Ancient Sumy Land

5-19

Authors: Iakimova А. М. Deputy Chairman of the Association of Ukrainian Organizations of Bulgaria, the member of the Scientific Society of History of Diplomacy and International Relations (Bulgaria). ORCID ID 0000-0002-4229-4372.

On the basis of archival documents in the fund of prof. I. Shishmanov highlighted in the article the contribution of Bulgarian scientist I.Shyshmanov to the study of problems related to famous Ukrainian scientist M. Dragomanov’s participation in the edition of the newspaper “Volnoe slovo” in Geneva. In the early twentieth century I. Shyshmanov took part in the discussion between V. Bohucharskyi, who called “Volnoe Slovo” authority of “Sviashchena drujina” and B. Kistyakivskyi, who claimed that the “Zemskyi soyus” was a real organization and showed its position in favor M. Dragomanov. The preparatory work of I. Shishmanov and M. Drahomanov’s family for establishing the truth is analyzed. Attention is drawn to the range of stakeholders and the documents from the Sofia archive of M. Drahomanov that reveal the scientist’s search work. Chronologically, the archival sources cover the period of 1907-1924. As a result, I. Shishmanov published two articles in 1913-1914. For the first time, documents are published, the originals of which are kept in the Scientific Archive of Bulgarian Academy of sciences.

29-35

Authors: Obchenko O. M. postgraduate, Kharkiv National Pedagogical University (Ukraine). ORCID ID: 0000-0003- 4781-8427.

The study of local communities is important in modern history. Local history helps to understand the peculiarities of the historical development of the regions and their inhabitants. The article examines statistical and socio-cultural information about the small town of Zmiiv in the early nineteenth century. The article analyzes the plan of the town of Zmiiv and the seal of the town of Zmiiv. The composition of the city’s residents is also analyzed and compared with the Chuhuiv town. Town Zmiiv is located in the Kharkiv region. In the XIX century Zmiiv was the district (povit) center. Analysis of the town’s development shows that gradual processes of modernization have begun in Zmiiv. Beyond to statistics, the ideas of the local gentleman Fedir Krychevsky about the town and its history are analyzed. Krychevsky lived in Zmiv in the early nineteenth century. Krychevsky’s reasoning helps us to understand how provincial nobles imagined an ideal city in the early nineteenth century. The local nobility formed the local urban identity. It was a premodern town in reality and in their imagination as well. He was the head of the local nobility. It is possible to reconstruct the stereotypes of this nobleman about the town of Zmiiv. The province is a place where urban and rural cultures interact. Nowhere is this more visible than in province town. Zmiiv is a typical town in eastern Ukraine. Exploring its features will help to better understand the history of this region.

44-52

Authors: Nesterenko V. A., Murashko Е. А. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University. ORCID ID: 0000- 0002-0469-3671. 2nd year student, Sumy State University (Ukraine)

The OUN marching groups take a special place in the history of the Ukrainian liberation movement. Those organized groups consisted of the nationalistic activists from the Western Ukraine and the Ukrainian immigrants from many European countries. During the period of World War II (in the summer and autumn months of 1941) they were led to the central, eastern and southern regions of Ukraine. Their purpose was establishing Ukrainian authorities, local authorities; organizing national civilian and cultural life on the territories occupied by the Nazi Germany. The marching groups were formed by both the OUN under the leadership of Colonel A.Melnyk and the OUN-R led by S.Bandera. The article covers the OUN marching groups’ deployment and the main directions of their activity in the northern and eastern regions of Ukraine. On the basis of the historiographical sources the authors have come to the following conclusion. The active actions of the OUN underground were encouraged by the German administration’s inability to manage the occupied territories. The local population representatives’ engagement into the collaboration also played its part in that process. The downside of this activity was the German security agencies’ repressive policies that resulted in the death of the majority of the OUN underground members.

5-20

Authors: Shcherban A. L. Doctor of Science (Culturology), PhD (History), Kharkiv State Academy of Culture (Ukraine). ORCID ID 0000-0002-9530-6453.

