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17

Authors: Otero Somoano, Á

INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) can include injuries and symptoms that affect any part of the body. They mainly affect the locomotor system, that meaning joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones... MSDs are associated with a strong impact on society, rarely addressed, since it involves a huge use of health resources. In a study carried out by the National Commission for Safety and Health at Work, in Spain, this type of disorder was pointed out as the one that generates the highest rate of temporary disability (TI) in comparison with other diseases or ailments. On admittance to Rehabilitation Services for physiotherapy (because of MSD), a training plan must be carried out. This means therapeutic exercise the patient should carry out (self-treatment). The purpose of this program will be to determine the appropriate and most efficient physical activity according to the patient. The program should be adapted to different issues: the daily activities carried out by the patient before the illness; their work activity; situation of the injury; psychological situation of the patient regarding the acceptance of their own illness. The physiotherapist is be the person trained to properly develop the training plan, after making the timely assessment of the patient. Joints are the most important areas of connection of the locomotor system, allowing the mobility of the body. Shoulder joint is the junction between the humerus and the scapula (glenohumeral joint) together with the junction with the clavicle. It is formed by muscles and ligaments attached to both bones. The upper part of the scapula contains two formations called the acromion and the coracoid process. Between the humerus and the acromion is the subacromial space that contains a variety of tendons and muscles; this is a critical area in shoulder injuries. The shoulder is one of the joints with the greatest range of mobility in the human body (and possibly the most complex). Painful shoulder syndrome is a common musculoskeletal condition. It can occur due to intrinsic disorders of the shoulder (eg: caused by the anatomical structures of the shoulder) or extrinsic (also called referred pain), in which case there is no functional limitation. Definition should be: pain that is located in the shoulder region, unilateral or bilateral, and that appears with some movements of the arm. OBJECTIVES The main objective is to carry out a 6-month sampling of the most common referrals to the physiotherapy service in a Primary Care unit and to determine which MSDs are the most frequent. Secondary objective: create a training program to help restore health to these patients, based on exercises to regain joint range and strength. To do this, a bibliographic review of the most appropriate self-treatment exercises will be carried out for the lesions detected. METHODOLOGY For a 6-month period we perform random sequential sampling of patients between the ages of 18 and 65 referred to the unit. We determine which MSDs are the most common. With the results obtained, a training plan for the recovery was carried out for the patient. RESULTS Exhaustive review of the 523 patients referred was made. It was detected that the most common body areas affected by MSDs were the cervical area (cervicoarthrosis being the most common), the lumbar area (mechanical low back pain being the most common) and the shoulder joint (painful shoulder). CONCLUSION Identifying the most frequent MSDs in society can help to understand the need to take action in these areas, directing the work of the Primary Care physiotherapist towards timely and effective strategies that allow reducing the prevalence of these pathologies. This would reduce the duration and number of Temporary Disabilities (IT).

23

Authors: Ruiz Martínez, C

INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in nursing staff. MSDs are a group of conditions that affect the muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves and skeletal structures of the body, which can reduce a person´s functional ability. Nursing workers are particularly vulnerable to MSDs due to the physical and repetitive nature of their daily tasks, which can increase the risk of developing MSDs, especially if they are performed repetitively or under ergonomically unfavourable conditions. In addition, nurses also face a high emotional burden due to direct contact with patients and difficult situations, which can increase stress and the risk of developing MSDs. MATERIAL AND METHODS To conduct this literature review, a systematic search was performed in several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and Web of Science. The search was conducted using a combination of keywords and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. The following search terms were used: "musculoskeletal disorders", "nursing", "risk factors", "primary prevention" and "secondary prevention". In addition, reference lists of selected studies were reviewed to identify additional relevant studies published from 2018 to 2023 published in both English and Spanish. RESULTS The results evidence that musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a common problem in nursing staff due to the physical and repetitive nature of their daily tasks. The prevalence of MSDs in nursing staff ranges from 50% to 90%. MSDs can have negative consequences on the quality of life, job satisfaction and productivity of nursing staff, which can affect the quality of patient care. Preventive and therapeutic strategies exist to prevent and treat MSDs in nursing staff, such as ergonomics training and education, implementing workplace safety policies and procedures, and making changes to the design of the work environment. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy are also effective in the treatment of MSDs in nursing staff. Female gender, older age and overweight are associated with a higher prevalence of MSDs in nurses, while nurses with higher levels of education and work experience are less likely to experience MSDs. Lack of time and resources for the prevention and treatment of MSDs in nursing staff is a common problem that needs to be addressed by employers and decision-makers in the health sector. CONCLUSION The prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in nursing staff is a major concern due to the physical nature of the work they perform. The implementation of safe and ergonomic work programmes and policies, education and training in MSD prevention and treatment, as well as an improved safety culture in the workplace, are important to address this problem. The literature review suggests that coordinated and collaborative action between employers, nursing workers, decision makers and other health professionals is required to achieve a safe and healthy work environment for nursing staff.

43

Authors: Antón Santos, B

INTRODUCTION Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is an idiopathic postural deformity of the head and neck, related to the unilateral contraction or retraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle after an exaggerated elongation of the latter. When it is not treated or is treated late, we find the possibility of developing numerous sequelae with greater or lesser impact on the life and growth of children and adults. OBJETIVE The general objective of this work is to carry out an updated bibliographic review of everything we know about Congenital Muscular Torticollis with the latest studies and to group the different sequelae that can develop when muscular torticollis is not treated or resolved in time. MATERIAL AND METHODS This literature review performed a systematized search of articles in six online databases (Medline, SciELO, WOS, PEDRro and LILALCS). The following terms were used to carry out the search: Initially, “tortícolis”, “torticollis”, “tortícolis congénita” y “torticollis congenital”, and then further refine the search by adding other keywords to the search, “reflujo”, “reflux” “escoliosis”, “scoliosis”, “displasia cadera”, “hyp dysplasia”, “pelvis”, “pelvis”, “asimetría craneofacial”, “craniofacial asymmetry”, “plagiocefalia”, “plagiocephaly”, “mala oclusión”, “malocclusion”, “desarrollo psicomotor”, “psychomotor development”, “retraso neurodesarrollo”, “development delay”. I included all types of studies published since 2017 conducted in humans that discussed CCT and its long-term sequelae or comorbidities. RESULTS After searching different databases and other sources, 18 articles were selected for this review. These studies were chosen because, in addition to meeting the different selection criteria, they provided some information on the correlation that can be found between CCT and different anatomical or functional alterations over the years. CONCLUSIONS In general, there are few studies carried out since 2017 on the long-term impact of CCT. There are many previous articles on the relationship between CCT and certain alterations and dysfunctions that we observe during the growth of children and even in adults, and although they promote the need for verification and further research on the subject, I have not found a large number of articles in the last 5 years to be able to carry out this review with more objective data. Even so, I believe that with the data found and those already known, it is clearly evident that if CMD is not diagnosed and treated in time, it can trigger compensations that create other pathologies or syndromes that end up having considerable repercussions in pediatric and adult patients.