Ancient Sumy Land

5-21

Authors: Vlasenko V. M. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University. ScopusAuthor ID: 563-3026-3000, Orcid ID: 0000-0003-2220-2239.

The first Ukrainian diplomatic establishment in the Balkans region was the Ukrainian embassy (UNR embassy) in Bulgaria. In 2018 Ukraine and Bulgaria celebrated 100th anniversary of establishing Ukrainian-Bulgarian diplomatic relations. Solemn ceremonies, scientific conferences, new publications devoted to the history of bilateral diplomatic relations took place in both countries. Traditionally Ukrainian authors paid more attention to the figure of the first ambassador in this country Olexandr Shulgin. The chairmen of the embassy Fedir Shulga and Vasyl Dragomyretsky were mentioned by chance. The activity of the former UNR Minister of foreign affairs, professor Kostiantyn Matsievych as the head of UNR embassy in Bulgaria was not covered properly by the researchers. On arrival in Sofia he was the head of the UNR Extraordinary diplomatic mission in Bulgaria simultaneously. The current publication provides two documents kept in the National state archive of highest authorities and management in Ukraine, which concern K. Matsievych’s visit to Bulgaria in March 1921. The first document is the report of the head of UNR Extraordinary diplomatic mission in Romania to the UNR Minister of foreign affairs Andriy Nikovsky. The document pours the light on his stay in Bulgaria, the course of negotiations with the highest officials and perspectives for uniting the representatives of Ukrainian emigration in this region. The second one contains the text of the conversation between the head of the Ministry of foreign affairs of Bulgaria Simeon Radeev and K. Matsievych, which took place in the premises of the Ministry of foreign affairs of Bulgaria in Sofia in March 1921. The documents, being published for the first time, cover the negotiations between the Ukrainian diplomat and the Prime Minister (the Minister of foreign affairs simultaneously) of Bulgaria Olexandr Stamboliysky, the Head of People’s Assembly Olexandr Botev, the Chairman of the Ministry of foreign affairs of Bulgaria Simeon Radeev and some other foreign countries’ ambassadors in Bulgaria. During his stay in Bulgaria (March 5-11, 1921) the Ukrainian diplomat succeeded in settling the following matters. Firstly, he presented credentials to the Prime Minister and made personal contacts with some Bulgarian officials. Secondly, he discovered the political overtones in Bulgaria in general and within the Russian emigration in particular. Thirdly, he adjusted the activities of the Ukrainian embassy. Finally, he identified the status of the Ukrainian emigration and helped in the process of its uniting.

31-39

Authors: Radchenko N. М. PhD (History), associate Professor Department of the History of Ukraine, Uzhgorod National University (Ukraine).

An important place in the complex of sources of the credit and banking system of the Russian Empire of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is occupied by the management materials of provincial institutions, they constitute a significant complex of sources, which is consisting of both, normative regulatory documents and reporting and executive in accordance, with existing legislation. Which are their mass, were not published and stored in funds of central and regional archives of Ukraine. It should be noted that, the management materials have been repeatedly involved in the researches of: O. V. Kudimov, A. C. Minakov, H. V. Rudyk. Analyzing, the documents between themselves and various events of that time allows us to study in detail the history of the formation of the first banks, institutions of mutual credit, pawnshops, savings and loan cash desks. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the information potential of management materials of the provincial chancelleries of the second half of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century, and their using in the study of the history of credit and banking institutions of the Dnieper Ukraine. Whereas, the local authorities used to deal with it daily banking and lending issues with guidance the national government of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Thus, all their activities are subordinated to the execution of their decisions, orders, instruction letters sent to each province, and then to the local establishments. The specifics of the activity of each province were reflected in it document circulation, as evidenced by the materials we have reviewed, the following Ukrainian provinces: Kyiv, Podolsk, Volyn, Kharkiv, Kherson and Tavriysky for the period of 1865-1914. The Governor’s Office was an enforcement body of all office work during Nineteenth century. Credit and banking institutions have been dealing with administrative, reporting and business departments. Structure of the chancellery, was aimed at providing the governor with the most reliable analytical information on all issues of province life, including the direction of economic monetary relations in his region. Chancelleries of the governors, under such a system of conducting cases, have accumulated a large array of reporting documents. The analysis of сhancelleries documents, testifies about presence of staggering in their preparation: drafts, texts with edits, the final version of the document. Both handwritten and typewritten versions are presented. To the last, usually, were brought editorial edits. It was concerned to the reports of governors. Quite often these documents were prepared by a team of authors, each of whom was responsible for its part of the report, and the governor met with completely shaped text, editing, or changing the emphasis on lighting affairs. In the form of documents, the work of chancelleries was represented by private and public-law acts, decrees, orders, resolutions, reports, protocols, statutes, official correspondence and etc. official documents. It is advisable, to distinguish three documentation groups that relates directly to the researching problem: 1) administrative documentation; 2) correspondence; 3) reporting documentation. Thus, detected and analyzed documents of provincial chancelleries give an idea of the very different aspects of the formation and development of credit- banking network of provinces, that is: firstly, reveal the reasons and the preconditions for the opening of new institutions or, conversely, explain the prohibition reasons of their activities; and secondly, highlighting attitudes and assessments. The activities of the institutions on the part of local authorities and the population, especially in matters concerning the shortcomings and the most common causes failures in the activities of banks and small lending institutions; Thirdly, allow to reconstruct a network of credit and banking institutions of Ukrainian provinces of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; fourthly, trace the directions of activities of banks and small lending institutions, which were subject to increased attention and controlled by the state.

