sports coach”, to expand the range of their professional competencies. The course involves the disclosure of the theoretical foundations and the practical implementation of the competencies mastered by bachelor students in the context of the new Federal State Educational Standard. The target audience of the course includes bachelor students in physical education, trainers of various categories, teachers in fitness centres, physical education leaders of schools, camps and other persons whose activities are related to the implementation of physical training. In the learning process, information, design, and interactive technologies are used. We have developed the content of the course for additional training of bachelor students in physical education. The study was carried out for three years (2017–2019). The total number of students in 2017 was 16; by 2018 the number increased to 27, and in 2019 the number grew to 36. This paper presents a study to identify the quantitative and qualitative composition of students attending an additional training course (senior, middle, and junior groups), which enabled determining the relevance of the course content that we have developed. From year to year, the course content has been improved. Statistical data processing revealed a growing number of students from 2017 to 2019. The course is in demand in each of the age categories that we have identified. The results of the study allowed us to identify the direction for further improving the design of the course content, the choice of technologies, methods and tools, which improves the quality of its implementation and, as a result, the quality of its implementation of the methodological activities of physical education specialists.

59-64

Authors: Nur Azis Rohmansyah, Syahruddin, Wulan Rahmadhani, Ashira Hiruntrakul

Introduction: Patients with knee osteoarthritis were reported to have quadriceps weakness and impaired knee function, related to pain. It is unclear whether body composition is a causal factor to the above findings. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in pain, quadricep strength, and knee function among obese women and women of normal weight with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Fifty women with a mean age of 55 years were involved in this study. The inclusion criteria were bilateral knee of knee osteoarthritis with a visual analogue pain scale difference (>1) between each knee. Patients all underwent assessment of the pain intensity, isokinetic strength of knee muscles, and knee function. Results: The analysis showed that there were significant differences between groups in pain intensity (p=0.004) and quadriceps strength (p=0.003) but were not significant on the Lequesne index score (p=0.05). Significant differences in the intensity of knee pain and quadriceps strength occurred between the obesity II group with the normal weight group (p=0.004), overweight (p=0.017) and with obesity I (p=0.017) suffering from knee osteoarthritis. Conclusion: Normal weight people with knee osteoarthritis are at risk of suffering knee pain that causes reduced physical activity. This inactive condition will also result in a decrease in quadriceps muscle strength, which can increase the risk of knee deformity. Therefore, proper education and training programmes are required to anticipate this, so as to prevent the progression of knee osteoarthritis.

71-76

Authors: Yuta Takanashi

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between jump ability and athletic performance of athletic throwers based on data taken over two years. The data of 24 1st-year and 2nd-year male university throwers was compiled to examine the relationship regarding athletic performance. In summary, the three events of standing long jump (SLJ), squat jump (SJ), and counter-movement jump (CMJ) were always in a positive correlation with athletic performance in the two-year measurement. Next, SJ was most relevant to the athletic performance of the five jump measurement items. Standing triple jump (STJ) and rebound jump (RJ) did not improve in two years, and no association with the athletic performance was seen. These results suggest that simple explosive exercises, such as SLJ, SJ, and CMJ, are effective for evaluating the physical fitness of throwers. The vertical jump capability is particularly useful for evaluating athletic performance. The innovation of this study is found in SJ, which exerts power from a stationary state, and could be significant in optimizing athletic performance, which can be enhanced through modified training practices that incorporate SJ.

