Ancient Sumy Land

5-21

Authors: Korol V. M., Korol S. M., Lysenko A. A.

The publication is devoted to the study of the features of the phenomenon of Ukrainians labour migration during the Soviet era. Since the early 1970s, oil and gas production and sales abroad have become a major contributor to USSR profits. More and more personnel from the entire Soviet Union had to be recruited to produce hydrocarbons in the Far North. Thousands of Ukrainians went to work to develop oil fields and build infrastructure. The state government encouraged them with high pay and benefits. Diary of a Ukrainian guest worker Mykola Havrysh is introduced to scientific circulation in the publication. M. Havrysh was born in Sumy region, and at the Stagnation period he worked on the development of oil fields in Western Siberia. This diary describes the life of the author and his construction team chronologically from the autumn of 1974 to the summer of 1975. Different aspects and variants of motivation of workers to come to the Far North are defined in the text. The everyday life and leisure activities of the Soviet workers of the northern oil-producing territories are vividly illustrated. Staying in a harsh climate has made a significant impact on people’s lives. The daily life described in the pages of the diary is marked by unpretentiousness. Hunting and drinking alcohol were the most common entertainments for oilmen. The text of the published diary is accompanied by scanned copies of the author’s sketches and photographs from the Havrysh family archive. Key words: labour migration, guest workers, Far North, Stagnation period, diary, everyday life.

30-45

Authors: Denysenko V. I. PhD in Philology, Head of Centre for the study of Russia and the occupied territories, Kyiv (Ukraine).

The failure to sign the Association Agreement with the EU in autumn 2013 has been investigated. The role of the Russian factor, which became decisive in the foreign policy reversal of the Yanukovych regime, has been revealed. The importance of Viktor Yanukovych’s meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin on October 27, 2013, in the dramatic change of Ukraine’s international vector has been emphasized. On the basis of diplomats’ memoirs, the assumption about intimidation of the Ukrainian President by the Russian side has been substantiated. The timeline of the preparation of the 2013 Vilnius Summit, the position of EU structures and the attempts of the fourth President of Ukraine to win time to trade with the Russians have been reproduced. The thesis about the Donetsk clan’s attempts to prepare public opinion for a 180 degree turn in late October - early November 2013 has been presented. For this purpose, demonstration meetings were organized with representatives of Ukrainian business and trade unions, who called for revision of plans for European integration on their own initiative. The main role in manipulating public opinion rested on the government of Mykola Azarov and the Verkhovna Rada, which had a majority coalition led by the Party of Regions. Instead, Viktor Yanukovych continued his European integration rhetoric and reiterated to Western partners his own willingness to sign the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU. On November 21, the real position of the ruling elite was made available to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. According to it, the process of preparation for the signing of the Association Agreement was suspended, the proposal was made for the trilateral Ukraine-EU-Russia negotiations, and the ministries were tasked with developing measures to maintain economic ties with the CIS countries. The decision was rejected by European partners and led to Yanukovych’s attempts to find other ways to thwart the signing of the Agreement. It has been proved that this role was played by Yanukovych’s requirements for financial assistance from the EU amounting to about 160 billion euros, which aimed to prevent the signing of the Association Agreement.

59-78

Authors: Dolzhenko Y. V. Junior Researcher of department of bioarcheology. Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv (Ukraine). ORCID 0000-0001-9807-2835.

The article deals with the history of studies at the ancient Russian hill Fort and burial ground of the annalistic town Voyin. The author analyses the remains of people buried in Voyin during 13th - 14th cent. compares the morphological complexes from this series mainly to the Eastern European Slavs of 10th - 14th cent. It is possible to make the conclusion that the mail mesocranic series is related to the skulls from Stara Riazan and probably to Slovenes from Novgorod according to craniometrical data. According to the skulls’ classification by T. Aleksieieva, the mail selection belongs to mesodolychocranic type with merely wide face along with Tivertsi, Ulichs and Drevlians. According to typology by V. Diachenko, the mail group is a part of Neopolissian anthropological type with certain reservations. The female mesocranic selection is statistically close to Kyivan Polyany and Kryvichs. According to the scheme by T. Rudych, the female series belongs to mesocranic craniological type with the moderately wide face together with Kyivan Polyany after a sort.

