Ancient Sumy Land

5-18

Authors: Sribnyak I. V. Dr. (History), Professor (Ukraine), Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University. ORCID 0000-0001-9750-4958, ScopusAuthor ID: 5719784842229.

The concentration of Ukrainian soldiers in Alexandriv took place in the first decade of December 1920, in the camp there was the 6th «Sichova» Infantry Division of the Army of the UPR and several more of its units and institutions. While retaining its structure and headquarters, they were consolidated into one group of interned UPR troops headed by General M. Bezruchko. The camp had the proper infrastructure to properly organize the life of the interned on a military basis. In the winter of 1920-1921, the life of war was marked by considerable difficulties, due to the lack of money security, unsatisfactory sanitary and epidemiological situation in the camp, not always high-quality food, lack of part of the fighting of lingerie and some elements of clothing. The problem was that the barracks were not adapted to their everyday life in them in the winter, and for their heating (especially in severe frosts), there was a lack of fuel. The moral condition of the Ukrainian battleship also left much to be desired, as the recent military defeat of the UNR army generated in the souls of interned skepticism and despondency. Not all the elders were «burned by desire» to work with the soldiers, and the constant difficulty in everything prevented the implementation of the instructions of the head of the group of interned. The level of self-organization of combat in the camp was unsatisfactory, which led to the abandonment of the area around the lobster, and the actual neglect of sanitary norms. This state of affairs led to two outbreaks of a very terrible illness - typhus, and although they managed to localize, M. Bezruchko and his headquarters were faced with the need to find the necessary means to improve the conditions of internment in the camp. At the same time, there is every reason to state that the command of the interned Army of the UNR in Alexandria duly fulfilled its organizational and consolidating function, being able to give the warriors hope for change to the best. This function was performed by the orders of the camp issued by M. Bezruchko and the Chief of Staff of Colonel M. Zmienko (in the absence of the head of the group). Analysis of their content shows that they effectively performed regulatory and organizational-educational functions, and in addition - and mobilized the warrior at the most critical moments of their stay in the camp. The latter was achieved due to the fact that sometimes M. Bezruchko turned too interned not as a senior boss, but as a more experienced colleague, the instructions of which can be fulfilled only by joint efforts of the entire camp community. Thus, interned, albeit with difficulties, withstand the first three places of internment In the camp, already during February, the situation in the camp stabilized, and in addition - by the efforts of energetic and caring elders began preparations for the military training of Cossacks and elders. Winter was coming to an end, and only this circumstance filled the souls of the Interned with hopes for the continuation of the struggle against Bolshevism in the spring of summer 1921. The majority of the interned was ready to continue to withstand the disadvantages of the camp’s existence, sincerely believing in the ideals of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the inevitability of overthrowing Soviet power in Ukraine.

38-50

Authors: Vlasenko V. M. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University. ScopusAuthor ID: 563-3026-3000, Orcid ID: 0000-0003-2220-2239.

Interwar Ukrainian political emigration in Romania was formed as a result of several waves and emigration flows in 1918-1922. This is not about the whole emigration from Ukraine, but only about its political part. The given paper observes this notion in the narrow sense. That is, it was that part of emigration, which was politically motivated, ideologically determined, organizationally structured, as well as embraces a cause of Ukraine as an independent state in any form. During the period between the First and Second World Wars there were 2 - 1,000 political йmigrйs in Bulgaria with the tendency to reduce their amount. Their majority were supporters of the Government of the UPR in exile, as well as followers of the former Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi and the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Йmigrйs built a network of public organizations, which were engaged not only in sociopolitical, but also cultural and educational activities. The most influential in the йmigrй environment were the Ukrainian community in Bulgaria with its affiliates in the regions, the Ukrainian Cultural Association in Bulgaria, the Union of Ukrainian Organizations in Bulgaria, and the Ukrainian-Bulgarian Society. The cultural activity of emigration civic organizations was wide and diverse. Its organizational forms were social evenings, musical performances, concerts and theatrical performances. Usually they were confined to national, state, religious and secular holidays, anniversaries of historical events and figures. Social evenings and musical performances consisted of the one part, where some artists, choir and instrumental groups participated. Their repertoire included Ukrainian and Bulgarian national anthems, folk songs and dances, opera arias. Sometimes there was the recitation of Ukrainian poets, acting the peculiar scenes (pictures, fragments of plays) from the theatrical performances. The concerts consisted of two parts, one of which was the one-act play. The most complex form of the cultural event was a performance for 4 or 5 acts. The most popular were operas “Cossack beyond the Danube,” “May Night,” “Cherevychky,” plays “Nevolnyk,” “Shelmenko-denshchyk,” “Matchmaking in Goncharivka,” comedy “Buvalshchyna” and other. The great popularity among the Bulgarian public had the Ukrainian folk choir under the direction of I. Orlov. His performances were broadcast on the Sofia radio. Social evenings and musical performances took place in the premises of Ukrainian public organizations, concerts and theatrical performances were in the specially rented premises - the halls of the Bulgarian society “Slavonic disputes,” the Christian Youth Union and the salon of the international organization Alliance Franзaise.