83-87

Authors: Aleksander Yurevich Osipov, Roman Sergeevich Nagovitsyn, Olga Igorevna Vaganova, Maxim Mikhaylovich Kutepov, Elena Alexandrovna Chelnokova, Tatyana Igorevna Ratmanskaya, Anna Vladimirovna Vapaeva

Information about the volume and intensity of the physical activity of students is collected through various methods of inquiry. Questionnaire data needs to be compared with objective criteria of the physical fitness of students. The purpose of the present research is a comparison of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) data and the results of functional fitness assessment tests of female undergraduate (n=639) and graduate (n=625) students. The IPAQ data were used to determine the level of physical activity in females. Data regarding the BMI and self-perceived physical fitness of females are collected. The physical fitness level of the female students was assessed using functional fitness assessment tests. The IPAQ results show significant (p<0.05) differences in the total weekly volume of physical activity of females. More weekly physical activity volume was found in female graduate students. The advantage in IPAQ results is achieved by significantly (p<0.01) more weekly physical activity in the office job. The weekly volume of health and sports physical activity is significantly (p<0.01) higher in female undergraduate students. The data on the volume of regular daily movement in female groups do not differ significantly. The results of fitness testing showed an insufficient level of physical fitness of female students of both groups. BMI results of female students are normal. A significant lack of the total volume of physical activity of students of both groups in comparison with the IPAQ data of female students of some European countries was revealed. Increasing the total amount of physical activity and improving the quality of physical activity is recommended.

97-101

Authors: Mohamad Nasrullah Nasiruddin, Mohd Norakmar Omar, Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee

Malaysia has taken a rigorous approach to improving the quality and performance of its football teams. To match the strength of world-class football teams, the nation has taken a strategic approach by developing players’ potential through the grassroots level. These players are brought together in sports schools across the country and trained by experienced coaches to showcase their talents, potentials, skills, and performance. Therefore, this study identifies the relationship between coach leadership style and the motivation of football players in sports schools. Furthermore, the study explores the dimensions of coach leadership style that have a high impact on improving player motivation. In this regard, a total of 313 footballers participating in the under-14 football tournament organized by the ministry of education and the national football development programme (NFDP) from sports schools across Malaysia surveyed as respondents. The findings show that there is a moderate positive relationship between coach leadership style and football players’ motivation. Dimensions such as democratic and social consideration have a significant impact on increasing football players’ motivation in sports schools. In conclusion, the football coach is the most crucial person in ensuring the motivation of football players at a high level. They have to use all of their existing skills to build a strong, motivated team and never tire of it when facing tough moments in the game.

109-113

Authors: Maria Ruberto, Vincenzo Monda, Francesco Precenzano, Girolamo Di Maio, Antonietta Messina, Valentina Lanzara, Eugenio Merolla, Nicola Tartaglia, Antonio Ambrosi, Marcellino Monda, Cristian V. Francavilla, Giovanni Messina, Fiorenzo Moscatelli

One-third of patients with epilepsy do not respond to antiepileptic drugs and may seek complementary and alternative treatment modalities. Dietary therapies, such as the ketogenic diet (KD), the modified Atkins diet, as well as the medium-chain triglyceride and the low glycaemic index diets, have been successfully implemented with some forms of epilepsy and are growing in utilization. The KD is a high-fat, low-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that has been used for various conditions for over a century. Insights into the mechanism of action of these diets may provide more targeted interventions for patients with epilepsy. Knowledge of these mechanisms is growing and includes neuroprotective effects on oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, potassium channels in the brain, and mitochondrial function. In this review, we explain the role of physical exercise and the ketogenic diet on epilepsy.

119-121

Authors: Gopal Kumar, Rohit Kumar Thapa

This study aimed to compare the influence of ball type on three-point shooting in university basketball players. Forty university basketball players were selected for the study (Mean±SD; for male subjects: age 22±1.3 years; height 1.68±0.85 m; body mass 66.4±7.1 kg; fat 10.3±2.28% and for female subjects: age 20±1.6 years; height 1.36±0.88 m; body mass 62.4±6.9 kg; fat 11.6±3.48%). A 2×3 repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect in score with ball type (F(2,76)=48.37, p<0.001, partial eta squared=0.56). Further analysis with post hoc testing revealed significant differences between synthetic and leather ball (p<0.001, d=1.27), and rubber and leather balls (p<0.001, d=1.48). No significant interaction effect of gender and ball type was found (p=0.706, partial eta squared=0.009). An independent t-test found no significant differences in three-point scores between male and female players in any ball type.