Bylye Gody

504-513

Authors: Milana V. Ragulina

This article examines the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the life activity of the Tungus in the 17th-19th centuries. The unstable nature of biological resources, due to the specific climate, affected both the indigenous ethnic groups of the taiga and Russian settlers. The article compares information about famine, crop failures in the region and the ice regime of the Angara River. A coincidence was revealed between intra-century decreases in air temperature and most economic crises. The results indicate repeated periods of lower average annual temperatures, which were accompanied by extreme natural events. The interaction of the Tungus with peasants, merchants and authorities took place against this changing natural and climatic background. Climatic fluctuations directly and indirectly led to the formation of various ways of adaptation of the Tungus: from strengthening exchange ties and transition to hybrid semi-sedentary forms of economy, to migration to more productive areas remote from Russian villages. Natural factors, combined with social and economic prerequisites, have led to the emergence of a complex set of adaptation processes. Networks of mutual aid, trade, and cultural exchange were formed in response to climate and social risks, strengthening the position of the Tungus. Data from folklore, chronicles, statistics and archival documents confirm the influence of intra-century climate variability on the Tungus. Years of famine, crop failures, epidemics and associated changes in the economy affected all groups of the population. The consequences of this impact were culturally and environmentally specific. The diversity and dynamics of neighboring cultures and geographical conditions contributed to the uniqueness of the Tungus economy, the different rates of their acculturation and the formation of an interconnected ethnocultural landscape.

524-532

Authors: Yury G. Chernyshov, Pavel V. Ulyanov

The inventor of the steam-atmospheric engine, Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov (1729–1766), is considered in modern Russian literature as an “iconic figure”, as a person who selflessly contributed to the development of Russia. However, the process of preserving the historical memory of this figure has varied greatly between periods. The novelty of the study lies in the generalization of the results of the works of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern Russian historians, in identifying the features of the process of memorialization named after I.I. Polzunov in different periods. The study showed that the process of preserving the historical memory of Ivan Polzunov, which began in the pre-revolutionary period on the initiative of writers and local historians, took place mainly at the regional level and was distinguished by a few attempts at wider promotion. During the Soviet period, the popularization of the name of the inventor, which began in the 1940s, became widespread thanks to the “ideological order” and the ongoing state policy to consolidate in the public consciousness the images of “people from the bottom” and “pioneer inventors.” At the present stage, the result of another “historiographical turn” based on versatile approaches has been the consolidation of the name of Ivan Polzunov as a “signature figure” in the history of the Altai region and Russia.

544-552

Authors: Sayalbek M. Gizzatov, Alibek B. Aman, Nursultan N. Oteuov, Ainur Zh. Kalybaeva

This study examines in depth the role of the Dzungarian Khanate in the context of the formation of the political situation in Central Asia, taking into account the impact of Abylai Khan and the relationship with the Qing Empire. The relevance of this topic is due to the importance of the Dzungarian Khanate as a leading player in the region and its impact on the formation of statehood and international relations. The purpose of the study is to thoroughly analyze the influence of the Dzungarian Khanate on the political and diplomatic atmosphere in the region, especially in the context of its relations with the Qing Empire and the role of Abylai Khan in this process. This study is based on the analysis of archival materials, historical documents and relevant scientific literature covering the period of the existence of the Dzungarian Khanate and its relations with the Qing Empire. At the same time, various methods of analyzing and interpreting information are used to obtain objective results. As a result of the study, the positions of various parties on issues related to the interaction of the Dzungarian Khanate and the Qing Empire will be analyzed. This will allow us to identify the key factors influencing the course and outcome of conflicts, as well as their consequences for both sides. The research highlights the importance of studying the fate of the Dzungarian Khanate under the rule of the Qing Empire and the role of Abylai Khan in this context. This aspect of historical science is of key importance for in-depth analysis of the formation of the political, cultural and geopolitical situation in Central Asia. In addition, such an analysis is of great practical importance for the development of modern political and diplomatic strategies, given its historical heritage and influence on modern geopolitical processes.

