Arkhaia Anatolika Anadolu Arkeolojisi Araştırmaları Dergisi

24-36

Authors: Paavo ROOS

The ancient stadia form a part of a vast field that includes buildings and the athletic activity performed in them. This article is confined to the buildings, and although the source material to the existence of stadia consists of literary and epigraphic evidence as well as the archaeological remains only the latter are dealt with here. Remains of stadia are common in a large part of the ancient world – but not always recognizable – but the most important part is Greece and Anatolia. In Anatolia there are some well preserved stadia in sites like Aphrodisias, Laodiceia, Cibyra and Perge. Naturally the best preserved specimens are normally also well studied, even though there are exceptions. The best preserved ones are usually from the Roman period, and if they have had earlier predecessors, this is seldom visible. There are hardly remains from Pre-Hellenistic time. The article deals with only with the province of Caria in the south-western part of Anatolia which has some of the most interesting specimens of them. There are both well preserved specimens and such that leave few remains but are still – or have been – interesting. A short catalogue of the stadia in the province is provided.

51-73

Authors: Ahmet ÇELİK

The ancient city of Pednelissos is located within the borders of Antalya province and it is possible to suggest that it was inhabited at least from the beginning of the Hellenistic Period. There are three figures on the grave stele from Pednelissos. To the left, Hermes dressed in chlamys is leaning against an angular plaster or wall. Also it has kerykeion, talaria and maybe petasos. In this stele, Hermes is found especially as a psychopompos. Hermes, by being depicted smaller than the man who owns the grave stele on his right, also enables the deceased to become a hero. In addition, Hermes keeps his feet crossed like the servants on the grave steles and exhibits a mourning pose for the dead. It is possible to consider Hermes' mourning for the dead as a kind of farewell scene. Hermes may also have assumed a role as the savior and supporter of the deceased person and perhaps his relatives. It can be said that Hermes’ stance was modeled Praxiteles’ Leaning Satyr. The man who owns the stele becomes a hero here, and the origin of the divine stance seen in him must be a Zeus statue of Pheidias. The lion on the stele, on the other hand, symbolizes the stele owner's victory over death and attaining immortality and the power of this person, in addition to its protective feature. The Pednelissos Grave Stele is a frameless grave stele, Attic type or produced in this tradition. The stele may have been made by a local craftsman who knew the Attic-type grave stele tradition in Pednelissos, or by a traveling craftsman who stopped by here. It is also possible, though less likely, that the stele will be traded to order. In addition, it is possible to accept the grave stele as a unique work, in which the variation of the two works belonging to Pheidias and Praxiteles is given successfully. The Pednelissos Grave Stele can be dated to the Late Hellenistic Period, around 150-50 BC.

84-93

Authors: Kasım OYARÇİN

The subject of the study is a Byzantine lead seal belonging to Ioannes, the archbishop of the city, which was found in Parion in 2009. The study deals with Parion’s Christian era, the function of the seal and its iconographic features, respectively. Additionally, evaluations were made about the structure in which the seal appeared in the light of numismatic and other archaeological data in the seal’s context. Thanks to its geopolitical location suitable for maritime trade and its two natural harbors, Parion was inhabited continuously as an important port and commercial city from the 8th century BC to the 14th century AD. Founded as a Greek colony in the 8th century BC, Parion was granted colony status by Iulius Caesar at the end of the Roman Republic Period. During the Byzantine Era, it was a significant episcopacy center within the region where the Christian faith was strongly represented. Parion, which was the episcopacy center at the beginning of the 4th century AD, was elevated to the status of an archbishopric center in AD 640 and maintained this status until the end of the 13th century AD. The data on bishops assigned to the city of Parion, which has been episcopacy center for nearly a thousand years, is rather insufficient. Despite the fact that three modern studies on the bishops serving in Parion have identified the names of a total of 21 bishops, none of the three studies mention Archbishop Ioannes. The information that Archbishop Ioannes served in Parion in 1072 AD was understood after scanning the synod lists that were included in the episcopal lists. The data on Parion episcopal seals are also quite insufficient and only four examples have been published; seal belonging to Euthymios, who was bishop in the 9th century AD, seal belonging to Constantine, the bishop of the 11th century AD, a seal that probably served in the 11th-12th century AD but without the bishop’s name on it, and seal belonging to the 12th century AD bishop Nicetas, in auction catalogues. Despite the fact that the ancient city of Parion has been the episcopacy center for a long time and many bishops have been assigned, every scientific study will contribute to the study of Anatolian sigillography because studies on the city’s bishop seals are insufficient. The seal of Ioannes, the Archbishop of Parion, which is studied within the scope of this study and is not well known, holds a significant place in both Byzantine Period of Parion and sigillography studies.