60-70

Authors: Gоncharenko A. V. PhD (History), Associate Professor of Sumy National Agrarian University (Ukraine)

The article investigates the US position in colonial contradictions in the Far East in the late XIX - at the beginning XX centuries. There are described the causes, course and effects of the US colonial expansion in relation to China during the investigated period. There were explored the reasons for the establishment and practical implementation of the «open door» and «equal opportunities» doctrine according the Qing Empire by Washington. It was analyzed the role of the United States in the intensification of the colonial struggle in China in the late XIX - at the beginning XX centuries. At the end of the XIX - early XX centuries the United States is entering the international arena as a great state. By opposing its republican imperialism, as «liberation» and «civilizational», imperialism of other countries, the United States firmly began to intervene in colonial politics, trying to subordinate the ambitions of states to their own interests. The main object of American expansion in the Far East was China, in which the United States had, first of all, economic interests, defending of them at that time was impossible without establishing a political superiority in the Asia-Pacific region. Strengthening Washington’s colonial positions in the Far East at the end of the XIX and early XX centuries was determined by its long-term geopolitical interests in this region. The colonial contradictions that aggravated as a result of this in the Celestial Empire were the result of the divergence of economic interests of the great states. The doctrine of «open doors», introduced by the US government in a diplomatic service, proclaimed a new principle in colonial politics, aimed at cooperation between the leading countries of that period world, which was supposed to replace isolationism, the system of blocs and military-political rivalry. In this case interests of the United States coincided with the interests of Great Britain, which saw in this doctrine the protection of its empire from the ambitions of other states, which laid the foundations for further Anglo-American cooperation. However, the United States failed to significantly strengthen its colonial positions or establish its hegemony in the Far East because of the irreconcilable position of Japan. American policy in the region was unsuccessful due to the strengthening of Japan’s position in China and the violation of the «open door» policy in Korea and Manchuria. However, to pursue anti-Japanese policies in the Far East, the American leadership did not dare, which was due to the relative weakness of military positions, the presence of the Anglo-Japanese alliance and the growth of the revolutionary movement in China. In addition, the White House has devoted a lot of efforts to minimizing Russia’s presence in Manchuria.

80-89

Authors: Bezdrabko V. V. Dr. (History), Professor, Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts (Ukraine)

The technologically changing world in recent decades has made radical challenges to society, offering a short amount of time for high-speed orientation, adaptation to human being in the new conditions. Changes affect all spheres of human life. Archivistics isn’t an exception, and at the turn of the century also undergoes serious changes in practices associated with a qualitatively new form of existence of the main object of its attention – the archive document. The electronic archive document needs to take into account the peculiarities of functioning, and, therefore, the individual theoretical and practical statements in order to ensure its successful “life” in the static phase. In Ukrainian Historiography of the Archivistics, we can find not many works devoted to the problems of Archival Affairs in the conditions of the electronic information environment. Nevertheless, foreign colleagues have been studying archiving of electronic documents for several decades, they demonstrate important theoretical and practical, scientific and technological findings. The first scientific projects on archiving of electronic documents have been developed by A. Gilliland «Bentley Historical Library Computer Conferencing Appraisal Project», Pittsburgh project of R. Cox and D. Beаrman, as well as «Preservation of the Integrity of Electronic Records Project» (so-called «Project UBC») under the direction of L. Durantі, T. Eastwood and G. MаcNeil. R. Cox and D. Berman have developed production rules for the construction of electronic systems for registration, access, and accounting of e-documents, and their colleagues from Canada – L. Durantі, T. Eastwood and G. MаcNeil, have taken care of the integrity and completeness of all processes of the time slot under the title “life of the e-document”. In both cases, they were adapted to technological developments in other areas of social activity, related to electronic information management information processes in the conditions of e-environment. Difficulties in project implementation were: the absence of such experience in the archival sector, the initial accumulation of the potential of the practice of working with e-mail, the recognition of the legal validity of e-documents (including letters) and the preservation of the confidentiality of information, protection against unauthorized access and use, as well as verification of authenticity. In Ukraine, we note low interest of archivists for such sources as e-mails, tweets, blogs, publications in social networks, on video channels, and so on. Numerous “traces” of life and creativity of many public, media or ordinary people remain aside from the formation of their personal foundations, or collective portrait of an era that is perceived by the life of a “small” person. Therefore, for the Archival Affairs in Ukraine, it is an important issue to make accumulation and structuring of these types of sources possible, for the purpose of their saving and accessibility for those who are interested in the future.