International Journal of Organizational Leadership

10-16

Authors: Manouchehr Molaie

This study investigates different dimensions of perceived justice and its relationship with customer satisfaction in Electricity Distribution Company in Ardabil, Iran. Since the electricity distribution company rarely has a face-to-face contact with customers, it is difficult to examine customers' satisfaction through the conventional techniques. Therefore, based on the literature, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among 2395 individuals of diverse groups. By exploratory factor analysis, six different factors of the electricity distribution company's performance which are effective in satisfaction were detected. Finally, these factors' relation to the different dimensions of justice and customer satisfaction was studied. The results indicated that the factors which were the most effective in customers' satisfaction and their perceived justice were the ones related to communication. Regarding some differences in perceived procedural and distributive justice, the announcing factor indicated the highest correlation with customer satisfaction. Accordingly, it may be claimed that a good face-to-face contact has no substitution so far, and one-way communication can only serve its role partially.

31-40

Authors: Mitra Hadisi

This study investigates the effect of Islam on efficiency of Muslim employees in multinational companies. The findings of the studies conducted to date examining the potential and actual impact of Islam in multinational setting indicates that although it seems that religion has no significant effect on multinational companies, but its internal effects such as internal and interpersonal conflicts with the type of activity of companies may be intensified. Moreover, these effects would be different based on the department of individual employees. For example, when the religious orientations of Muslims increase, their activities, according to the type of the product or service provided, in marketing sector of multinational companies may be affected. As the products and services offered would have more moral dimensions and marketing activities would be based on general moral rules, not a particular religion, we may achieve more effective results and personal and interpersonal conflicts can be reduced.

56-79

Authors: MacDonald Kanyangale, Noel Pearse

Increasingly, leadership development programs are being challenged to produce robust evidence of their impact on leadership competencies of participants in South Africa. If used properly, portfolio assessment of one`s own leadership development journey has the potentialto depict not just learning achievement, but also leadership growth and development. A multinational corporation in South Africa outsourced to a business school a program to develop leadership of selected 15 high-performing employees who were in transition to junior management. To the end of this study, qualitative research was conducted to get a complex and detailed understanding of how these participants perceived and self-assessed their own development of a self-selected set of leadership competencies over a period of time using portfolios. As the number was small, all the 15 personal and professional development portfolios were collected and analyzed using open coding and constant comparison techniques to induce themes. Evidence in the portfolios showed that while emergent junior talents were able to identify specifically the leadership competencies they were developing, they actually had difficulties to capture strong, relevant, and dynamic pathways of how their leadership competencies evolved and developed over time. More importantly, evidence in the portfolio revealed that the internal reward system was less supportive as it valued individual achievement of own performance target even at the expense of supporting others to develop their leadership. The lack of support from mentors and colleagues stifled leadership development of participants. This paper argues that it is vitally important that an organization's own systems are integrated and coherent enough not to inadvertently impede leadership development efforts.

92-102

Authors: Behzad Mohebbi

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the existing research in the field of packaging and marketing and shed more light on the psychology of colors and their effect on packaging and marketing. Nowadays, packaging is proved to be one of the significant factors in the success of promoting product sale. However, there is a perceived gap with respect to the different aspects of packaging, in particular the graphics, design, and color of packaging. The current study provides a comprehensive overview of packaging. It elaborates on different aspects of packaging and summarizes the findings of the most recent research conducted to date probing into packaging from different perspectives. It also discusses the role of color, i.e., the psychology of colors, and graphics in packaging and product sale. It is argued that graphics and color play key roles in promoting product sale and designers and marketers should attach a great deal of importance to color in packaging. The implications for producers, marketers, practitioners, and researchers are discussed in detail and suggestions for future research are provided.

114-126

Authors: Hassan Motaharrad, Hamid Reza Arasteh, Parivash Jafari

This study investigates the impact of in-service entrepreneurship training on the improvement of mass media managers’ entrepreneurship in Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB),Tehran, Iran. Features of corporate entrepreneurship were regarded as four dimensions of creativity and innovation, risk-taking, perseverance, and competitive spirit. Also, we examined the effect of entrepreneurship training on corporate entrepreneurship. To collect the data, we developed a questionnaire. Forty four production managers of IRIB volunteered to fill in the questionnaire. However, 4 persons were excluded from the group due to incomplete completion of the questionnaire and treatment which made the participants 40 people. The participants were randomly assigned to two participating groups. To test the hypotheses,variance and multi-covariance tests were applied. The analysis of the data obtained showed that the entrepreneurship training has significant effect on creativity, risk-taking, perseverance, and competitive spirit.