5-17

Authors: Podhorna A. A. researcher, Poltava V.G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University (Ukraine).

The article deals with the morbidity and mortality of smallpox in Western Europe and the Russian Empire from the 16th to the beginning of the 19th century. At that time smallpox was almost a childhood disease, because before the introduction of vaccination in the 18th century about 80% of its victims were children under the age of 10. Widespread was the theory that the pathogens are present in the human body from birth. Effective treatment for smallpox has never existed, but the main procedures were correspond to the general level of medicine (bloodletting, laxative, herbal treatment). The first thing that really could protect for the disease was variolation. It is an artificial infection of a healthy person with smallpox material from a sick person with the hope that it can cause a mild illness with a small rash. It spread in Europe in the first quarter of the 17th century, thanks to E. Timoni, J. Woodworth and Lady M. Montagu. Vaccination was the inoculation of humans with cowpox material, which also gave immunity from smallpox. It was invented in 1796 by the english doctor E. Jenner. His experiment based on the common belief that milkmaids never get sick with smallpox, but only with the cowpox. Since 1800, this method has spread into the Europe, displacing variolation. In the Russian Empire in 1811 the decree about the spreading the cowpox vaccinations was officially issued. It include the point about origination of the provincial and county smallpox committees to promote vaccination. Imperial officials in the case of the introduction of mass vaccination were relied on a church organization. It allows us to track smallpox control measures in the local level. In particular, the documents about the fight against smallpox in Pyriatyn County are concentrated in the fund of the Pyriatyn Spiritual Board of the State Archives of Poltava region (F. 801). The first official appeal to the Pyriatyn Spiritual Board in the case of encourage the population to vaccinate cowpox took place in 1804. In 1806 in each church was send the book about the usefull of cowpox vaccination and the practice of this procedure. In 1831 the Pyriatyn Spiritual Board, for appeal of the County doctor, was call for priests to practice the vaccination against smallpox himselfs in their parishes. Poltava spiritual consistory established a number of decrees that introduce the duty of parishes clire to sent the semi-annual reports. They‘s content was different in different decree, and include the number of birth, death and vaccine children. The first was issued in 1806, and the next were after the establishment of smallpox commetee in 1812, 1824 and 1833. The last of them provided the fixation of the number of death of smallpox among the children for every 6 month, from the second half of 1832. There was preserved corresponding reports of parish priests for the period from the second half of 1832 to the end of 1841. The most completed they was in 1833. In this year the general number of smallpox victim in the whole county was about 985 person. The following reports show significantly smaller numbers of them - less than 20 deaths per year in 1835, 1837, 1840 and 1841. This issue needs further investigation. Key words: smallpox, vaccination, morbidity, mortality, childrens mortality

32-45

Authors: Bazhan O. G., Zolotarov V. A. PhD (History), Senior Researcher, Department of State Terror of the Soviet era, Institute of History of Ukraine, NAS of Ukraine (Ukraine) PhD (Technical Sciences), Associate Professor of Kharkov National University (Ukraine)

Among the employees of the Soviet state security agencies, who at different times worked on the territory of modern Sumy region, the figure of MykhailoTymofieiev is prominent. He played an important role in the repressive measures by the Soviet authorities on the political grounds in the North-East of Ukraine, Being the Head of the Novhorod-Siverskyi district department of the DPU, MykhailoTymofieievgoverned the elimination of anti-Soviet armed formations led by the Atamans Vashchenko and Rubliov-Chernov. During the Holodomor, as head of the Kharkiv Regional Department of the State Political Administration, M.Tymofieiev promoted the implementation of an operational plan of eliminating insurgent groups and organizations on the territory of Sumy region. For this activity he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. The period of his being the head of the Chernihiv Regional Directorate of the NKVD of 1934-1936 was marked by repressive actions against the Trotskyist supporters. Tymofieiev’sexcellent work in Chernihiv received a positive assessment by the Ukrainian SSR Internal Affairs Commissar V.A. Balitskyi. Despite his close friendship with the disgraced chief of the GPU-NKVD of Ukraine, M. Tymofieiev managed to avoid repressions by the state security agencies at the times of the Great Terror. During the years 1937-1956 M.M. Tymofieiev held high positions in the system of the Main Department of Correctional Labour Camps. Key words: MykhailoTymofieiev, NKVD, political repressions, Bilomor-Baltic canal.