564-571

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev

The article is devoted to a little-known page in the history of education of the XVIII century – projects for the creation of higher educational institutions on Ukrainian lands, which at that time were part of the Russian Empire. Contemporaries noted high public demands regarding education by representatives of various segments of the local population – nobility, philistinism, clergy. The main attention was paid directly to the university project in the city of Baturin in 1760. Its initiator was the last Hetman of Ukraine and Count Kirill Razumovsky, and the direct author of the document was Grigory Teplov. According to this document, it was planned to create a European-style university. In particular, German universities were chosen as a model for succession. Hetman K. Razumovsky also tried to adopt the experience of Moscow University, which existed since 1755. Financing of Baturin University was planned from several sources, the main of which were donations from the local maecenas, fees from mill owners and share of the income from customs duties. But this project like a number of ideas initiated by regional elites was never realized, mainly due to the peculiarities of the national policy of the Russian government.

582-592

Authors: Ardak K. Kapyshev, Igor R. Prokhorov, Bakhytgul T. Tuleuova, Farkhat R. Lebayev

The article deals with the formation, settlement and activity of the Siberian Cossack army in the territory of modern North-Eastern Kazakhstan in the XVIII-XIX centuries. The difficulties that the Siberian Cossacks faced in the region in ensuring their livelihoods in new natural conditions are shown. The real need for their peaceful and mutually beneficial interaction with the local Kazakh population is presented. Siberian Cossacks, actively borrowing the economic experience of nomads, in some cases introduced new models of economic activity, which were also in demand by Kazakhs. As a result of the economic interaction between Cossacks and Kazakhs, trade and the productive forces of the region are developing. The Siberian Cossacks were an instrument of Russian colonization, the guides of the policy of the Russian Empire. At the same time, they entered into peaceful relations with the local population. Such connections were often mutually beneficial. In general, it is necessary to note the important role of the Cossacks in the formation of agricultural culture, trade, industry, crafts and communication routes in the North-Eastern region of modern Kazakhstan. Despite the fact that the military settlers were burdened with government duties, they contributed to the development of the productive forces of the region, the introduction of new forms of management.

599-612

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is dedicated to the problem of the late 18th – early 19th centuries Don Cossacks identity. Author shows that in the 19th century the Don Cossackdom was going through a major transformation (in particular, local garb was supplanted by the one closer to a Great Russian, and educated locals have familiarized themselves with Russian historiography). At the same time, professional ethnographers began to study the Don Cossacks only in the 1880s, meaning they were studying already transformed Cossackdom. In this context contemporaries’ evidences about the Don Cossacks of the late 18th – early 19th centuries are of utmost importance. They are few (the article examines the wide-known works of A.I. Rigel’man about the Don Cossacks and the less-known of M.I. Antonovsky and A.L. de Romano), but A.I. Rigel’man, having served many years among the Cossacks, recorded the self-identification of some part of Cossacks, which allows us to compare the self-identification of Don Cossacks with their identification by outsider authors. Such a comparison enables us to reveal a curious plot previously unestablished in scientific historiography. There was fundamental contradiction between the recorded cases of self-identification of Cossacks of the period and the identification by outsider authors. At the same time, A.I. Rigel’man knew who the Cossacks considered themselves to be, and also knew a number of their historical myths, yet attributed them to the category of “fables” and opposed them his own conclusions, drawn primarily from historical works. As a result, the information we have about the self-identification of the late 18th – early 19th centuries Cossacks works towards separation of Cossacks from other East Slavs (for example, it might consider Caucasus as the possible ancestral home of Cossacks, rather than the territories of Russia/Great Russia and Ukraine/Little Russia; Cossacks’ service to Russia is described as a conscious choice; “Don” is interpreted as a special locus gifted to the Cossacks by Ivan the Terrible, etc.). On the opposite, the authors of the late 18th century, who represented Russian specifics, in their works about the Cossacks (A.I. Rigel’man, M.I. Antonovsky) univocally included them with other Slavs (Ukraine/Little Russia is deemed the Cossacks’ ancestral home; The Cossacks are positioned as initially serving Russia or at least from the earliest stage of their history; the narrative about “Don” being the Cossacks’ special land is omitted, etc.). This tendency was brought to logical conclusion by M.I. Antonovksy, who interpreted the Don Cossacks as just “rossians” with some particular local specifics.

