Arkhaia Anatolika Anadolu Arkeolojisi Araştırmaları Dergisi

21-59

Authors: Aytekin BÜYÜKÖZER

Abstract This paper discusses the tombs that were identified during archaeological surveys conducted in the northwest of the border of Yatağan district in 2018 and 2019, many of which have not been subject to any scientific study. Two of these tombs are subterranean chamber tombs; one is a tumulus with krepis walls while five are rock-cut tombs bearing different features. The first of the subterranean chamber tombs is located on the borders of Koranza, just north of Lagina. The tomb consisting of one vestibule and a burial chamber, was built using limestone and conglomerate blocks. In the tomb, which marble was preferred for the burial beds, it is seen that both the top cover and the furnishings inside the tomb feature simple arrangements. The Taşkesik tomb in the southwest of Lagina was built entirely of marble and consists of a front chamber and a main tomb chamber. Although it is difficult to determine some details on the top cover and the interior furnishing of the tomb featuring quite high-quality workmanship due to the destruction caused by unlicensed excavations, it is clear that it has greater detailed workmanship than the Koranza tomb. During the study, the architecture of the tombs, the functions of the rooms, the applications preferred in the entrances located in the passage between the rooms, the findings related to the burial beds and the top cover were evaluated by means of comparison with other examples in the region. Though the burial chambers under tumuli are not foreign to the Caria Region, it is a new type for our research region. The circular krepis wall surrounding the tomb chamber in Gökgedik Tumulus consists of a dromos and a chamber. These walls that form the boundary of tombs in the circular shaped tumuli featuring krepis walls, documented in almost every region of Anatolia, both prevent the decomposition and erosion of the material that forms the top of the tomb and provide a monumental appearance to the structure by forming a platform. The rock-cut tombs in the region present different features. While the Deliklitaşini rock-cut tomb presents a unique example with the lack of the north wall, the İmize and Zeytinköy rock-cut tombs are the representatives of a very common type in the region with their plain facade and Π-shaped interior furnishings. The Kurudere rock-cut tomb is an important example with its different applications in its interior furnishing, but what is more important is the terrace formed in front of the tomb for the dead cult. The Hankuyu rock-cut tomb, on the other hand, constitutes the rural example of a tomb type seen very commonly after Stratonikeia was liberated from Rhodes and gained its political and economic independence. While the tombs found during the 2018 and 2019 surveys show that the active families in the rural settlement took as example the tombs of the aristocratic segment living in cities, each of these tombs are like a symbol of the statuses held by those in the tombs at the time they were alive.

82-97

Authors: Aydın ERÖN

Ancient city of Thyateira, which is among the significant settlements of ancient period, is located inside the province borders of Akhisar; Manisa city. Systematic excavations of ancient city of Thyateria are centered on Hastane Mound in recent years. It wouldn’t be wrong to define Hastane Mound as “the early period settlement” of Thyateria. The statue piece of the Anatolian leopard, which is studied in this work, is also found during Hastane Mound excavations. The piece is made of volcanic tuff. It is known that volcanic tuff stone is a preferred material type especially between 7th and 6th centuries BC. The Anatolian leopard is one of the endemic species of the region. That can be clearly deduced from the finds that the Anatolian leopard that is panther, is extra respected starting from the Neolithic period until the end of the 6th century BC. Especially the increase in the number of the finds between the 7th and the 6th centuries BC is remarkable. Imageries of the Anatolian leopard appear on architectural pieces, statue finds, potteries, ivory works and coins. The statue piece of Hastane Mound is not a layer find. It has been discovered in the layer of destruction that is on top of the late Hellenistic period temple. In the light of the similar samples, the statue piece of the Anatolian leopard is dated in the first half of the 6th century BC. By the help of the finds and the ruins, it has been proven that there had been settlements on Hastane Mound between the 7th and the 6th centuries BC. During 2015 excavations, wall ruins and pottery finds related to Lydian culture had been discovered on I-36/d plan square. The works just mentioned are quite significant in terms of showing the existence of Lydian culture in the area of Hastane Mound. When the general features of the Anatolian leopard statue piece are taken into account, it will be reasonable to consider it at the same level with Lydian layer. In this case, the question; to which building does the Anatolian leopard statue piece belong, comes to mind. When the samples of the Anatolian leopard are considered in general, a significant number of these works is discovered on the areas related to worship. Therefore, it is highly probable that Hastane Mound find is also connected to a temple structure.

