European Researcher. Series A

20-108

Authors: Michel I. Ojovan, Victor L. Shabanov, Natalia V. Muller, Mikhail B. Loshchinin

Begun in 2010, the study of the nonhomogeneity and evolution of modern settlements was continued through the use of high-resolution density methods, as well as by expanding the spatial and temporal coverage of settlements in Saratov and Novosibirsk oblasts of Russia, as well as in Poltava oblast of Ukraine according to data from the period 2010-2001 in a comparison with provinces of the Russian Empire which are corresponding to them according to information from 1859. The previously discovered phenomena of rapidly decreasing density of villages and the power-law distribution of cities, as well as the fall of density, cut by separated peaks at the beginning of power-law trend of modern cities, were confirmed. An exponential decline in the density of villages was discovered in statistics of provinces and oblasts. A huge dome of farmsteads with an exponentially decreasing density was discovered in the statistics of Poltava province, as well as a rough peak in the density of farmsteads in the statistics of Saratov province, but no signs of an increase in the density of farmsteads were found in the statistics of Tomsk province. The urban power-law trend extrapolated to the left and up pierces the dome of villages on the graphs of Tomsk and Saratov provinces, but passes above the dome of villages on the graphs of the oblasts, which is interpreted as the loss of the organic relation of modern cities with villages due to the depletion of internal migration of the population from villages to cities. A formula is derived and an evaluation of the flow of rural migration is given. Power-law distributions of cities have an exponent of about minus 2.3 and start from settlements of about 1,200 inhabitants in Tomsk province and over 7 thousand ones in Saratov province. The settlements of Poltava province did not form a power-law distribution of their cities, and the line of cities distribution is only a continuation of the exponentially decreasing density of large villages. In addition to the fall of density in the interval of the smallest cities, the power-law distributions of medium-sized and large modern cities demonstrate two intervals with different exponents: first, the index is noticeably less than minus 2, and then noticeably more than minus 2. Specific patterns of depopulation or population growth were discovered in the three named urban intervals and an analytical model of variation in the indexes was proposed based on the hypothesis of a two-phase composition of the hierarchy. It is shown theoretically that the power-law distribution of cities with an index of minus 2 can arise due to the urban building mission of business and be supported by the flow of rural migrants. The mutual independence of farmsteads and villages and, conversely, the mutual dependence of cities united in a hierarchy are emphasized. A hypothesis about the deterioration of city formation while facilitating survival is proposed and motivated. A conclusion is drawn about the progressive degradation of modern settlements system.

117-121

Authors: Yulia V. Popova

Propaganda in the USSR was one of the ways to show Soviet power to the people and its path to socialism. The party attached great importance to socio-economic competition among workers, which began after the feat of Alexei Stakhanov in August 1935. Thus, the publication of the exploits of the workers of the Stakhanov’s movement is one of the methods of propaganda. The Stakhanovites were ideals, the way a real communist should be, so they received a lot of attention in the periodicals. Despite the many sources on the Stakhanov’s movement, not many analyzed it from the newspapers of the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Since 1918, the newspaper “Izhevskaya Pravda” was published in the UASSR, which also reflected the role of the Stakhanov’s movement. The work analyzes issues of Izhevskaya Pravda for the beginning of 1937 and how the articles reflected the Stakhanovites, their work and competition among factories. One can notice the active propaganda of the Stakhanov’s movement. Stakhanovites are heroes for more than one day. These are people who have mastered technology, mastered it and are able to squeeze everything out of it. Looking through each issue of the newspaper for 1937, one can notice the mention of the Stakhanovites, their successes, praise from society and the desire to imitate these heroes of labor.

125-135

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov

The paper pays attention to one of the representatives of the female line of the Cherkasov family from Keret, Klavdiya Ivanovna Cherkasova (1949–2019). This work is the first attempt to summarize the available information and write a biographical work about this person. The materials of personal origin were the main source, namely the memories of Klavdiya Ivanovna Cherkasova by her son and the author of this work, Aleksandr Arvelodovich Cherkasov. The work pays attention not only to the main milestones of life (birth, marriage, major achievements, etc.), but also to the philosophical worldview, behavioral models and even such a genre as a historical anecdote. The personal documents of Klavdiya Ivanovna Cherkasova (work book, personal photos, etc.) were also used. The archival materials are of secondary importance in the work, for example, the documents of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow, Russian Federation). The author concludes that the biographical work about the life of Klavdiya Ivanovna Cherkasova (1949–2019) is the story of a simple woman from the village of Keret, who lived a hard life, becoming a single mother at the age of 25 with two children, who worked two or three jobs and despite this remained unbroken and not discouraged. The reasons for this were laid down in her character – in the character of a strong person who had a clear understanding of life: “It is important that everything is on the mind” and “create as few problems as possible”. However, perhaps the most important thing in her character was the preservation of a sense of youth throughout her life – “life has passed, but I am young at heart”. This was exactly what she was – she clearly knew the price of loyalty and did not forgive lies, straightforward and not making a deal with her own conscience.

4-13

Authors: Ol'ga Yu. Larionova

The study is devoted to the reconstruction of the business and private life of the Sloboda burghers and Sarapul merchants Onchukov-Anchukov, subsequently assigned to the petty-bourgeois estate of the Sarapul city, who lived in the Votkinsky factory of the Sarapulsky district of the Vyatka province in the XIX – early XX centuries. The last known representative of this family in the Soviet years, Mikhail Nikolaevich Onchukov (1883–1952), worked as a chemistry teacher at school No. 3 and the Votkinsk Engineering College. The study was carried out on the basis of archival documents that were first put into circulation, as well as tombstones of members of this family found at the Nagorny cemetery of Votkinsk. It turned out that the surnames Onchukov, Anchukov and Anchugov belonged to the same family, and the “floating” letters in the spelling of the surname appeared as a result of its perception by the ear of scribes. It was also possible to identify houses in Votkinsk that belonged to this large family. There is a two-storey stone house on Lenin Street in Votkinsk, lavishly decorated with brickwork and recognized as an architectural monument of regional significance as the “Onchukov house”, which was built in the last quarter of the XIX century. The article provides data on the first owners of the house – officials of the Votkinsk plant and documents allowing to increase the age of the house to the middle of the XIX century. The family of the owner of the largest leather enterprise in the Votkinsk factory, Nikolai Ivanovich Anchukov, purchased the house no earlier than 1897.

25-30

Authors: Alexander Fedorov, Elena Kornienko

Based on a content analysis (in the context of historical, sociocultural and political situation, etc.) of texts published during the Thaw in the Soviet Screen magazine (1957–1968), the authors concluded that an important role in this publication was played by ideologized articles that emphasized criticism of bourgeois cinema and its detrimental influence on the audience, Not all of the magazine's authors directly sought to publish ideologically oriented articles, but it is possible to identify a small but consistently engaged group of film scholars and critics who consistently opposed the negative effects of bourgeois (and in particular Western) cinema on their audiences and defended Marxist-Leninist approaches to the analysis of the film process. After the Prague Spring events, however, the authorities decided that the journal's ideological position was not sufficiently counter-propagandistic, and a harsh campaign was unleashed against Soviet Screen in Ogonyok, which always maintained a political mainstream position at the time. In the end, the editorial board of Soviet Screenmanaged to persuade the "higher authorities" that the ideological course of the journal would be changed in the direction desired by the power, and (unlike the editorial board of Cinema Art, which was similarly criticized in 1968), editor-in-chief D. Pisarevsky managed to keep his position. Thus, the level of ideologization of Soviet Screen materials was elevated and in a number of articles was no different from Soviet Communist Party publications.