623-631

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article considers an overview of modern historiography devoted to the Kharkiv Educational District (1803–1917). 43 English-language and Russian-language publications made in the period from 2006 to 2024 are analyzed. The research methodology is based on the historical and genetic method, which allowed the authors to consider the evolution of the study of the public education system on the territory of the Kharkiv Educational District. The great importance is also given to the historical and systemic method, thanks to which the authors considered the studied problem comprehensively, taking into account the established traditions in historiography. At the same time, the authors applied a comparative historical method that allowed them to pay attention to the specifics of conducting scientific research on the Kharkiv Educational District. The presented review of modern historiography shows that the system of public education in the territory of the Kharkiv Educational District is now actively engaged in the Cherkas Global University, which is implementing an ambitious project “The system of public education in the Russian Empire: a historical and statistical study”. As part of this project, the organization's staff comprehensively reviewed the public education systems of all six territories of the Kharkiv Educational District. Besides this, representatives of regional historical scientific schools are currently engaged in various aspects of public education, which, as a rule, touch on private issues and rarely return to the public education system in their publications.

640-651

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Dmitry V. Rakhinsky, Ella V. Savina

The article examines the main characteristics of the everyday life of military invalids and members of invalid companies in the Tomsk Province in the 19th century. Based on a comprehensive methodology that includes the principles of historical-anthropological approach, history of everyday life, and microhistory, the authors analyzed the features of material support for military invalids, living environment, household arrangement, consumption specifics, development of personal and social connections and communication among members of invalid companies, as well as their types of employment. The research was based on previously unpublished archival materials from the State Archive of the Tomsk Region. According to the authors, throughout the entire period of existence of invalid companies in the 19th century, the state and society accumulated significant experience in solving the social problems faced by military invalids. The issues of providing for the members of invalid companies were successfully resolved: assistance in food supply, housing solutions, providing suitable employment, monetary support including pensions, providing a place in a religious institution, and so on. At the same time, all these measures were half-hearted, often incomplete, and not entrenched as rights and guarantees for military invalids. The state initiated numerous forms of social support for incapacitated military personnel, but it lacked real mechanisms for public oversight of their implementation.

658-669

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Mamlakat T. Jumaniyozova

The outstanding Russian historian I.E. Zabelin (1825–1908) owes his achievements to self-education, which he received thanks to books. The future historian loved books since childhood, and with the last money he manages to collect a small library of books. The article introduces a new historical source into scientific circulation – the handwritten catalogues of his book collection compiled by I.E. Zabelin, which are stored in the archive of the scientist. The authors consider the role of the book in the scientific search for a scientist. As a humble employee of the Armory, I.E. Zabelin could not use the commercial libraries of Moscow, there were no large public book collections in Moscow. I.E. Zabelin bought used books and magazines in the markets, and when funds allowed, from the leading booksellers of the capital and would carefully record the funds spent. The examination of the catalogues of I.E. Zabelin's book collection shows not only its use for scientific purposes, but also reveals his interest in social and philosophical problems, spiritual search. The study allows us to dispel the historiographical myths that have developed in science, in particular, that I.E. Zabelin did not understand the importance of learning foreign languages and was a mediocre archaeologist. The catalog of the scientist's library contains hundreds of volumes on archaeology and hundreds of titles in foreign languages. I.E. Zabelin used an advanced information search system for that time, developing his principles of organizing a card catalog along with traditional book catalogs, while he conducted a thematic grouping of information. As the owner of a valuable collection of books and manuscripts, D.I. Zabelin shared them with colleagues, kept a detailed record of the literature issued. Studying the catalogues of I.E. Zabelin's book collection expands the understanding of him as a scientist and a person.

680-689

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid

The article considers the organizational features of academic and extracurricular work of students of imperial Russian universities on the example of the Imperial Kharkov University and the Imperial University of St. Vladimir in Kiev. We note that the peculiarities of academic work were differentiated not only at the level of faculties, but also at the level of courses and heads of study. The greatest academic load fell on the students of the Faculty of History and Philology. This fact led to the fact that students of this faculty often moved to other faculties, or even left the university. We also noted that the organization of the educational process in higher educational institutions was under both internal university control and external control - from the trustee of the educational district and ministerial officials. The peculiarity of the educational activity of university students in the mentioned period was the so-called “tradition of dialogical communication”. Lectures, which remained the main form of the educational process, were everywhere supplemented by other types and forms of work. These included work with texts (both independent and under the guidance of a teacher); scientific conversations on topical issues; discussions and debates as forms of practical classes; analysis of scientific literature and others. Independent student research work was encouraged from the first year of study. Such research student works helped them to reveal the essence of scientific problems more deeply, as well as their own understanding of them.

