European Researcher. Series A

133-146

Authors: Imen Ktari, Filiz Katman

This paper investigates the motives behind the geopolitical shift explained by the outcome of Turkey’s exclusion from the emerging institutionalization operations by littoral sates in the Eastern Mediterranean. Studies have stressed on the tremendous profits cooperative institutions would have engendered in the region, consequently the foundation of the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF), which includes major concerned littoral states in the region (Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, France, Italy, Palestine and Jordan) is one of the prominent steps toward a constitutionalized cooperation based on the motive of gas exploration and extraction in the region through multiple agreements and demarcation of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZs) between the concerned actors, which stimulated a geopolitical shift against Turkey. The study aims at demystifying the nature of the geopolitical shift through the use of the balance of threat theory derived from Stephen Walt’s book of “The Origins of Alliances” and the Regional Security Complex Theory (RSC) developed by Burry Buzan, Jaap de Wilde and Ole Wæver. The present volume defends the idea that Turkey projects a permanent threat to the above-mentioned states starting from 2002, as subsequent developments in its foreign policy compiled with its rising economic and military power, has in turn a tremendous impact on its encirclement and exemption by its neighbors. Case study aims to testify the applicability of the Balance of Threat Theory and Regional Security Complex Theory on the exemption outcome using specifically the embedded case study to include various analysis of foreign policy relations with Turkey, data is collected from both the primary and secondary sources.

167-195

Authors: Mikhail B. Loshchinin, Michael I. Ojovan

Based on empirical facts and general context, a historical decrease of the average households’ size is revealed which follows an almost linear law with a rate of approximately minus 0.02 persons per year. An attempt is made to theoretically substantiate the linear law of households’ decay on the basis of the model of hyperbolic mankind growth formulated by S. Kapitza in terms of a specific unit of time and evolution of the regional populations. A hypothesis is proposed and justified that the linear households’ decay forms a mankind historical time arrow similar to the arrow of world population growth. The hypothesis of two social evolution eras is proposed and justified. Within the genus-tribal era, households have almost constant sizes and are the subjects of hyperbolic growth. In the modern era, Kapitza’s regional populations have almost constant sizes and are the subjects of hyperbolic growth, while the households begin their historical decay up to the size equal to 1. The total time required for the implementation of both eras is significantly less than previous estimates and is about 20,000 years. In the modern era, informational exchange stimulates the growth of human capital and consistently frees people from the need for collective labor for survival, and for this reason it is identified as a possible cause of the households’decay.

93-108

Authors: Jelisavka Bulatović, Goran Rajović

So far, they have won 14 Nobel Prizes. Their flag dates from 1219 and it is the oldest state symbol in the world used by an independent nation. The population is completely satisfied with respect for human rights, health care, education system, access to information, working conditions, living standards, free time… The level of happiness is the highest in the world, and research has shown that the quality of life is the best in this country. If you still don't know which country it is, we will try to help you. Here are: Kronborg Castle, Oresund Bridge, Original Legoland, Amalienborg Castle, Little Mermaid, Tivoli Amusement Park, Stroget Street, Hans Christian Andersen, Roxilde Festival, Tuborg brothers and Karlsberg... The correct answer is Denmark.In this text, the subject of our interest is the Jylland peninsula.There are few areas in the world like Jylland. There, God and nature gave the citizens a handful of beauty and enjoyment for all the senses. If you feel the need for the primordial charms of nature, then you will surely come and give your heart and soul to Jylland.

115-121

Authors: Elena A. Volodarskayа, Artem F. Gasimov

The article analyzes the psychological issues of changes in the functioning of a professional when switching to a remote mode of work in connection with the spread of coronavirus. By the example of the scientist's activities in the field of fundamental science, in particular, the history of science, the reasons for the occurrence of unfavorable functional states caused by the performance of professional duties and tasks to be solved in conditions of self-isolation and social distancing are revealed. The elements of the professional activity of the historian of science (object, subject, content, tasks, means, results, conditions) are described, based on theoretical and methodological foundations developed in labor psychology Assumptions are put forward about possible adverse consequences for the productivity and satisfaction with the professional activity of the scientist in the new conditions of the organization labor activity for the subject of labor. Practical recommendations are proposed in order to reduce the influence of unfavorable factors to maintain performance, enhance scientific communication with the isolation of the nature of social interaction and emotional support, prevent emotional burnout, and use time management techniques.

