International Journal of Organizational Leadership

45-59

Authors: Mohammad Hasan Kheiravara ., Mohammad Hasan Qazvini‎2

Since employment is one of the core requirements of society, and unemployment is the origin of many economic, social, and cultural anomalies, the necessity of investigating the current status of unemployment in the province, aswell as, the heavy responsibility of the central government and local officials to generate employment and alleviate unemployment comes into prominence. Accordingly, entrepreneurship as a key tool for creating jobs, and reducing unemployment rate takes on increasing importance among the country's experts and policy makers. A great deal of uncertainty surrounding the kind of relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment exists in developing countries. Some experts state that there is a positive relationship between these two economic variables, i.e., as unemployment rate rises, after a few-year interval, entrepreneurship rate also augments. On the other hand, some experts indicate an inverse relationship between entrepreneurship and employment, i.e., promotion of entrepreneurial activities brings down the rate of unemployment. The current study attempted to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurship-with the concept of creating a new business- in the industry of Azarbayjan-e-Shargi and unemployment rate in this province. Vector auto-regression (VAR) econometrics was employed in examining this relationship. The findings indicated that, in industrial sector of Azarbayjan-e-Shargi, an inverse relationship existed between entrepreneurship and unemployment rate. Keywords: unemployment, entrepreneurship, vector auto-regression

71-79

Authors: Shahram Mirzaie Daryani a , Samad Ali b., Ahmad Asli-zadeh c

Organizational theory, as a field of study, offers to those interested some effective ways of thinking. This knowledge helps managers make organizational behavior more efficient through analyzing complex situations and developing effective tools to resolve them. In other words, it opens human mind to different aspects of life inside and outside the organization. Therefore, the value of organizational theory is in changing managers' thinking ways, thought patterns and performance. But a fact should also be considered, that organizational theories, affected by the passage of time and existing changes, have transformed and become variant, thus have not been always neatly compatible with one another. To the extent that, some scientists have considered this situation as a shaky foundation for a scientific discipline. In the same vein, the present paper investigates systemic thinking as a new knowledge of organizational theory. The literature indicates that knowing this thinking is essential and it triggers change in people’s thought and attitudes, as such, organizations' management, i.e., systems' management becomes more effective. But through more reflecting, it can be apprehended that this knowledge is accompanied by some contradictions and complexities that harm its coherence and scientific message. This situation requires wisdom, reinvestigation and reform. Key Words: organizational theory, systemic approach, contradiction, complexity, system management

13-22

Authors: Rozitta Chittaie

Changes in the current competitive environment, increasing simplicity of penetrating into the competitive market, and rapid growth of information technology are of motives for performing activities in such an environment (69). Pursuing the objective of improving customer relationship, some companies, today, step into rapid and instant development of their markets (44). These companies, adopting customer relationship management systems, can earn and retain their customers' loyalty. Consequently, designing customer relationship management strategies can lead to market protection, customer value increase, and greater customer satisfaction opportunities for continuous promotion of the enterprise (43). Accordingly, regarding the complexity and the variety of strategies associated with managing a business, information-related capability seems to be a vital and essential capability for earning profit from companies' activities and competition with peers (69). Hence, information and relations are employed for managing the firms as vital tools for seizing opportunities and tackling future issues. Given the information only employed to support a company’s performance making crucial decision about surrounding environment, increasing competitive ability of the enterprise will be extremely difficult for the company (68). Moreover, since increase of competitive ability is accompanied by making greater profit for trade, methods of raising competitive ability is an interesting and critical issue. Therefore, fostering unity in the interrelated sectors through information technology, cost reduction, and development of low-level relations with customers, companies can achieve greater profitability (69). Keywords: relationship management, business strategy, customer, customer relationship management capability