696-704

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran

This article examines the fighting between Russian troops and Caucasian tribes during the construction of the Golovinsky fortification at the mouth of the Shakhe River in May – July 1839. As materials, the author used a complex of various sources – memoirs and epistolary heritage of contemporaries of the events described, as well as archival materials. A set of historical research methods was used in the work – historical-systemic, diachronic analysis, historical-genetic, etc. The author came to the following conclusions that the fighting during the construction of the Golovinsky fortification was no less bloody than during the landing of the Russian troops. Casualties were suffered by both Russian troops and, to a greater extent, Caucasian tribes who tried to prevent the landing and construction of fortifications at the mouth of the Shah River.

716-725

Authors: Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Tatyana V. Gryaznukhina, Anna S. Zhulaeva, Semen V. Kozhevnikov

The problem of relationship between the Russian intelligentsia and the people in the XIX century was addressed, and their dichotomous character was noted. The notion of "the people" was defined and its structural and social composition was determined. The relationship between the intelligentsia and the people was described as conflictual. Views of the representatives of the noble intelligentsia, belonging to different social classes, on the causes of its conflict with the people were analyzed based on primary sources. The feeling of guilt for their dependency existence was marked as a common factor of mental motivation for the intelligentsia to contribute to the destiny of the people. The intelligentsia's assessments of various qualities of the people’s character were diverse and depended on its genesis and socio-political status. The matters of faith of the people, the nature of their education, and their attitude towards the peasant community remained the most controversial ones. Active part of the noble intelligentsia in the destiny of the people involved gratuitous distribution of land, relief of duties, and provision of various benefits, which could not resolve the general social conflict situation due to the local nature of this activity. Silver Age creative intellectuals had diametrically opposed vision of the people. Someone’s belief in the devout religiosity of the people was not consistent with the conviction of others in the sober mind, saving from superstitious delusions. Views on the role of the community in the life of the peasantry ranged from complete idealization to the need for its destruction. The intellectuals recognized ignorance of the people as the cause of all troubles, but had no general idea of the methods of its enlightenment. The intelligentsia noted combined contradictory qualities in the people, and attributed existence of the negative temperamental attributes to the living conditions of the people, poverty and ignorance. Long-suffering and submissiveness, inherent in the people, left open their subconscious desire for freedom in the eyes of the intelligentsia, which had to be implemented in real life. Duality of mentality, mutual misunderstanding and rejection of the Russian people and the intelligentsia worsened the split of the society and contributed to accumulation of the mass limit of the revolutionary outbreak.

738-749

Authors: Evgenii A. Avdeev, Sergej M. Vorobev, Sergej N. Bredikhin

Resettlement of North Caucasian highlanders in the second half of the 19th century still remains one of the conflict-generating narratives of historical memory. The policy of the Russian Empire during this period was determined by geopolitical processes, the continued colonization of the region, opposition to the influence of the Ottoman Empire, as well as the desire of North Caucasian Muslims to move to Dar al-Islam. Its inconsistency is due to the difficult task of sociocultural integration of the highlanders in the conditions of colonization and resettlement of Russian peasants and Cossacks to their original places of residence. Administrative, territorial, legal, national and religious issues were often resolved using methods that forced resettlement. Since the 1830s, processes have been observed in the movement of highlanders from their original places of residence, either to the internal lowland regions of the Caucasus, or to the Ottoman Empire. Cossacks and colonists settled on the lands liberated in this way, who were supposed to help ensure border security and reduce the possibility of resistance of part of the mountain population to the colonization of the region. At the last stage of the Caucasian War, the Russian authorities encouraged the departure of mountaineers abroad. The policy of the Ottoman Empire, aimed at supporting and agitating anti-Russian and resettlement sentiments, significantly increased the scale of muhajirism. At the end of the Caucasian War and the pacification of the North Caucasus, the emigration of highlanders begins to be limited, and later prohibited. At the end of the 1850s – beginning of the 1860s. accounts for the most massive stage of resettlement and emigration of highlanders. The second significant stage of mountain emigration occurred in the second half of the 60s – early 70s. XIX century. At this time, three waves of resettlement of highlanders can be distinguished. The third stage of active external and internal migration occurred in the 1880s – 1890s. By the end of the 19th century, the emigration of highlanders basically stopped. The resettlement process at all stages was accompanied by disasters and hardships and led to negative demographic dynamics. It changed the ethnic areas and ethnic composition of the population of the North Caucasus.