62-74

Authors: Jelisavka Bulatović, Goran Rajović

The rural settlement of Vranještica is located in the northeastern part of Montenegro (Kolašin municipality). It extends in the zone 42 ° 47´ 09 "north latitude and 19 ° 37´ 35" east longitude. It borders the rural settlements of Rečine in the west, GnjiliPotok in the southeast and Bare Kraljske in the south. It is located at an altitude of 1519 m and covers an area of 2.480 hectares.The traffic-geographical position of the rural settlement of Vranjestica is unfavorable, because it is located far from the main roads. Except for the road Andrijevica–Trešnjevik–Mateševo–Kolašin, no other important road intersects or touches this rural settlement. Vranještica is 44.6 km from Berane, 29.6 km from Andrijevica and 11.2 km from Mateševo. Isolated traffic-geographical position adversely affects its economic and social development. The paper discusses the natural and social benefits for tourism development. The results of the research indicate that without greater economic potential in this settlement, there is no wider existential base of the population.Bearing in mind that the studied geo-area has a predominantly agricultural population, agriculture should, all the more so, play its undoubtedly large and notable role in future economic development. Tourism as an additional source of income for the inhabitants of Vranještica could certainly improve their quality of life.

80-89

Authors: Abdallah Boureima Gaziboa, Filiz Katmana

This article focuses on the first democratic regime in Niger after the advent of multiparty system in 1990. The study will concern the direct and indirect causes that led to the failure of the democratization process. Niger experienced in 1991 a National Sovereign Conference which ended the one-party system by establishing a multi-party democratic system under a semi-presidential regime. In 1993, the CDS Rahama party with the support of the AFC won the first presidential and legislative elections marking the beginning of the 3rd Republic. Unfortunately, in 1994, an unexpected turning marked the beginning of an intricate regime. The AFC will lose his major ally and the parliamentary majority at the same time. This event led to a political cohabitation in Niger. Thus, clashes between the presidential clan and the opposition, took more and more magnitude until the normal functioning of government was almost impossible. The regime of the 3rd Republic will be interrupted in 1996 by a military coup. The problematic of this article will focus on three aspects, namely, the conditions under which the AFC coalition was born, how did the regime of the 3rd Republic end up in a political cohabitation? And the democratic challenges that followed. These three aspects will allow us to understand how democracy, which foresaw situations like what happened in Niger in 1995 and whose institutions were supposed to facilitate the settlement of this type of crisis, failed.

4-18

Authors: Halima Moalim Adam, Filiz Katman

Since the collapse of the central government in the early 1991, the country experienced prolonged civil war and chaos which has taken almost two decades. Destruction of state structures accompanied by huge violation of human rights subjected to women and girls. The civil war same as it affects people negatively, it also positively transforms societies which is the case of Somali women who acquired new roles and responsibilities during the decades of war. On the other hand, in post-conflict settings new government structures are established with constitution being adopted. Social, political and economic transformation occurs within the post-conflict spaces. Based on this setting, this paper is aimed to examine the extent of human rights violations specifically subjected to women and girls. It also traces the role of Somali women played during the conflict particularly their role in taking part of peace building efforts of the country. The study further evaluates if any progress is being made in regard to women political participation in post-conflict period with analysis on the issues preventing women to fully participate in Somali politics.

26-37

Authors: Nereida Hadziahmetovic, Amel Pintol, Fahrudin Budnjo

The advent of social media is changing the view of marketing and thus of political marketing as a part of it. This review paper provides information on the real impact of social media on political marketing today in 2020, analyzing the impact of social media on political marketing through an analysis of 47 articles published in six renowned journals, between 2010 and 2020. The article provides answers for which parts of the world were the first to talk about it, through which social media tools, which institutions and finally which authors made the most impact. The most researched topics and subcategories are analyzed, and which keywords are the most common repetition. Trends in the growth of social media’s influence on modern political marketing have been measured through the number of articles published in the years starting from 2010 to the present. When authors compare the number of articles written in the initial research interval in 2010 and today in 2020, it is noticeable how the number of articles has increased and given increasing importance to social media in modern political marketing management. This directly demonstrates a shift in awareness in modern political marketing towards social media. The biggest findings are thought to be the emergence and expansion of this topic on US soil, with the emergence of political figures such as President Obama and continued through the work and activities of President Trump. The most used tools for this work are Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. These tools were mostly used for advertising campaigns during elections time. After these events, the spread of influence in Europe is noticeable, and it is very important to emphasize that more and more articles are appearing year by year, which provides space for new researchers to continue their work in this field.