INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

71-78

Authors: Diganggana Talukdar

To meet the growing demand for food it is essential to increase the production of food. Insect pests are major constraints to global production for food and fibre that can be reduced utilizing modern biotechnological tools. In insect research field, the biotechnological tools have been applied to study various issues such as insect identification, insect control and insect genetic relationships. It has a significant role in improving efficacy, cost-effectiveness and in expanding the markets for the bio insecticides. Molecular techniques employed for identifying and monitoring establishment and dispersal of specific biotypes of natural enemies. Production, formulation and storage of entomopathogenic fungi can be dramatically improved through biotechnology and genetic engineering. Proteinaceous insect toxins (scorpion toxin, mite toxin, trypsin inhibitor), hormones (eclosion hormone, diuretic hormone) and metabolic enzymes (juvenile hormone esterase) introduced into NPV and GV genome virus to increase its efficacy to kill insect. Genetic manipulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes encoding for proteins toxic to insects offers an opportunity to produce genetically modified strains with more potent and transgenic plant expressing Bt toxin. In 2011, planting of Bt cotton in India surpassed the historical milestone of 10 million hectare for the first time and occupied 88% of the recorded 12.1 million hectare cotton crops. However, field resistance of Bt crops to various insects have been noticed and to combat this problem two approaches namely refuge and pyramiding were recently introduced. The development of cryobiological method for preserving embryos of insects can significantly save the rearing costs, and the valuable collection of insect natural enemies could be maintained indefinitely. RNAi technology enables engineering of a new generation of pest-resistant GM crops. Insect control strategies that integrate advance knowledge in biotechnology with traditional wisdom and technology will contribute to the sustainability of agriculture.

85-89

Authors: Ingole Shubhangi N

Gmelina arborea Roxb. is a medium sized, unarmed, deciduous tree with whitish gray smooth bark. The plant is also important medicinal. Its flowers are showy, 2.5–3.5 cm long, brownish-yellow usually in small, opposite decussately arranged small cymes of about three flowers along the axis of a densely fulvous-hairy terminal panicles. Floral epidermal features including nature of epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes along with their dimensions of all floral parts are studied. Epidermal cells are found straight walled in peduncle, bract, stamen, carpel and fruit with cuticular striations in staminal cells, broadly sinuate in calyx, broadly and deeply sinuate in adaxial and abaxial surfaces of corolla lobes respectively. Peduncle, fruit are astomatic and bracts, calyx and corolla lobes are hypostomatic. They are anomocytic in bract, anomocytic, diacytic and paracytic in calyx and anomocytic and very occasional abaxially on corolla lobe. Trichomes are of two types non-glandular and glandular, which vary, in minute details on different parts. Unique multiseriate glandular trichomes are exclusively found on filaments. Floral trichomes are found species specific and suggestive of their functional significance.

92-95

Authors: Kaware Mangesh

Malathion is one of the organophosphate pesticides which is toxic to animals. The present study deals with the changes in relative body weight and liver weight of Mice exposed to different doses of Malathion, ranging from 0.1, 0.5, 0.10 and 0.20 mg /kg/day diet. The result also showed the body weight continued to increase up to 90 days of intoxication and liver weight increase up to 28 days of intoxification later on slightly decreased at 90 days of experimental periods.

100-102

Authors: Nagariya SA

The distribution of ABO blood groups and Rh(D) factor has been studied among the Hindu & Muslim caste of Amravati district (Maharashtra). In Muslim & Hindu caste of Amravati district people the ABO Blood group percentage distribution in Muslim were type A, 19.2%; type B, 31.2%; type O, 33.6% and type AB,16%. In Hindu caste, the distribution were types A, 24.8%; type B, 33.6%; type O,34.4% and type AB; 7.2%. The estimated allele frequencies were 0. 195016 for A, 0.266798 for B and 0.542293 for O,in Muslim caste & 0.175379 for A,0.238106 for B, 0.592496 for O, in Hindu caste were calculated. The distribution of Rh(D) group varies among the ABO blood groups. The Rh(D) positive allelic frequency was 0.677510 and the Rh(D) negative incidence was recorded as 0.322490 in the Muslim caste& Rh(D) positive allelic frequency was 0.959166 and the Rh(D) negative incidence was recorded as 0.045775 in Hindu caste studied population. The frequencies of Rh(D) positive in Muslims and Hindu caste were greater as compare to Rh(D) negative in both caste. The genetic relationship among different caste groups is not uniform. Polymorphism are now considered useful tool for studying differentiation in human population.