55-63

Authors: Ziakun A. I. PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sumy State University (Ukraine)

Every political authority, even a historical one, puts forward its “own” demands on history and historians. It was, and probably always will be. This was no exception during the restoration of the Ukrainian state in the 1990s. From ideological monism, Ukrainian science has shifted to reforming social and humanitarian education in the country, including historical education. The beginning was in 1988, when the existing Soviet power, realizing that it was impossible to stop the process of change, brought it under its control, setting up a coordinating committee to develop a program for the development of historical research, to improve the study and propaganda of the history of the Ukrainian SSR. The Commission proposed to separate a course of history of the Ukrainian SSR in secondary and higher education into an independent educational discipline, to expand the number of schools with advanced study of history, and to organize training in leading universities of specialists in the history of Ukraine. But to proclaim does not always mean to do. The cardinal changes will begin later and will be discussed in this article. Until the 1990s, Ukraine had no national concept of historical education. Until 1989, the history of the CPSU was the only basic historical discipline in all higher education institutions of the USSR, as well as in the entire Soviet Union, regardless of profile of study or region. The main educational programs were approved centrally in Moscow by the General Directorate Teaching of Social Sciences of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the USSR. In 1989, the course of the history of the CPSU was withdrawn from the educational program of higher education institutions and was replaced by the obligatory historical discipline - “Social and political history of the XX century”. In 1990, universities were granted more rights in defining the content of training. This facilitated the deployment of a grassroots initiative to improve the content of historical teaching. The first such initiative was made by teachers and students of higher educational establishments of Lviv region, where since 1990 most courses of history of Ukraine were taught in most universities, although the official status of this course has not been determined yet by the goverment. In 1992, universities of Ukraine are moving to an in-depth study of national history, re-profiling the departments of USSR history into the departments of Ukrainian history, increasing the number of hours of studying the history of Ukraine for students of historical specialties. But a major drawback in teaching the history of Ukraine was the lack of science-based course programs. In 1993, the Scientific and Methodological Commission on the History of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine began the development of a typical program for the course of history of Ukraine as a kind of reference for the departments of history of Ukraine of higher educational institutions. The development and approval in 1993 of the program of the normative course of history of Ukraine for students of history faculties of higher educational establishments, as well as the drawing up in 1994-1996 a typical program of the basic course of history of Ukraine for other higher educational institutions contributed the development of scientific approaches to teaching Ukrainian history, and clarification of teachers’ positions on discussion issues in history. At one time with the development of the educational programs, the national concept of historical education in Ukraine was created and improved. Key words: history education, history program, national history, course of the History of Ukraine, higher education institutions.

76-88

Authors: Korol V. M., Slyusareva Ye. O. PhD (History), Sumy State University, (Ukraine) student of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Law, Sumy State University (Ukraine)

The article is devoted to the study of the railway vocational schools activities in the context of the restoration processes of 1943-1950. Railway vocational schools belonged to the Labour Reserves (LR) of the USSR. During World War II and the post-war reconstruction LR system was a centralized structure performed the task of ensuring the strategic sectors of Soviet economy by young workers. It was semimilitary and also largely provided the function of social protection of juvenile. Konotop ZU № 1 and Bilopillya ZU № 2 are in the center of researchers’ attention. In particular, the features of the educational process, the recruting of the students contingent, and the material and household provision of the learners during their training are analysed in the article. Components of the education in railway vocational schools were: industrial training, especially technical and general education subjects, political classes and physical or military training. The main emphasis was placed on gaining practical experience by students through industrial training, to which the largest share of the time was assigned. Organizing of extracurricular life of young people was based on the paramilitary training principles. State standards of the free food supply and material conditions in LR were perceived as satisfactory under the postwar hunger and deficiency of goods. Most students lived in hostels while studying. The barracks regime reigned in hostels. Students lived on a very strict and clear daily time-table. The research is based on materials from the State Archive of Sumy Region. Key words: post-war recovery, vocational education, Labour Reserves, railway vocational schools, Sumy region.