Scientific Horizons

7-17

Authors: Viacheslav Yatsenko

For the agricultural sector, there is a current trend of expanding the range of vegetables. Modern agricultural production is impossible without the cultivation of legumes – a cheap source of vegetable protein and one of the important links on which depends the balance of organic matter in the soil. The purpose of the study conducted in 2019-2020 was to investigate the cultivar specifics and the influence of drip irrigation on the growth and yield of vegetable beans and the development of a symbiotic system. The research involved field, laboratory, statistical, and calculation-analytical methods. Studies have indicated that the use of drip irrigation contributed to an earlier emergence of seedlings, a reduction in interphase periods, and earlier arrival of vegetable products by 4-7 days, depending on the cultivar. The weight of green beans increased by 35.9-41.9 g, depending on the cultivar. Yields of green beans increased by 3.5 t/ha (32.1%) in Karadag cultivar, 3.6 t/ha (31.3%) in Windsor cultivar, and 4.2 t/ha (39.2%) in Ukrainian Sloboda and Windsor cultivars. Among the experimental variants, the most productive cultivar on the dry-farming lands was the Ukrainian Sloboda, and on irrigated lands – Belarusian, Ukrainian Sloboda, and Windsor. The results indicate that the most developed nodulation apparatus was established in the Ukrainian Sloboda cultivar, where the largest mass was developed, but nodules on the plant were small (0.9 g on dry-farming lands and 1.3 g on irrigated lands). In general, drip irrigation contributed to the improved development of legume-rhizobial symbiosis of vegetable bean plants. The mass of the nodules on the drip irrigation increased by 0.3 g/plant regardless of the cultivar, and their amount increased by 1.5-9.0 pcs/plant. The presented results give an idea of legume agrocenosis functioning and the impact of irrigation on the main quality indicators of the product. Further research lies in the examination of the modes (rates, timing, multiplicity) of irrigation and their impact on the productivity of vegetable bean plants

29-35

Authors: Viktor Khvostyk

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to continually conduct anatomical pathology analysis of dead embryos as an integral part of genetic monitoring of harmful mutations, which may reduce the level of genetic burden in the gene pool of poultry. The study was conducted on poultry of various species of the Ukrainian gene pool: chickens of meat and egg area of productivity, turkeys of the original family lines of the Kharkiv crossing. The purpose of the study was to determine the spectrum and frequency of hereditary genetic defects in the development of embryos in land birds of various species, to establish the level of genetic burden. The spectrum and frequency of morphological and anatomical hereditary defects of chicken and Turkey embryos were established during anatomical pathology examination of incubation waste. Visual examination of the dead embryos allowed identifying morphological abnormalities in the structure of the skeleton, as well as various disproportions of its individual parts. In chickens of subpopulations with black-striped and white plumage, among the birds of all the studied groups, the widest range of morphological abnormalities of embryo development was discovered. In meat and egg hens with golden plumage, three anomalies with the same frequency of manifestation of 33.3% were found among the examined dead embryos. Only 1 anomaly “exencephaly” was found in birds with mottled plumage. Two cases of double mutation were found in birds with silver plumage among the examined dead embryos. The level of genetic burden in the studied subpopulations of meat and egg chickens was in the range of 3.45-8.72%. In birds with white and silver plumage, this figure was higher than the maximum allowed value, therefore it is necessary to carry out selection measures to eliminate lethal genes from these populations of chickens. In turkeys of the paternal line 5 and maternal line 6 of the Kharkiv crossing, 2 morphological anomalies of embryo development were found among the examined dead-in-shell embryos. The level of genetic burden in turkeys of related forms is low – 1.60-1.89%, which does not exceed the maximum allowed value (8.0%). This indicates a low share in the heredity of the used breeders of hidden carriers of “defective” genes. At this stage, the preservation of the gene pool of birds is not threatening its further breeding

46-57

Authors: Svitlana Lohinova, Hryhoriy Khaietskyi

The study of the forest ecosystem as an integral part of the erosion preventive system is related to a number of issues. The forest is the most powerful and effective tool in the prevention of soil erosion, droughts, and hot winds, as well as an environmental stabilising factor in general. Human forestry activities in the fight against the drying of coniferous plantations from an outbreak of mass reproduction and spread to large areas of stem pests under the influence of a complex of ecological and climatic factors, is one of the serious factors disrupting the structure of the forest biocenosis. The search for alternative solutions to the localisation of this problem requires a detailed study of the behaviour of the most common bark beetles of coniferous trees in climatic and environmental conditions that developed during 2011-2020. During the period of active temperatures in 2019, namely from the second decade of April to the third decade of October, work on stationary supervision and laboratory field work was carried out to solve the problem of localisation of stem pests of Polissya and Forest-steppe pine plantations. Methods of laying out trap trees and pheromone traps were used. In practice, the pest did not inhabit trap trees and only a few representatives in very small numbers and entomophages fell into traps. Instead, it inhabited healthy trees where the catchers were located. It was established that from the scientific and practical standpoint, the studied regularity of pine drying centres is clearly confined to highways and timber roads, as well as the area of distribution of relevant species of stem pests and weakening zones of pine stands in some areas for other reasons. It is proved that to preserve the ecological potential of coniferous plantations and reduce the negative impact of xylophagous insects, it is necessary to design preventive and biological methods of control of the main stem pests of coniferous trees

