Scientific Horizons

15-23

Authors: V. Gamayunova, A. Panfilova, T. Baklanova, A. Kuvshinova, T. Kasatkina, V. Nagirniy

The most optimal sowing period was determined in one of the experiments with winter barley for the conditions of the southern Steppe zone of Ukraine, such as the 2nd decade of October. At the same time, during sowing in the 1st decade of October, the average grain yield over the years of cultivation, for varieties and preparations from pre – sowing seed treatment increased by 13.7 %, for sowing in the 2nd decade it increased by 11.9 %, and in the 3rd decade of October it increased by 4.1 %, which was due to the duration of the autumn vegetation. More significantly, the grain yield of four varieties of winter barley increased from extra-foliar fertilizing of plants with growth-regulating substances during the main periods of vegetation. So, if in the control when plants were processed with water, the grain yield on average for three years of cultivation, depending on the variety, was formed in the range from 3.92 to 4.49 t/ha, then when they were processed, depending on the biological product and the vegetation phase, it increased from 4.50 up to 5.63 t/ha. It was established that a substantial level of yield increased after fertilizing twice during spring tillering and early stooling primarily from the use of Isotope and Organic-balance compared to Melanoriz and Microfriend. The studied winter barley varieties, such as Snigova Koroleva, Devyatiy Val, Valkyrie and Oscar were determined to be more productive in terms of stability of crop formation during all years of cultivation. There was a similar reaction on nutrition optimization through the application of growth-regulating substances on plants of spring barley. Their use for double nutrition resulted in an increase in the grain yield in the range of 26.7 up to 27.1 % compared to the control and 10.1 up to 10.5 % with a background of a moderate dose of mineral fertilizer N30P30. With an average supply of soil with nutrients and optimizing the nutrition of spring barley plants by using only modern growth-regulating preparations, depended on the number of nutritions the grain yield reached the maximum values for holding them three times during the growing season. At the same time, the quality of grain was also improved. Organic D-2M (1 l/ha), Escort-bio (500 g/ha) and Fresh florid (300 g/ha) were identified as more effective preparations for spring barley. Advantages of the selected for research varieties of spring barley were not determined. All of them were almost identical in all years of cultivation.

32-37

Authors: N. Plotnytska, O. Nevmerzhytska, O. Gurmanchuk, V. Kashtan

The oversaturation of crop rotation with maize has a negative effect on the phytosanitary condition of its bally crops and leads to losses of 25–30 % of grain yield due to the phytopathogenic organisms and pests’ growth. Seed treatment enables the young maize sprouts to be protected from pathogens existing inside and on the surface of the seeds, in the soil as well as on plant residues, on the early stages of organogenesis. Our research, conducted during 2018–2019 under conditions of the Zhytomyr National Agro-ecological University research field, was aimed at studying the effectiveness of seed treatment fungicide used for protection of maize crops against the most common pathogens of fungal diseases: Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Unger, Sorosporium relianum Mc. Alp., Fusarium moniliforme Scheld. The article presents the results of the study concerning the estimation of effectiveness of such seed treatment fungicide as TMTD, suspension concentration, (3,0 l/t), Vitavaks 200 FF, water suspension concentration (2,5 l/t) and Skarlet (0,4 l/t) against pathogens of the main fungal diseases when applied to the maize hybrid DKS 2960. The application of TMTD, suspension concentration (3,0 l/t), Vitavaks 200 FF, water suspension concentration (2,5 l/t) and Skarlet (0,4 l/t) promotes to the reduction in the extent of maize affection with Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Unger by 1.4–2,5 %, Sorosporium relianum Mc. Alp. by 0,9–1,9 %, Fusarium moniliforme Scheld by 3,7–4,8 %. The use of Skarlet agent enabled to restrain the development of Sorosporium relianum Mc. Alp. completely. The seed treatment fungicide applied had a positive effect on the yield of maize grain and allowed to obtain an increase of 1,1–2.0 t/ha as compared to the untreated variant. The highest yield increase of 2,0 t/ha, compared to the control variant, was obtained during the pre-sowing treatment of maize seeds with Skarlet (0,4 l/t). Further research will focus on developing elements of the maize protection system against major diseases, including the use of biological product.

