International Journal of Graduate Research and Review

194-203

Authors: Deepak Subedi, Krishna Kaphle

Avian Influenza is an economically important, highly contagious and fatal infectious disease of birds caused by Type A strains of the influenza virus of Orthomyxoviridae family. Avian Influenza is primarily a disease of domestic and wild birds however mammals may be affected. It can be classified as Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) on the basis of pathogenicity. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus is circulating in various countries of Asia and World and causing huge economic loss. After first case of HPAI H5N1 in Kankarbhitta, Jhapa in 2009, several other cases have been reported from Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Chitwan, Hetauda, Kavre and other places of the country. To date 255 outbreaks of HPAI in birds are reported from 21 districts of Nepal. After 10 years of outbreak of HPAI H5N1 in poultry, in March, 2019 first reported case of human casualty from H5N1 was reported, which shows passive surveillance of the disease. Poor biosecurity, lack of public awareness, few epidemiological investigation, insufficient quarantine and lack of vaccination are major factors in transmission and spread of disease in Nepal. The aim of this paper is to assess outbreak scenario, transmission, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and prevention and control measures of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza.

209-219

Authors: Nusrat Bibi, Syeda Sidra Tasneem Kausar, Ali Waqas, Azra Rehman

Aim: The purpose of study is to know how nurses perceive conflict, whether constructive or destructive, and how they manage it on their daily based interactions at their work place. Background : Conflict among nursing professionals is very common ,and underlying reasons most of the time are communication gap, work overload ,and obstreperous behavior .Furthermore ,health care system is changing rapidly ,and becoming more demanding day-by-day .Nurses not only have to look after patients ,safety measures of patients ,holistic care approaches ,cost constrains concerns ,and safety measures of themselves as well as of their related personnel with increased work load .Nursing workplace have become unpredictable these days .Hence ,all these circumstances can easily precipitate conflicts . But unfortunately, positive perspectives of conflict are scarce in nursing unlike other social sciences. Conflict can be positive as well as negative; depending upon its management. The purpose of this study is how nurses take conflict positive or negative and what types of strategies they use while interacting with conflict. Methodology: This is quantitative descriptive study. Data was collected from one hundred nurses of Jinnah Hospital Lahore. An adopted scale having 24 items was used to collect data on Likert Scale. Conclusion: The outcomes of the study indicated positive results. Most participants were agreed to resolve problems in a positive and good manner which gave sense that conflict is positive and constructive in its manner. The result indicated major portion participants answered that conflict is constructive as it increases improvement in patients’ care, help in problem solving, innovation, brain storming, increase efficacy at work place and hence increase organizational output as well as organizational repute also. So, conflict is basically constructive in nature.

225-230

Authors: Richa Pradhan, Srijana Awale

Climate change is believed to impact people unequally. It is said that the poor, women and vulnerable groups who are dependent on climate sensitive livelihood will be affected the most. In Nepal, women comprise of majority of poor who have extended involvement in agricultural activities due to mass out migration of men. The objective of the study is to study the impact of climate change on the situation of women, and to assess the impact of climate change on the condition and position of women. The study area was Lele, Lalitpur where sample size of the study was fifty women who were dependent on agriculture. Primary data was collected by focus group discussion, questionnaire survey and key informant interview. Study showed that climatic variability has impacted agriculture in terms of soil compaction and increase in pest, which has increased in workload of women and time availability as well. Climate Change has impacted in the situation of women in the study area by increasing their burden of work, increasing their exposure to pesticides, increasing their dependency on market food due to decline in production affecting their nutrition and also increasing the cost of production.