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Authors: Goncharenko A. V., Klochko M. O. PhD (History), Associate Professor of Sumy National Agrarian University (Ukraine). PhD (Philosophy), Sumy Regional State Administration (Ukraine).

The article researches the US foreign policy towards the PRC during the presidency of L. Johnson in 1963-1969. It describes the reasons, course and consequences of the intensification of the US foreign policy strategy in the Chinese direction during the investigated period. There was explored the practical realization of the doctrine of «deterrence of China» by Washington. The role of various groups in the American establishment in the question of the formation of the Chinese White House policy has been analyzed. The specific foreign policy actions of the administration of the US president Lyndon Johnson on the PRC in 1963-1969 are analyzed. Despite the presence in the political, academic and social circles of the United States of certain attitudes in favor of the recognition of the People’s Republic of China as the political reality of international life, the question of the actual and, more so, legal recognition of China in the second half of the 1960’s constantly moved to the background. Even in 1968, when the massive anti-war movement overwhelmed the United States, public opinion polls showed that, despite the critical attitude to the situation in Vietnam, the preservation of Washington’s military presence in Indochina was endorsed mainly through the «Chinese factor». This was mainly contributed to the deployment of a «cultural revolution» in the PRC with its extremism of foreign slogans and installations. China was perceived in the United States as an aggressive, chauvinistic and unpredictable state, capable of any international adventure. The tone of the statements of the US media about the PRC in the mid 60’s XX century was invincible hostile. This hostility abruptly collapsed after the Soviet-Chinese border incident in March 1969. Therefore, while in office in the United States under the administration of the US president Lyndon Johnson in 1963-1969, China’s policy in Washington has not undergone dramatic changes and remained focusing on the containment and isolation of the People’s Republic of China, as well as the full support of Taiwan. In spite of this, in the late 60’s of the twentieth century the objective preconditions began to evolve gradually, which promoted to the normalization of US-China relations in the future, and allowed to resolve most of the controversial issues that ultimately led to the international recognition of the People’s Republic of China by the United States of America.

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Authors: Mayboroda D. V. research worker Municipal Enterprise of Sumy Regional Council Memorial Museum of A. P. Chekhov in Sumy (Ukraine).

Although known by few people, apart from regional ethnographers, Alchevsk was named after Oleksiy Kyrylovych Alchevskyi, who was born in Sumy in 1835. His father was a merchant, grocer and colonial products trader. Few people know that our compatriot’s family was acquainted with Anton Pavlovych Chekhov, a famous writer. They even exchanged some commemorative gifts. How did they happen to meet? The following article provides an answer to this question. In particular, it is stated that Chekhov was interested into the Ukrainian culture including the literature. There was a lot of talking about it when the Chekhovs were renting a summer house in the manor of the landowners Lyntvariovs supporting the national movement. Alchevskyi, as well as the members of his family, especially his wife and daughter, Khryctyna took part in the movement. It were they who initiated the meeting with A. P. Chekhov in Yalta in the spring of 1900. They presented him with books intended for public education, and the writer, who also was interested in the issue, presented them with his photo with a donatives inscription.