154-186

Authors: Deniz Berk TOKBUDAK

The most distinctive factor that separates the Imperial Rome from the Republican is visually seen on the building programme in provinces. The conquered lands were systematically exploited with heavy taxes thorough publicani or tax collectors during the Republic. This policy had abandoned during the imperial period established by Augustus. Constantly monumental, a comprehensive building programme had initiated in the provinces. This practice was continued by his successors. Here, this paper deals with imperial building programme in Asia Minor during the age of Vespasian, the founder of the second dynasty of Rome. The Civil War began with Nero’s death ended with Vespasian’s victory. He became emperor but the empire lost its stability due to internal war. The treasury was depleted, armies in Germany and Africa rebelled and more importantly the capitol was hit by fire and took serious damage. Vespasian was able to resurrect the state as an experienced general and governor. Nevertheless, the political and economic turmoil had negative impact on the building activities in Asia Minor. In the current state of research, 21 public buildings have identified in the provinces of Asia Minor in Asia, Galatia, Cappadocia, Bithynia-Pontus, Lycia-Pamphylia and Cilicia. These buildings are mostly pre-existed, continued to be used by renovation and repair. Consequently, new building activity is limited. It is argued that, the conditions of the era may have been a negative influence on building activity in Asia Minor. Thus the building activity during Vespasian’s era is limited.

224-251

Authors: Yurdagül ÖZDEMİR

The subject of our study is the bronze censers in the Konya Archaeological Museum and dated to the Byzantine (East Roman) Period. The censer, in which incense is burned and used in religious ceremonies and daily life, has a special place in the Christianity. According to Christianity, incense rising to the sky symbolizes the prayers of the worshipers reaching God. From the Early Byzantine Period to the Late Byzantine Period, it is known through written sources, descriptions and surviving examples that censer was used in church rites, funerals or important events affecting the society. There are eleven bronze censers included in the Konya Archaeological Museum collection through purchase and confiscation. These censers are similar to the Byzantine Period censers found in museums and collections in Turkey and abroad, in terms of form, material, technique and decoration. However, none of these censers in the museum collection have a distinctive religious subject, symbol or figure. In this period, there is no definite data on the difference in the use of decorated and undecorated censers in religious and daily life. Therefore, censers can be liturgical items used in Byzantine religious ceremonies or items used in daily life. The censers discussed in the study were examined according to their form, technique and ornamental features, and were dated by comparing them with the examples found in museum collections in Turkey and abroad. Our study is important in terms of defining the censers in the Konya Archeological Museum collection in detail for the first time and adding new findings to the rich examples of Byzantine metalwork.

271-287

Authors: Emre ERDAN

In this study, new data on Persian identity in Aiolis will be examined through one of the coin series of the city of Tisna and the depictions of akinakes on this series. Our first information about Tisna, which is located within the borders of Izmir province, Aliağa district, is given by Pliny. The first investigations in the city, which is not mentioned in any text after Pliny, were carried out by Conze in the early 1900s. As a result of the archaeological research carried out in the city since 2018, we have started to have more detailed information in the city, and many examples of Tisna coins have been found. It is understood that the akinakes depiction is more intense on the reverse sides of these coins. The main subject of this study is to seek answers to the questions of why akinakes, which has a symbolic meaning to reflect the Persian identity, are depicted on Tisna coins and at what stage these coins may have been produced in the 4th century BC. As a result, it is suggested that Tisna’s coins with depiction of akinakes may have been produced at least between 334 BC, when Macedonian commanders seized power in the region with the Peace of Antalcidas made between 387-386 BC. It has also been suggested that the coins minted during the Orontes revolt that known through ancient texts, may be the Tisna examples, and in this scenario, the coins with depiction of akinakes should be dated between 360-334 BC. However, it is thought that the war between Orontes and Autophradates, which is stated to have taken place in front of Kyme in 360 BC, may have taken place in the territory of Tisna.

305-331

Authors: Cüneyt ÖZ

Andriake, the port settlement of Myra, was established in the southwest of the city, where the Andriakos Stream joins the sea (Çayağzı). Today, it is located within the borders of Demre district of Antalya city. During the excavations in the port, which started in 2009, a large number of archaeological finds were found. The majority of these finds consist of potteries. This study focuses on the Late Roman C Red Slip Wares, found in Andriake Port. Thirty-four pieces in this group of potteries produced in Phokaia were found in Andriake and divided into three main forms and six sub-types. In the classification performed in consideration of Hayes' typology, Hayes Form 2, 3, and 8 constitute the main forms, while Hayes Form 2A, 3B, C, D, E, and F constitute the sub-types. Form 3 plates are the majority group among the main forms. Examples of Form 3C and F constitute a large portion of these plates. Among the examined potteries, bowls are represented by a single example belonging to Hayes Form 8. Late Roman C Red Slip Wares found at Andriake are dated to the beginning of the 5th century AD and the first half of the 6th century AD. The reason for not finding this group of potteries in the settlement after the first half of the 6th Century AD stems from the fact that the Arab raids impacting the entire Mediterranean in the 7th Century AD also impacted Andriake. In addition to Late Roman C Wares, Phocaean pans dated between 1st and 3rd centuries AD were found in the port, indicating that Myra had traded with Phokaia through its port for a long time (from the 1st century AD to the 6th century AD).