Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important opportunistic pathogen that affects immunocompromised individuals and has high ability to adhere to different surfaces. In the present study its ability to adhere to human epithelial cells that collected from mouths of healthy volunteers was checked. Clinical isolate (Sm2) used in this study was able to adhere to the human epithelial cells. The involvement of flagella in the adhesion process was evaluated by employing anti-flagellin antibodies inhibitors of adhesion. To achieve this, flagellin was purified from clinical isolate (Sm2) anti-sera were raised in rabbit. The flagellin receptors were blocked by treatment of bacteria with anti-flagellin. Reduced bacterial adherence in presence of flagellin ant-isera confirmed the role of flagella in adhesion to biotic surfaces. The effect of anti-flagellin was in a dose dependent manner. These evidences prove the involvement of flagella in the adhesion of S. maltophilia to human epithelial cells
This study included 210 patients with Enteroviral symptoms. All samples were collected from middle and south Iraqi provinces. The highest positive percentage was found in Baghdad (28.8 %). The percentages in the other provinces were 26.7 %, 20 % 20 % and 10 % in Basrah, maysan, Karbala and Wasat, respectively. The lowest percentage was reported in Thy-Kar (8 %). It was found that Echovirus type 11 responsible for 50 % (20 case infected with this type of virus) of infection with Echovirus and this percentage was declined for the following virus, Echovirus 1 (20 %), Echovirus 3 (17.5%), Echovirus 22 (7.7%) and Echovirus 5 (5 %).
This study included 7 patients with autoimmune chronic hepatitis that infected previously with HBV (AIH-HBV), and 16 healthy human as a control group. No significant difference in number and percentage of T- Lymphocyte (CD3+ Cells) in the peripheral blood of patients with AICH as compared with control group. In addition, no significant increase in the percentage and number of CD4+ cells (P < 0.001) was reported and no significant decrease in the number and percentage of CD8+ cells (P < 0.01) was observed. These finding was concomitant with increase in CD4+/CD8+ ratio as compared with healthy control. In present study, it can conclude that the collaboration activity of both cells (CD4+ and CD8+) plays the crucial role in severity of AIH-HBV.
Four isolates of Bacillus subtilis produced chitinase were isolated from soil. The bacterial isolates were grown in liquid medium supported with different salts and nitrogen sources. The highest produced isolate was selected for further experiments. Different method was used to purify the enzyme. The optimum condition for enzyme activity was evaluated in present study. B. subtilis A3 gave the highest enzyme production. The different purification steps were followed to purified casein from B. subtilis A3. The produced enzyme was precipitated at 80% of saturated solution of ammonium sulphate. The salt was eradicated by dialyzed the yielded enzyme with distilled water. Finally, the enzyme solution was run through ion-exchange chromatography (Sephadex G-100 column). The maximum specific activity (5.1 U/mg of protein) was observed in liquid medium supported with casein and incubated in 30 oC with pH 8.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and incubated at different temperatures (34, 37 and 39 oC). Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) was measured. Phagocytic activity of LPS-stimulated monocytes in terms of bacterial uptake and intracellular bacterial killing was checked at different temperatures and time intervals in vitro. Early elevation IL-1α was found in LPS-stimulated monocytes that incubated at 39 oC followed by cells that incubated at 37 oC and lowest level was detected at 34 oC. Similar trend was reported in the phagocytic activity in terms of bacterial uptake and intracellular bacterial killing. The sharp decrease in IL-1α was observed 12 h post exposure to LPS in LPS-stimulated monocytes that incubated at 39 oC only. While, the decrease of IL-1α levels in other incubated temperatures (34 and 37 oC) was seen later than incubated at 39 oC. This report describes the striking effect of incubation temperature on activity of LPS-stimulated monocytes. This result explains clearly the important role of elevation temperature in modulating the immune response against external pathogens.
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