52-61

Authors: TEREZA MIKOVÁ*, MARIANA VALÁŠKOVÁ

Strong international integration and globalization affects the contemporary world´s economy which has influence in development of movement of capital, financial markets and decision making of each business entity. Because of increased force to comparability between companies, the idea of one single-setting globally accepted financial reporting standards was started in 1973 in London by International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) as a standards setter of International Accounting Standards (IAS). In the year 2000 the International Organization of Securities Commission (IOSCO) recommended to use IFRS for all their members. The paper states about Prague Stock Exchange (PSE) as a member of IOSCO, its index PX and companies which create the index PX. The index base is composed of 14 companies which reported their financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS, earlier IAS). The aim of the paper is to briefly introduce Prague Stock Exchange and index PX and to evaluate the chosen disclosure requirements of companies which create the index. The disclosure requirements, which are assessed are chosen from IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements and IFRS 8: Segments reporting. Research of disclosure requirements has been done by gathering the financial statements from years: 2011 and 2012 and assessment of chosen question is based on disclosure requirements of IAS 1 and IFRS 8. Those standards were chosen because of the wide range of companies. The next part of research is to assess the development between the compared years. Keywords: International Financial Reporting Standards, International Reporting Standards Board, Prague Stock Exchange, Czech listed companies, Index PX, Disclosure requirements.

14-24

Authors: Azhar Harun , Shafee Saad

The research will analyse the causes and consequences of the recent dramatic increases of migration from Malaysia and selected ASEAN countries (Thailand and Philippine) to Japan. The research aims at learning some general characteristics of the migrations, and linking them to theoretical explanations of migration and its place in the process of globalization. The research main question is; how do Malaysian and selected ASEAN countries migrants enter to work in Japan both legally and illegally? And what are the possible consequences for the receiving countries, in terms of social, cultural and political change? To answer these questions, The researcher have to do some field research both in Japan as a host country and in Malaysia and selected ASEAN countries (Thailand and Philippine) as a home country.

33-41

Authors: Said Kingir‎a, Mehmet Nuri Sevgin‎b

Denominated as the information age of today provided a better understanding of the value of the information day by day. The use of information technology in the globalization of the economy offers a serious competitive advantage to businesses. Even though it is foreseen to provide an economic superiority in the first place, the management information systems affect the structure and functioning of many different organizations in a positive aspect. In this context, the educational institutions that we may discuss can not be excluded. The sole aim of which is to train students in educational institutions in accordance with the objectives of the education system, the efficient use of management information systems certainly have a positive effect on this process. Decision-making processes of managers on management information systems and knowledge management provides great support to the school administrators. Management information systems in order to improve the quality of education and training in educational institutions are actively used captured that success can be said to constitute one of the pillars in the success of our young people who will shape our future. The universe of the study consists of the schools in the city centre of Diyarbakir. As the means of collecting data, questionnaire was used in the study. The data were obtained from the survey evaluated in the 18th version of Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences. Prepared for this purpose with this study of school administrators’, working in educational institutions, utilization levels and the scope of the management information systems in their institutions are discussed. Keywords: Management, Management Information Systems, School Administrators.

45-59

Authors: Mohammad Hasan Kheiravara ., Mohammad Hasan Qazvini‎2

Since employment is one of the core requirements of society, and unemployment is the origin of many economic, social, and cultural anomalies, the necessity of investigating the current status of unemployment in the province, aswell as, the heavy responsibility of the central government and local officials to generate employment and alleviate unemployment comes into prominence. Accordingly, entrepreneurship as a key tool for creating jobs, and reducing unemployment rate takes on increasing importance among the country's experts and policy makers. A great deal of uncertainty surrounding the kind of relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment exists in developing countries. Some experts state that there is a positive relationship between these two economic variables, i.e., as unemployment rate rises, after a few-year interval, entrepreneurship rate also augments. On the other hand, some experts indicate an inverse relationship between entrepreneurship and employment, i.e., promotion of entrepreneurial activities brings down the rate of unemployment. The current study attempted to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurship-with the concept of creating a new business- in the industry of Azarbayjan-e-Shargi and unemployment rate in this province. Vector auto-regression (VAR) econometrics was employed in examining this relationship. The findings indicated that, in industrial sector of Azarbayjan-e-Shargi, an inverse relationship existed between entrepreneurship and unemployment rate. Keywords: unemployment, entrepreneurship, vector auto-regression

71-79

Authors: Shahram Mirzaie Daryani a , Samad Ali b., Ahmad Asli-zadeh c

Organizational theory, as a field of study, offers to those interested some effective ways of thinking. This knowledge helps managers make organizational behavior more efficient through analyzing complex situations and developing effective tools to resolve them. In other words, it opens human mind to different aspects of life inside and outside the organization. Therefore, the value of organizational theory is in changing managers' thinking ways, thought patterns and performance. But a fact should also be considered, that organizational theories, affected by the passage of time and existing changes, have transformed and become variant, thus have not been always neatly compatible with one another. To the extent that, some scientists have considered this situation as a shaky foundation for a scientific discipline. In the same vein, the present paper investigates systemic thinking as a new knowledge of organizational theory. The literature indicates that knowing this thinking is essential and it triggers change in people’s thought and attitudes, as such, organizations' management, i.e., systems' management becomes more effective. But through more reflecting, it can be apprehended that this knowledge is accompanied by some contradictions and complexities that harm its coherence and scientific message. This situation requires wisdom, reinvestigation and reform. Key Words: organizational theory, systemic approach, contradiction, complexity, system management