For the first time the activity of the weaving vocational school in the village Digtyari (modern Chernihiv region) is analyzed. It was the leading educational institution of the middle level of vocational education of the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the 1920s, in which the creators of traditional textiles studied. The students learned the skills of making carpets, embroidered shirts and kerchiefs. On the basis of archival sources, the histories, educational process, composition of the teaching and student groups of the school during 1926-1929 are covered. Established in the fall of 1926, the institution was to train qualified master practitioners for the factory and handicraft arts industry, who had formed an artistic taste. The teaching staff initially consisted of local general education teachers and visiting instructors and teachers of special subjects (O. Reisfeld and M. Dyachenko). The institution was headed by uneducated communists Yu. Kozelev and S. Lutayenko. The students of the first set were mostly non-locals, orphans. But the second set already consisted mostly of children of local peasants and artisans. The school had a significant material base, which remained from the textile educational institutions that operated in Digtyary during the first quarter of the twentieth century. The main rooms were located in the right wing of the main building of the palace complex of the Galagan estate. As a result of the study of the materials of the minutes of the meetings of the school council, the conflict situations that constantly arose between the managers and their supporters and visiting specialists and led to the departure of the latter from Digtyary were analyzed. The initial stage of the existence of the Digtyari weaving professional school, problems in relations between staff and the originality of the contingent of the first set of students influenced the quality of their training. As it is clear from the available sources, during the first and the beginning of the second school year students worked both theoretically and practically, but due to lack of raw materials they could not produce a significant amount of full-fledged products. The school’s workshop worked on “factory” and, in part, “peasant” raw materials. At the end of the second year of study, students were already making work suitable for sale. The school operated in two directions. The visiting instructor, an experienced artist M. Dyachenko, brought a new vision of teaching graphic literacy into the educational process. Weaving and embroidery instructors who either graduated from the textile schools previously existing in Digtyary (A. Reisfeld, V. Nikolskaya) or worked there for a long time (G. Tsybuleva) broadcast local traditions. During the years under study, about 100 students studied at the institution and one graduation took place. Troubles in the personal relationship between teachers and school management and insufficient funding have affected the quality of education. But even in such conditions, students not only mastered special and general education subjects, but also participated in exhibitions, made marketable products, engaged in research work. Curricula developed by M. Dyachenko and O. Reisfeld became a model for other craft educational institutions. And the textbook was written by O. Reisfeld - the first Ukrainian-language textbook on the technology of folk weaving.

32-37

Authors: Osadchy Y. M., Nesterenko V. A. PhD (History), head of the group for protection of historical and cultural heritage at the Department of Culture of the Sumy Regional State Administration (Ukraine). PhD (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University. ORCID: 0000-0002- 0469-3671.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the burial places excavations on the territory of the hill-fort “Horodok” in the town of Putivl. Twelve burial places were investigated in 1981. All of them had been made in the common gravel pit approximately 1 meter deep. The bodies of the dead lay side by side that testifies to the fact of performing the rituals at the same time. All the bodies belonged to the children aged six months to 4-5 years. Their skeletons were fragmented, the most often found parts were only the large bones of limbs, pelvis and skulls remains. That burial of collective nature was a mass grave of the pandemic time known as Aleksey Mykhailovych’s plague. During that period very strict quarantine measures (including locking down the fortresses) were enabled on the territory of the Moscow kingdom. In that case the plague’s victims were buried at the Spaso-Preobrazhensk cathedral cemetery, which is situated in the Old Town. The twin burial of a woman with a child is of a great interest. The particularity of that case lies in some details of the funeral rites like placing the child’s body at the feet of the mother in the Northern direction and the woman’s body orientation with the head to the South. The burials of this sort are not found among the Christian population of the Psel river basin in the Putivl region. In this case the buried persons belonged to the different people who appeared in the town of Putivl for some unknown reasons. The similar burials are common for the peoples of the Volga river basin and they are regarded as exceptional for the Tatars. Thoroughness of the work may be indicative of the fact that the ritual was performed by the close relatives or the people of the same blood familiar with the similar traditions. Thus, the examined mass grave belongs to some Putivl inhabitants who died during the plague period which dates back to 1654-1655 while the twin burial belongs to the representatives of the Volga river basin peoples.

58-65

Authors: Olitskyi V. O. PhD (History), Senior Lecturer at the Department of History of Ukraine, Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A.S. Makarenko (Ukraine). ORCID ID 0000-0001-5518-5127.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the local press publications of the primary school formation and development in the military zone during occupation period. The analysis is based on the example of the newspaper “The Renaissance”. The main types of publications are identified and characterized. It was found out that the newspaper “The Renaissance” used to publish primary education data on a regular basis. The amount of the data was increasing gradually at the end and beginning of every academic year. In fact, all the given information covered the local aspect of the issue. The suggested educational concept of primary school is described. It is established that the authors of the publications emphasized the importance of national-patriotic and religious education use. Hygiene and the environment were considered. The formation of the image of teacher was of a great importance. Both public praise and criticism were used for this purpose. The block of materials consisted of best practices, advanced training, etc. It was also determined that the problem of providing new textbooks played an important role. The newspaper published recommendations for teaching in the absence of new textbooks and didactic materials. In addition, the process of editing old textbooks by teachers is described thoroughly. The coverage of the peculiarities of primary education revival and the main problems associated with this process is described. It was found out, that most publications were statistical in nature, thus they were the least being exposed to propaganda. The local authorities’ orders regarding school issue usually published in the newspaper columns were important for describing the peculiarities of the educational process improvement. It was found that there was a hint of both Soviet education system and Soviet teacher criticism in the vast majority of articles. At the same time, the newspaper’s columns often contained the promotion of the feeling of gratitude and devotion to the German people and the Fuhrer.