126-160

Authors: Zeliha GİDER BÜYÜKÖZER

In this study, which discusses the anta, plaster and pier capitals found in Doric buildings in Anatolia, the capitals have been grouped according to the form of the profiles, and each profile has been evaluated in itself. As a result of this grouping, it was determined that various profiles such as Doric cyma, cyma reversa, ovolo and Pergamene type of ovolo were used in Doric buildings. These profiles are described in detail with emphasis on their style developments. In addition to this, buildings whose dates are controversial, were evaluated and re-examined in terms of the style features of the Doric architectural blocks, and new dates were suggested for some of them. The canonical form of Doric anta capitals consists of Doric cyma (hakwsbeak). This capital type was worked in Anatolia from 4th century BC to the end of the 2nd century BC. An ovolo-type hawksbeak was used in the 4th century BC, while a cyma reversa-type hawksbeak was used in the majority examples of the 3rd century BC and all examples of the 2nd century BC. On the hawksbeak, the style development can be followed on the shape of the lower end of the beak and on the cyma reversa profiles. On the Doric anta capitals, the hawksbeak is crowned with a cavetto. However, as in the early examples, capitals crowned with a vertical fascia were also identified. The exception is the presence of the crown profile consisting of cyma recta, seen in two examples only. In the capitals, the concave curvature of the cavetto profile is well shaped and, in early examples, this profile ends with a fascia that is not too high. The height of the fascia starts to increase in the 2nd century BC examples. The capitals consisting of the cyma reversa profile, which is thought to have been inspired by Doric anta capitals, were used in the Temple of Athena at Assos in the Archaic Period. L.T. Shoe stated that the Hellenistic examples of these types of capitals belonging to the Doric order in Anatolia are limited to Priene buildings alone. However, in this study, in addition to the examples from Priene, examples were also identified from Mamurt Kale, Latmos Heracleia, Assos and Pergamon in the Hellenistic Period, as well as from Aphrodisias, Mylasa, Bargylia and Knidos in the Late Hellenistic-Augustus Period. In the anta capitals, the depth of the cyma reversa profile is generally equal to its width, and the upper curve is smaller than the lower curve. The capitals in this group are mostly crowned with cavetto, like the capitals consisting of Doric cyma. There are very few examples in which vertical fascia have been preferred. In the other type of anta capital, the ovolo is the chief moulding and has a crowning cavetto and a base apophyge, sometimes also an astragal. The earliest example is from Epidaurus in the late 4th century BC and were used in the Stoa of Attalos at Delphi in the second half of the 3rd century BC. The Hellenistic examples of these types of capitals, which are widely used in Hellenistic houses in Delos, are few in Anatolia. The capitals consisting of ovolo have become the most preferred capital type in Doric buildings since the beginning of the Early Imperial Period. While all Hellenistic examples were crowned with cavettos, Roman examples have abacus. In these examples, the use of ovolo combined with cavetto shows that the cavetto, which was a crown profile in the early examples, was moved to the capital’s main profile scheme. The capitals consisting of the Pergamene type of ovolo were especially widespread in the second half of the 1st century AD, and were used in this period together with capitals consisting of ovolo and cavetto. Different arrangements have been identified on the necking of the Doric and Ionic anta capitals used in the buildings built in the Doric order. Below the hawksbeak, the double fillet of the 5th century is revived. In a few cases, the fillets are narrow and deep and set close together, but usually they are broad and shallow and widely separated, the lower one generally cut at the bottom of the block, which forms the capital. The fact that these fillets are seen in both Doric and Ionic capitals is evidence of interaction. Some examples had a plain vertical fascia below the hawksbeak, cyma reversa or ovolo, sometimes large and sometimes small. This fascia sets the capital a little forward from the face of anta. The rosette frieze seen in a few examples shows that they were influenced by Attic-Ionic type anta capitals.

178-243

Authors: İsmail AKKAŞ

The ancient city of Parion is located in the village of Kemer in the Biga district of Çanakkale, north of the Troas region. Parion has been one of the cities that the sovereign powers in the region wanted to have for ages thanks to its geographical and strategic location and having an important commercial port. Founded as a Greek colony in the 8th century BC, Parion became one of the most important colonial cities of the Roman Empire in Anatolia by placing Roman retired soldiers in the city at the end of the Roman Republic Period and giving the status of a Roman colony. This status of the city enabled it to develop and prosper economically, so the ancient city of Parion became one of the cities with the highest number of Romans in the Northern Troas Region. After the Roman colony status, Parion became a city that had a say in both regional trade and political and military fields. As a natural consequence of this, important archaeological findings belonging to the Roman Period have reached in the excavations carried out in Parion since 2005. One of these archaeological finds are commercial amphora pieces found in the Slope Bath excavations between 2008-2019. In our study, the commercial amphora finds dating from the Roman and Early Byzantine Period, which were found in the building between these years, are introduced. Eighteen different imported amphora groups were identified in the layers and contexts within these periods. These commercial amphora groups have been imported from important production areas such as Italy, North Africa (Tunisia), Aegean Islands, Asia Minor, Southern Black Sea, Cilicia and Levant. Commercial amphorae found in Parion Slope Bath are important in terms of supporting the construction and usage phases of the building. Within the scope of the study, it was aimed to reach new data in terms of both building and commercial aspect by means of the commercial amphora findings found in the layers and contexts of the Parion Slope Bath, dated between the middle of the 1st century BC and the first quarter of the 7th century AD.

244-263

Authors: Esen KAYA

The miniature objects, the subjects of increasing research interest in recent years, are a group of finds frequently encountered in the domestic, funerary and cultic settings. The ongoing efforts to develop definitions and terminology alongside with the analytical attempts to discover the mindset behind miniaturization have had an impact in our attempt of perception of the nature of these objects. The miniature vessels stand as the expressions of miniaturization frequently -and often in large quantities- discovered in religious contexts. These vessels, the formerly assumed economic representations of their full-sized counterparts, are currently considered as the objects manipulating reality in line with the emotions. This study aims to provide an overview of the research in the field through a survey of the selected examples where miniature vessels were recorded in religious context in Anatolia. The first part of the study gathers the analyses on the phenomenon of miniaturization and the miniatures with a special focus on the representation of miniature vessels in the cult context, providing the inferences of the setting, arrangement, functionality, quantity, emotion, and the role of these objects in ritual. The second part of the study presents the examples displaying certain patterns among the centres where miniature vessels were found in the cult context in Anatolia. The miniature vessels have often been unearthed en masse in the deposits rather than in their original settings, which makes it difficult to interpret these objects evaluated based on the assumption that they gain meaning according to the context. However, some exceptional in situ contexts besides reflecting the religious arrangement of miniature vessels may also effectively identify the sacred space and/or define ritual and reach inferences of human behaviour. There are cases where these groups of finds were uncovered in already identified sacred spaces, whereas there are also some that these miniature vessels attribute “sacredness” to the spaces where they were found based on the vessel form, the assemblage and the setting.