43-52

Authors: M. Shvets, F. Markov, E. Galev, A. Pitsil, I. Kulbanska

Objective – to assess and analyze the phytosanitary condition of plants of the genus Betula on the territory of the botanical garden of the Zhytomyr National Agroecological University. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: route-visual, forestry-inventory, mycological, phytopathological, and comparatively calculated. Diagnosing the viability of forest plants, we used visual and instrumental approaches. The condition of plant specimens was evaluated in three categories: good, satisfactory, and unsatisfactory. Materials were processed using the Microsoft Office Word and Microsoft Office Excel computer programs. The phytosanitary condition of plants from the genus Betula was assessed and analyzed on the territory of the botanical garden of the Zhytomyr National Agroecological University. In the territory of the botanical garden, specimens of Betula raddeana Traut., B. lenta L., B. papyrifera Marsh., B. schmidtii Reg., B. dahurica Pall. are in excellent physiological condition now. Somewhat weakened infectious pathologies are B. pendula Roth. and B. pubescens Ehrh. Diagnosed their pathological processes with the identification of the species composition of pathogens of infectious diseases and pathologies of non-infectious nature. In general, the phytosanitary condition of the studied specimens is satisfactory; however, 27.3 % of plants of Betula are now weakened. Infectious diseases of birch trees of various etiologies have been identified. Brown spots are the most common among diseases of fungal etiology - the pathogen Marssonina betulae. Diagnosed the presence of wood destroyers Fomitopsis betulina and Fomes fomentarius. Found diffuse foci of half-parasite mistletoe white (Viscum album). Among the bacterioses, the negative effect of the pathogens of the bacterial burn of (Erwinia amylоvora) and the bacterial dropsy of silver birch (Lelliottia nimipressuralis) on the morphological and physiological state of plants has been established. In shape of the bark, silver birch with a rhomboid-fissured form of the bark turned out to be resistant to bacterial dropsy, the least stable with a smooth shape. On the examined tree trunks, the pattern of altitude of ulcers from dropsy (as integral components of the symptoms of bacteriosis) was revealed, where they were noted up to a height of 15.5 m. A key step in the development plant of Betula health measures is environmental and pathological monitoring, annual sanitary trimming of affected shoots and dry branches, and the use of biological products based on aerobic spore-forming bacteria Bacillus sp.

60-65

Authors: V. Borschenko, A. Bernatsky, O. Lavryniuk, S. Verbelchuk, S. Farafonov

Feeding in the dry season affects the viability of the offspring and milk in the next lactation. In addition, proper feeding prevents heavy calving, metabolic disorders (paresis, ketosis, delayed litter, etc.), increases fertilization, and improves colostrums quality. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of nutrition on nutrition, metabolic disorders, and reproductive function in cows after calving after nutrition of nutriCAB (encapsulated calcium chloride). The effect of feeding NutriCAB (encapsulated calcium chloride) in the period of late dryness on dairy productivity, metabolic disorders and reproductive functions in cows after calving is investigated and the zootechnical and economic efficiency of such feeding is determined. The study was conducted on 44 dry cows. Dry cows received NutriCAB starting at 21 grams per day at 130 grams / head / day. The results of the studies have substantiated the need for late cationic anion-to-negative (DCAB) rations with NutriCAB, which contributes to hotel relief, reduced metabolic abnormalities, improved health and reproductive performance. Late-dry cationic anion-to-negative diet (DCAB) rationing with NutriCAB makes it easier to calve, reduce metabolic abnormalities, improve the health and reproductive function of cows, get faster milk yields and provide stability. The introduction of the NutriCAB product to cows in late dryness significantly lowered the urine pH after 5 days. The use of anionic salts in rations of dry cows at the current price is economically feasible. Mainly by reducing the costs of post-partum metabolic disorders, as well as the positive trends in feed intake, increased animal productivity, reduced length of service, and more efficient conversion of feed into milk.