763-770

Authors: Anton V. Gurko, Ainuru T. Altybaeva, Krystsina D. Savitskaya

This article is devoted to the study of the reform of the abolition of serfdom in the context of its main causes and stages. The study includes not only the theme of Alexander II's Manifesto on the liberation of peasants from 1861, but also an analysis of a number of normative acts adopted since the end of the XVIII century, the subject of which were preliminary steps aimed at the subsequent acquisition of personal rights and freedoms by serfs. In particular, this article examines such documents as: The Manifesto of Paul I “On three-day serfdom”, the Decree of Alexander I “On free farmers”, the Regulations on the peasants of Estonia and Livonia, as well as the Decree of Nicholas I “On obliged peasants”. The authors of the article pay sufficient attention to external and internal factors that served as the reasons and prerequisites for the adoption of the reform on the abolition of serfdom, such as the defeat in the Crimean War, the industrial and technical revolution, the social crisis, the increased peasant riots, the development of higher education and, at the same time, changes in the worldview of the enlightened segment of the population of the Russian Empire. In addition, the article examines in detail the internal political processes for organizing activities aimed at preparing and implementing the reform of serfdom. The authors analyzed the course of preparation of the draft peasant reform and formulated the key contradictions that represented a number of obstacles to the implementation of the reform.

783-791

Authors: Ruslan M. Zhitin, Alexey G. Topilsky

After the abolition of serfdom and the deprivation of a number of privileges to the nobility, the main of which was free labor, landowners were forced to adapt to the realities of capitalist reality. No matter how painful the transitional forms of integration into the new management system (mining, use, introduction of a fallow system), the final result of the restructuring of private estates that had begun was to attract serfdom to developed economies. At the same time, all components of the landlord economy had to change on the way to progress – from the introduction of free hiring of workers and technical modernization of the economy to changing the land use system and rationalization of field cultivation. A systematic study of the administrative aspects of the estate's development in the second half of the 19th century is missing in historiography. Some aspects of this process can be traced back to pre-revolutionary writings. At the same time, a significant amount of source data, general statistical notes on the personnel of a number of estates were contained in zemstvo collections, which have not lost their significance so far. The success of the landlords' development of new forms of economic activity was significantly influenced by the global market situation. The reform of 1861 fell on a general decline in prices on the grain market. The influx of overseas grain into European ports (the main factor in the decline in trade) has ruined the Russian producer. In 1882–1890 export prices for Russian rye decreased by 35 %, wheat depreciated by 17 %. A feature of the post-reform modernization of the agrarian system of Russia was the gradual transition of ownership economies from old serf fiefdoms to capitalist competitive farms. To increase the efficiency of different types of estates, the owners had to modernize land use, carry out sectoral specialization of field farming, and attract new capital into production.

803-813

Authors: Orazgul Kh. Mukhatova, Zhumaziya Zhumabayeva, Shamek B. Tleubayev, Arailym N. Konkabayeva

