European Researcher. Series A

17-25

Authors: Zeyneb Adamanova

This article provides a rationale for the significance and explores the characteristics of international tourism. The author establishes that this sector of the global economy has been developing in quite a sustainable fashion, without being affected by substantial differences between various regions around the world. The author discusses groups of stimulating factors and major trends in the development of international tourism at the current stage, including major changes in the tourism product and the operation of the global market of tourism services. The article defines the imperatives of modernizing the tourism industry at the national level.

32-36

Authors: Ehssan Jandaghi

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare efficiency of research groups in the Center of Social and Cultural Research. There are several tools for efficiency evaluation. The method used in this study was Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in which rate of output is evaluated by input and effective and non-effective units are determined. The first step in DEA is to prepare a list of inputs and outputs. The inputs in this study were personnel and administrative costs, the ratio of group staff to the total staff of the center and person-hours of labor. The outputs of this study contained the number of finished research projects, proportion of allocated budget to the total budget issued and the Percent of the projects’ progress. The survey was carried out in 20 research groups, using DEA method. The analysis indicated that 5 groups were efficient and 3 groups were on border line. To improve non-efficient groups and converting them to efficient ones, we suggest some adjustments in inputs and outputs.

48-54

Authors: Dariga A. Bekova, Akbope K. Karabaeva, Akmaral A. Umirbekova

The article is devoted communicative method of teaching foreign languages, which is the activity character. The task of the communicative approach – to interest of students in learning a foreign language through the accumulation and improvement their knowledge and experience. The main objective this method – free orienteering training in foreign language environment and the ability to adequately react in different situations, communication.

61-68

Authors: Sergey A. Lebedev

The article subject is the structure of the contemporary methodology of scientific cognition. To the author opinion there are five parts in this structure: 1) general methodology of science, 2) areal methodology of science, 3) level methodology of science, 4) discipline methodology of science, 5) culture-historical methodology of science. The subject of the general methodology of science is the general science methods (observation, experiment, induction, hypothesis, deduction, confirmation, falsification, explanation, prediction, etc.). The subject of the areal methodology of science is the specific methods of the main areal scientific knowledge: mathematics, natural sciences, social and humanity sciences, technical sciences. The subject of the level methodology of science is the specific methods of the different levels cognition: sense data level, empirical level, theoretical level, metatheoretical level. The subject of the discipline methodology of science is the specific methods of the different sciences and different scientific disciplines (physics, chemistry, physiology, psychology, sociology and etc.). The subject of the cultural-historical methodology of science is the specific methods of the different cultural-historical types of science: antic science, medial science, classical science, nonclassical science, postnonclassical (postmodern) science.