The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences

8-13

Authors: Hamid Ali Abed Al-Asadi

The foremost compensations of clustering are the communication of combined information to the base station, bids scalability for enormous quantity of nodes and lowers down energy depletion. Essentially, clustering could be categorized into centralized grouping, distributed grouping and hybrid grouping. In centralized grouping, the cluster head is immovable. The rest of the sensor nodes in the group deed as participant nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not stationary. The cluster head retains on fluctuating form node to node within the group on the foundation of some restrictions. Hybrid clustering is the mixture of both centralized clustering and distributed grouping contrivances. A distributed clustering procedure, the integrated energy efficient clustering (IEEC) mechanism has been anticipated. The anticipated procedure is a well dispersed and energy effectual grouping procedure which engages relay nodes, capricious communication power and solitary message communication per node for group set-up. The enactment of the projected procedure is associated with two prevailing distributed grouping procedures LEACH and HEED. The projected procedure portrays an upgrading in average communication energy and overall system energy intake. Eventually, the complete network lifetime is considerably extended in IEEC procedure

18-26

Authors: Asige Geofrey Livumbaze; S. K. Judith Achoka

Students’ school attendance stands out as a major factor in student academic achievement. Sporadic attendance leads to transient knowledge retention hence dismal academic results manifested by poor/receding test scores. Similarly, some archaic gender stereotypes and gender bigotry plays to the disadvantage of students’ thus affecting their schooling. This study attempted to analyze the impact of students’ school attendance and gender on students’ academic achievement in public secondary schools in Hamisi sub-county, Kenya. The focus was put on the observed preceding academic achievement of students at secondary school’s KCSE with respect to their scores at primary-level schooling. The study was guided by the following objectives: 1. To determine the effect of students’ school attendance to academic achievement in secondary schools in Hamisi Sub-county and 2. Establish the effect of gender to students’ academic achievement in secondary schools in Hamisi Sub-county. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The target population was 4,295 consisting of 41 Principals, 428 teachers, 3826 students. Simple random sampling was used to select both the teachers and students. Stratified random sampling was used to classify and select schools hence 12 principals. The sample size was 523 respondents consisting of 12 principals, 128 teachers and 383 students. Data collection tools used were structured and unstructured questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis. Content validity and test re-test techniques were used to validate and test instrument reliability respectively. A Pearson Correlation coefficient of 0.5 provided the benchmark for instrument reliability. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Quantitative data was presented using frequency counts, means and percentages with the aid of the SPSS Version 24.0. Thematic trends were used to analyze qualitative data with presentation done using frequency distribution tables, bar graphs, and pie charts. The study established that: The students’ school attendance was way below acceptable low. Boys’ participation in schooling was higher compared to that of girls. It was recommended that: Secondary schools in Hamisi sub-county should join their programs and routines in a manner that encourages students to attend school. The gender bigotry and stereotypes should be done away with. The government should put in place a clear policy framework to guard against issues that segregate against either gender both at home and school. More emphasis should be placed on the girl child so that they have equal opportunities in schooling with the boy child.