In the XIX – early XX centuries in Russia there were gymnasiums for secondary education, the completion of which gave the right to enter higher educational institutions (universities) and serve in various institutions. Such educational institutions were famous not only for their teaching methods, but also for the organization of the educational process. One of these educational institutions in the Kazakh steppe was the Orenburg Men's Gymnasium, which opened in 1868. In order to open a gymnasium and construct an educational building, a charitable foundation was organized among the residents. Scholarships were awarded to Kazakh children studying from the charity fund. Among the graduates of this gymnasium were representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia such as: Abubakir Aldiyarov, Salimgerey Nuralykhanov, Kali Ibragimov, Gali-Akhmet Aryngaziev, etc. The documents of Fund 79 of the United State Archives of the Orenburg Region contain information about the activities of the civil men's gymnasium, the names of graduates, information about their academic performance, the daily life of Kazakh children who studied at the beginning of the XX century. Sources indicate that at the gymnasium, Kazakh children lived in a boarding house and received a scholarship assigned to the children of Kazakhs in the Orenburg region and surrounding regions. As part of the curriculum, the following languages were studied: Russian, Greek, Latin, French, German, as well as logic, algebra, geometry, history, and geography. Children were aimed at acquiring knowledge, diligently mastering the educational process in order to achieve good results. After graduating from the Orenburg men's gymnasium, Kazakh young men were able to continue their studies at higher educational institutions in Russia.

823-830

Authors: Natalia А. Koblova, Olga V. Kolpakova а, Olga A. Sukhova

The article analyzes the social portrait of a pilgrim who traveled from Penza province to worship Orthodox Shrines in the East in the 1870s – 1900s. The study is based on the Penza governor's office correspondence (which regulated the receipt of a foreign passport), articles from diocesan periodicals about the popularization of the pilgrimage movement, including travel notes by Penza priest P. Arkhangelsky, who visited Palestine in 1895. The motives, meaning, terms and conditions of the organization, and the cost of a trip to Palestine from the Penza province are investigated. The analysis of the pilgrims' petitions allows to reconstruct the system of ideas of the provincial society about the geography of the location, the name, and the content of the image of the Holy Land, to identify the relationship between the level of socio-cultural development of the territory and the awakening of the desire for spiritual and moral improvement. The desire to gain immortality encouraged deeply religious representatives of the lower strata of society, as a rule, rural residents in adulthood to travel to Holy Places, despite all the hardships and dangers of the way. It has been established that by the end of the XIX century, as a result of the activity of the IPPO (Imperial orthodox Palestinian society), increased transport accessibility, and the development of hospitality infrastructure in Jerusalem, the pilgrimage movement was democratized, and the socio-demographic characteristics of the classical pilgrim became more flexible. In addition to gaining personal experience through the pilgrimage movement, the memorial culture of the provincial society, the common basis of religious and national identity, was formed.

841-848

Authors: Sergei V. Belousov, Olga V. Kolpakova, Anastasia R. Mere

The authors analyze the social ideas of peasants about the priest, his functions and importance in the village world. On the one hand, the peasants treated their spiritual mentor with respect, making certain demands on his spiritual and moral appearance. On the other hand, the peasantry condemned manifestations of uncanonical behavior on the part of clerics, such as drunkenness, profanity, and excessive extortion from peasants. An important aspect in the issue of interaction between the priest and the peasants was the material side – the collection of fees for trebs. Despite the fact that the level of well-being of the rural clergy was very low, it was the very way of receiving remuneration for performing their duties that distanced the priest from the peasant. Many of the peasants opposed payment in monetary terms. The fact that the priest was a representative of the church and state authorities also played a significant role. The general attitude of the peasants towards the clergy was formed taking into account both the personal qualities of the priest and stable ideas about the correspondence of the activities of the church and Christian preaching to the idea of justice – the basis of the ideological principles of the Russian peasantry.

857-864

Authors: Elizaveta S. Lakhtionova, Irina G. Polyakova

The article examines the problem of preserving Russian intangible cultural heritage through the formation and consistent implementation of that part of family rituals that was associated with the reproductive culture of the peasant community, which made up the majority of the population of the Russian Empire. In a similar way, the transmission of value and behavioral attitudes of the reproductive strategy took place from generation to generation. The study is based on materials from the Perm province, chronologically dating back to the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The main sources were descriptions of various rituals and records of folklore, preserved both in published form and in archival materials. Using various methods of historical science, including microhistory, the author managed to extract from descriptive source material the meaning that the peasants invested in each ritual element. It was found that the main mechanisms for transmitting the value and behavioral attitudes of Russian reproductive culture – the family and the Russian Orthodox Church – were aimed at one goal that was vitally important for the peasant community – the conception and birth of as many children as possible, preferably healthy ones. For this purpose, knowledge, traditions, customs and rituals have been passed on for centuries among the people, information about which was recorded by local historians, observers and scientists. All this entered the treasury of Russian culture, forming a fund of domestic intangible cultural heritage.