65-73

Authors: Yuri Berezovsky, Tetiana Kuzmina, Tatyana Mazievich

In modern competitive conditions, the eco-brand is one of the main prerequisites for the effective development of the country's economy. In an unstable economic situation, the reformatting of Ukrainian society is too sluggish, problems are growing rapidly, which is unquestioningly used by dishonest players in the consumer market. This study examines the trends in internal and global commodity markets, points out the need to develop the market for environmentally friendly goods based on oil flax, improve the quality of flax-containing products by the use of advanced technologies and innovative equipment. The research methods were: monographic, comparison, analysis, mathematical planning, and graphic. It is determined that the main prerequisite for sustainable development of the country in the context of economic globalisation, limited resources, and technology development is the use of eco-branding. To increase the efficiency of fibre processing, a method for processing flax has been developed, which allows expanding the range of products for processing flax straw and creating a waste-free technology. A method for obtaining the uniform fibre from bast-fibre crops has been developed, which allows processing the stems of oil flax. Prospects for using the considered technical and technological developments can contribute to the modernisation of the processing industry, its further development, expansion of the Ukrainian market, increase jobs and attract highly qualified specialists in the relevant field, increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian products on the world market

84-98

Authors: Marta Barna, Nadiya Ruschyshyn

The relevance of the study was conditioned by the fact that the fulfillment of the banking system potential can ensure positive structural changes in the Ukrainian economy. The purpose of the study was to analyse the state and trends in the development of the banking system of Ukraine in terms of its impact on the structural reform of the national economy. In the course of this study, statistical analysis methods were used (to analyse the state and dynamics of the country's banking system development) and an analogue method (to identify the degree of influence of the banking system development on structural changes in the economy). It was proved that the effective functioning of the banking system is the key to successful economic development of the national economy, namely its reform. It was demonstrated that a mechanism for redistributing financial resources and funds operates through the banking system, so they are mobilised and attracted to economic circulation in those sectors of the economy that need it most. The study summarised the state and trends in the banking system development as prerequisites for fulfilling its potential in the structural reform of the national economy. As a result of analysing the state and trends in the banking system development, both positive and negative features were identified. It was proved that in Ukraine, at the current stage of the national economy development, the banking system has been cleared of low-liquid and conditionally fictitious banking structures, the volume of assets, namely highly liquid ones, is growing, as well as the loan portfolio of banks is improving along with their financial results, liquidity, and solvency, resistance to currency shocks are increasing, and bank lending to the economy is reviving. It was demonstrated that the Ukrainian banking system is described by certain systemic shortcomings, primarily a high level of concentration of bank capital and deposits in the largest banks, as well as state-owned banks in a number of segments of the banking sector in terms of the number of structural divisions, ATMs, terminals, active payment cards. There is a tendency to weaken the penetration of the banking sector into the economy, especially in terms of affordable lending to individuals and strategic sectors of the economy. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that the identified shortcomings in the development of the banking system and its impact on structural reforms allowed determining the strategic areas for improving state regulation in this area

109-120

Authors: Volodymyr Hobela

This study considers the modern development features of economic systems – intensification of economy offshoring, which determines the relevance of the subject matter. The purpose of the study was to analyse offshoring, establish its impact on the national economic security, and develop means to de-offshorise the economy. The methodological basis of the study included general scientific and special cognition methods, in particular dialectical cognition, theoretical generalisation and abstraction, methods of economic and statistical analysis, induction, deduction, and synthesis. The study analysed the volume of offshore capital withdrawals, the tax asymmetry level, and the economy offshoring level in different countries, including Ukraine. Based on the analysis data, the study indicated the threatening level of modern economy offshoring. The study included the theoretical analysis of offshoring in the system of national economic security, the main causes, advantages, and disadvantages of this process for the national economy. The authors highlighted the main threats posed by offshoring to the economy and economic security. The terms "offshoring" and "de-offshoring" were defined, considering their security significance. The study identified that a considerable share of the withdrawn capital is returned to the national economy in the form of so-called "round-trip" investments. As a result, it is necessary to consider the safety indicators of "round-trip" investments for the economy upon implementing measures to reduce their volumes. The study analysed the ratio of withdrawn capital and external debt of different countries and determined that Ukraine is one of the leading countries according to this indicator. The authors developed the main means of Ukrainian economy de-offshoring and ensuring economic security