75-88

Authors: О. Kilnytska, О. Sushytskyi, Y. Sardakovskiy

The development of the labor market in Ukraine is taking place under extremely complicated demographic, socio-economic, political and environmental conditions. Currently, only 45% of the country's employment potential generates official gross product to provide to the unemployed, the retired, the householders, and the upbringing of children, sick, children, students and others. This situation prompts exploration and formation of mechanisms that motivate employment. The goal of this scientific work is to specify methodological approaches and evaluate salary as main motivation for employment. The object is the usage and motivation of Ukrainian enterprises` employees. The subject of this study is a combination of theoretical, methodological and practical problems of motivation assessing for work and salary. In the course of the study classical approaches to defining the concept of “motivation” were characterized and attention was paid to the importance of the incentive of material rewards. Employment dynamics of the population of Ukraine and the EU countries for 2014-2018 is displayed. The relationship between gross domestic product per capita and the level of minimal salary in Ukraine and in some countries of the world has been demonstrated. A comparative assessment of officially established level of minimal salary of equal employee representatives with the international standards of the International Labor Organization, the UN, the World Bank, the EU is made. The dynamics of the average monthly nominal salary of full-time employees according to economic activities in Ukraine is analyzed. By the sociological surveys method the level of the desired average monthly salary of workers in Ukraine by age, sex, regional by region in 2018 and 2019 were determined. Determined that a higher level of gross domestic product per capita in the country provides a higher level of the official minimal salary, better social protection and reproduction of the workforce. Low financial resources of the state and employers are holding back wage growth as a major motivating factor for work and workforce reproduction. The state's intervention in the field of material motivation of work by establishment of a minimum salary and regulating employment and unemployment is justified. A further perspective of research in this area should be the formation of a national model of emloyment motivation - the concept of complex, systemic motivation based on employment growth, bringing basic social standards in the fields of fiscal policy, salary, to international standards, formation of a strong middle class and ensuring stable development.

102-110

Authors: О. Sydіakіna, І. Sahnо

Broccoli fruits are appreciated for the presence of substances important for the human body, which determines the high nutritional value of this cabbage vegetable crop. The purpose of this article is to analyze the literature on the economic and therapeutic value of broccoli, to determine the current state of its production in the world, in Europe and Ukraine, to study varietal resource and technology of crops growing, as well as the conditions for maximum long-term storage. The hіstоry оf оrіgіn and nutritional prоpertіes оf such valuable vegetable culture as brоccоlі cabbage are cоvered іn the artіcle. Analysis of the chemical composition of the fruits shows that broccoli contains many macrо-, trace elements and vitamins. Іts protein in amino acid composition is not inferior to the protein of beef, and the presence of tryptophan, lysine and isoleucine brings it closer to the protein of chicken eggs. The results of studies of the amino acid composition of Parthenon broccoli protein and Monaco F1, Belstar F1, Quinta F1 hybrids are shown. The article analyzes the healing properties of culture. Іt is shown that the consumption of its fruits provides high efficiency in the fight against various gastric pathologies, improves digestion, calms the stomach, maintains the necessary acidity, promotes better absorption of nutrients, reduces the effect of inflammatory processes. Much attention has been paid to the healing properties of sulforaphane, which has a pronounced anti-cancer activity. Іn addition to sulfоraphane, broccoli cabbage also contains other anticancer substances such as іndоle-3-carbіnоl and synegrin. The antioxidant, anti-enzyme, hormone-like action of indole compounds of broccoli extract is shown. The artіcle analyzes the healіng prоpertіes оf culture. Іt іs shоwn that the cоnsumptіоn оf іts fruіts prоvіdes hіgh effіcіency іn the fіght agaіnst varіоus gastrіc pathоlоgіes, іmprоves dіgestіоn, calms the stоmach, maіntaіns the necessary acіdіty, prоmоtes better absоrptіоn оf nutrіents, reduces the effect оf іnflammatоry prоcesses. Much attentіоn has been paіd tо the healіng prоpertіes оf sulfоraphane, whіch has a prоnоunced antі-cancer actіvіty. Іn addіtіоn tо sulfоraphane, brоccоlі cabbage alsо cоntaіns оther antі-cancer substances such as іndоle-3-carbіnоl and synegrіn. The antіоxіdant, antі-enzyme, hоrmоne-lіke actіоn оf іndоle cоmpоunds оf brоccоlі extract іs shоwn. The artіcle prоvіdes statіstіcs оn acreage and brоccоlі prоductіоn іn the wоrld and Eurоpe. The largest prоducіng cоuntrіes оf thіs culture and theіr cоnsumptіоn are іndіcated. The current state оf brоccоlі prоductіоn іn Ukraіne іs analyzed, іn partіcular cоnsіderable attentіоn іs gіven tо varіetal resоurces оf culture. The article describes the ways of growing broccoli, agrotechnical operations for plant care, identifies dangerous diseases and pests of culture, measures to control them and storage conditions of grown products. It is shown that the maximum yield levels of broccoli cabbage provides under conditions of optimal supply of moisture and nutrients. Based оn the analysіs оf the lіterature оn the іmpоrtance and current state оf brоccоlі prоductіоn, іt was cоncluded that іts stable prоductіоn іn Ukraіne іs pоssіble оnly under the cоndіtіоn оf іmprоvement and іntrоductіоn оf the latest apprоaches tо cultіvatіоn technоlоgy, and the relevance оf further researches wіth thіs culture was cоnfіrmed.