873-885

Authors: Elena V. Burlutskaya, Ekaterina N. Abdrakhmanova

The article examines how Russian post-reform society, family and school conceptualized teenage suicides, the number of which began to increase rapidly at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The phenomenon of such an extreme manifestation of children's deviant behavior is studied using data from Orenburg, a provincial center of a governorate, located away from the capital cities. As examples, the article examines the suicides of students at the Orenburg Men's Gymnasium, one of the best secondary schools in the region. The source base of the study is based on documents concentrated in the United State Archive of the Orenburg Region, as well as on materials from the Orenburg press. Analysis of available sources allows us to state that society, families and schools of the post-reform era were baffled by youth suicides. Their motives were associated with the shortcomings of the existing school system, social vices, the crisis of family relationships, as well as with the individual psychological characteristics of children. The children and adolescents intentionally taking their own lives were seen as a disruption to the normal course of life, a sign of social instability and a threat to a predictable and sustainable future. Microhistories of children recorded in suicide cases suggest that tragic situations were most often caused by a lack of parental attention to the problems of children or its complete absence. In addition, most adults (both parents and school administration) were absolutely convinced that a “normal” child is a malleable material from which a future full-fledged member of society can be easily “molded” with the help of lectures and disciplinary sanctions. Children were denied the natural experience of psychological crises and personal problems due to their perceived insignificance or unreality.

896-907

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Veroniсa A. Razumovskaya, Ivan Y. Makarchuk, Yulia E. Valkova

The article carried out a textual analysis of Part 1 of Volume 12 of “Picturesque Russia. Our Fatherland in its land, historical, tribal, economic and everyday meaning”, which has the subtitle “Eastern outskirts of Russia. Eastern Siberia”. Published in 1895, the encyclopedic publication is a valuable historical source, which reveals facts related to the development of East Siberian territories, the socio-economic status of indigenous Siberian peoples, as well as the features of visualization of these facts. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities of the formation of the image of Eastern Siberia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries in encyclopedic texts and in illustrations accompanying these texts. Part 1 of Volume 12 of “Picturesque Russia” presents a holistic and multifaceted image of the Eastern Siberian territories as long-developed by immigrants from Central Russia. The region is seen as promising, rich, inhabited by diverse peoples with special religious and everyday traits and habits. Representation of the image of Eastern Siberia is associated with the creation of a significant number of landscapes, large settlements, portraits of people in national clothes, as well as images of religious rites. The concept of integrating text and visual images was effectively implemented, making “Picturesque Russia” the most important historical source, revealing the particularities of the historical thinking of educated people in Russia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries.

918-926

Authors: Dina V. Alontseva, Olga N. Grishaeva, Roman V. Tikhonov

The article examines the state-church relations in the Russian state at the turn of the epochs, analyzes the events related to the activities of the Local Council, the revival of the institution of the patriarchate, and the election of the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. The authors note that the development of state-church relations in the history of Russia is characterized by significant changes in the socio-political sphere, including in relations between the state and the church, which have remained and remain important throughout the development of the state. The revival of the institution of the Patriarchate is one of the key topics of state-church relations in the Russian state, which is the subject of special interest in studying the deep historical roots and development of the Russian Orthodox Church, its interaction with the state. The restoration of the patriarchate has received a mixed assessment in Russian science. On the one hand, this is an important step in the development of the Church, its separation from the state, allows it to carry out its spiritual mission more freely, on the other hand, the return of the patriarchate may lead to an increase in the political influence of the Church, violating the principle of "secularism" of the state. The authors consider the problem of restoring the institution of the patriarchate at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, analyze the activities of the Local Council, characterize the procedure for electing the patriarch, determine and announce the results of the election. The conducted research allows us to know and evaluate the impact of the church on historical processes that influenced the formation of cultural and social values, contributing to a deep analysis and interpretation of past events, helping to form a more complete understanding of the role of the church in the history of Russia.

937-945

Authors: Anna P. Dvoretskaya, Artem V. Shakhmatov, Anton V. Surzhko, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev

This study examines the theoretical and practical activities of Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) and Stepan Vasilyevich Vostrotin (1864–1943) on the development of Arctic transport routes in the Yenisei Siberia at the beginning of the 20th century. By a fortunate coincidence, the period of their intensive research activity occurred at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, when there was a need to study the northern territories and their economic and strategic prospects. Both researchers paid great attention to the logistics potential of the Northern Sea Route, which could ensure stable and regular trade of the Siberian region with European countries, including Great Britain and Scandinavia. Particular attention in the study is paid to F. Nansen’s travels across Siberia in the summer and autumn of 1913, which he made in company with S.V. Vostrotin. As a part of the trip, the Norwegian visited Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk and a number of other settlements. The result was the publishing of the book «To the Land of the Future». The article analyzes the main stages of the life path of F. Nansen and V.S. Vostrotin, provides an analysis of their most progressive views on the development of Russian North, Yenisei Siberia, transport routes of this region and its potential in the evolution of international trade and intercultural communication. However, the further development of the creative union of F. Nansen and V.S. Vostrotin was prevented by the revolutionary events of 1917 in Russia. The authors used a wide range of personal sources and analyzed the main historiography of the issues under consideration. The methodological basis of the study was the historical-anthropological approach and the biographical method in historical science.

959-964

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Alexander Y. Epifanov, Ivan N. Kuksin

The article examines the coverage in the newspaper “Soldatsky Vestnik” of the last, final stage of the Brusilov’s breakthrough (July 27 – September 7, 1916). The newspaper Soldatsky Vestnik (issues 186-199) was used as materials. Methodologically, the work is based on the content analysis method, which made it possible to identify publications related to the Brusilov’s breakthrough from several hundred newspaper publications of the “Soldatsky Vestnik” and analyze these materials. The chronological method was also used in the work, thanks to which we considered the events under study in the context of the historical situation and chronological sequence. The authors conclude that in early September 1916, an unfavorable situation was developing for the troops of the Russian Southwestern Front. Due to the long successful offensive, the Russian troops suffered serious losses in manpower. The same offensive forced the enemy to transfer large reserves from the Western to the Eastern Front, which practically equalized the attackers and defenders in their numbers. If we consider that the effect of surprise was long lost, then the continuation of the Brusilov’s breakthrough in these conditions became unpromising, and the Russian command decided to stop it. Throughout the offensive operation of the Russian Southwestern Front under the command of General Brusilov, the main sources of official information for the newspaper “Soldatsky Vestnik” were reports “From the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief”. However, often additional sources were letters from soldiers to their homeland, as well as a variety of additional materials that were reprinted from other newspapers or compiled by the editorial board of the “Soldatsky Vestnik”. Thus, a narrative was introduced aimed at increasing the military spirit of the Russian army during the Brusilov’s breakthrough.

976-990

Authors: Gulnazia Zhakupova, Rustem Kamshat, Gulzagira Oten, Nurdina Tursynbek

The intrinsic value of a set of archive materials will contribute to the disclosure of potential information on the history of economic companies the Kazakh ASSR (Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic) in the 30s of the XX century and the scientific preparation for the publication of declassified documentary heritage. A set of archival documents was formed during the period of these companies. For the first time, a source analysis of archival documents in Arabic script (tөte jazu) and eyewitness memories (formed as a result of the expedition) are being carried out. Attention is focused on the information of the United State Political Administration (OGPU), which is available in many funds at various levels of government and reveals business companies in all aspects. The objectives of the study are to conduct a source analysis of a complex of archival materials and assess their potential. The research materials are documents from archival institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Central State Archive (CSA RK), Presidential Archive (PA RK), State Archive of the Alma-Ata Region. Interpret scientific discourse based on its importance for the source study analysis in the following direction: basis of the origin of state record-keeping; scientific study of record-keeping documents; nature of the command-administrative system; problems of declassifying archive materials; language of the text of archive documents. Classify record-keeping materials, documents in Arabic script (tote zhazu). Identify the impact of the implementation of economic companies Kazakh ASSR in the 30s of the XX century on the evolution of varieties and the content of archive materials. Assess their information potential as a comprehensive source base for studying the mechanism and consequences of economic companies in individual regions of Kazakh ASSR, the process of migration and re-emigration of the Kazakh population, widespread famine, and the situation of children.