International Journal of Graduate Research and Review

1-5

Authors: Bhishma Raj Dahal, Subash Bhandari

Adequate supply of nutrient is required for optimum crop production; the present scenario of crop production rely on chemical fertilizer. Synthetic fertilizer has prodigious amount of threats to environment and healthy food production. Nepal is importing chemical fertilizers thus Nepalese farmers are facing many problems for timely supply of chemical fertilizers. More than sixty percent of Nepal comprises of hilly regions, transportation in a hill is difficult and expensive due to lack of well-developed road networks. Chemical fertilizers reduce productivity and fertility of soil in long term and cause serious threats to human health and environment. Biofertilizers are biologically active cells or strains of latent cell which upon inoculation improves nutrient fixation and absorption. Biofertilizer has gigantic potential for improving plant nutrition by substituting chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers are eco-friendly and has tremendous positive impact in yield of crops. Multiplication and distribution of biofertilizer do not require sophisticated infrastructure, multiplication is possible even at farmer's level. Biofertilizers (BGA, Azolla-anabaena, Mycorrhiza and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) could be alternative to chemical fertilizer as it increases productivity, soil health and fertility. This review has highlighted the role of bio fertilizers in improving physical and chemical properties of soil in rice field, improving yield of rice by increasing nutrient fixation and absorption.

12-16

Authors: Sundar Tiwari

Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an important storage pest of maize and other cereal crops such as wheat, rice and barley in humid tropical regions. The infestation of pest has been recorded up to 80 % in worse conditions. However, damages on maize in storehouse can be influenced by moisture and storage conditions. Regarding its management, farmers of south Asian regions have been used a chemical pesticide called Celphos (Aluminum phosphide), a toxic poison releasing chemical. This chemical is extremely poisonous to human health and the environment. Hence, an alternative benign approach of pest management has been realized for the sustainable control of this pest. A laboratory study was conducted by using various potential repelling plant materials in Chitwan Nepal from March to November 2017. These treatments materials were: Acoros calamus L. rhizome dust (Sweet flag), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. seed powder (Neem), Artemisia vulgaris L. leaf dust (Common mugwort), Zanthoxylum armatum DC fruit powder (Prickly ash), Melia azedarach L. seed powder (Chinaberry tree), Justicia adhatoda L. leaf dust (Malabar nut). All of these materials were compared with the susceptible control (no-treatments). Experiment design was a complete randomized block design with three replication for each replicate. The average temperature and humidity of the storehouse were 27.5oc and 75% RH respectively. At the end of the data observation, less than one percent grain damage was recorded in A. calamus treated maize grains followed by J. adhatoda, and maximum damage was recorded in control maize. The number of holes per 100g was lowest in A. calamus treated maize and more numbers of holes were recorded in control. Acorus calamus and A. indica treated maize have lowest weevil population but control maize had highest weevil population. The highest weight loss was recorded in control and the lowest weight loss was in A. calamus treated maize grains. This information’s suggested that A. calamus is the most potential plant material to repel the maize weevil from the storehouse

27-31

Authors: Matilal Dhakal

The present study was undertaken to analyze the marketing potentiality of the potato in Dailekh district of Nepal. The focus of the study was, to analyze the marketing system, effective marketing channels, marketing problems and potentialities of potato. The data were collected from 60 potato producers’ households from Gurans Rural Municipality of Dailekh district through semi-structured questionnaire interview. This was supplemented by secondary data collected from different sources. Primary data were collected from 60 respondent households while secondary data collected from internet and reports. The findings revealed that the average potato production in one ropani of land was 602 kg and their cost of production, gross return and net return were Rs. 11596, Rs.24080 and Rs. 12484 respectively. In case of 1 kg of potato production, the study showed that cost of production, gross return and net return were Rs. 19.26, Rs. 40 and Rs. 20.73 respectively. The benefit cost ratio was 2.076 which indicates potato production and marketing is profitable. The prominent constraints of marketing potato among the small-scale farmers were lack of access to credit, lack of access to storage facilities, lack of market information, poorly developed village market structure, poor produces price, inadequate access roads, small size of transport and high transportation cost. This study recommends for improving in storage facilities, road access for transportation and improvement in communication system for better marketing of potato.

39-46

Authors: Mohammad Hidayat Lamakarate, Muhammad Basir, Nawawi Natsir, Slamet Riyadi

This study aims to find out and analyze the impact of transformational leadership, work motivation, education and training on the performance of Civil Servants in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province. The simultaneous relationship between transformational leadership, work motivation, and simultaneous education and training and the performance was also measured. The combination of quote and purposive sampling technique were used to identify the numbers of samples. There were 378 respondents involved out of 6.856 people work in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province. Pilot study was taken to validate the questionnaire by expert judgment and empirical validation. Classic assumption test, such as, normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and linearity as well as hypothesis used in this study using SPSS. The results of this study found several evidences, for example: 1) transformational leadership has a significant effect on the performance of Civil Servants in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province; 2) work motivation has a significant effect on the performance of Civil Servants in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province; 3) training has a significant effect on the performance of Civil Servants in the government of Central Sulawesi Province; and 4) variable of education and training has a greater and significant influence on Civil Servants performance than work motivation and transformational leadership. Finally, variable of work motivation has significant impact on Civil Servants performance than transformational leadership in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province.

60-66

Authors: Shiv Nandan Sah, Tara Ghimire, Surendra Prasad Yadav, Pradeep Kumar Shah

Fruits peels, the unused outer covering part, are considered as fruits peel waste which can be simply used in different microbiological media preparing in various industries. This study was aimed to formulate growth media for some economically important fungi by using fruits peel waste materials such as Pineapple, Papaya, Green Banana, Yellow Banana, Orange and Pomegranate. Fresh Fruits were purchased from Local market of Dharan and obtained fruits peels were air dried and grinded separately into fine particles using mechanical blender and then sieved with 1mm sieve size. Fungi isolates (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stoloniferand Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were inoculated separately into the medium prepared in conical flask by using fruits peel powder (4 g in 100mL distilled water) and incubated at room temperature (25°C±1) for 5 days. Growth of Aspergillus niger was recorded in the medium containing Pineapple, Orange, Green Banana, Yellow Banana and Pomegranate except Papaya while Rhizopus stolonifer growth was observed in the medium containing Pineapple, Green Banana, Yellow Banana and Pomegranate except Papaya and Orange. However, the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was recorded in the medium containing Pineapple, Green Banana, Orange and Papaya except Yellow banana and Pomegranate. This study showed that some economically important fungi can be successfully grown in some fruits peel waste media.

76-87

Authors: Rabia Riaz, Rubina Musarrat, Samaj Saveq

Introduction: Moral Distress is a Growing phenomenon among nurses in Intensive care unit. The moral distress is a common Problem among Health Care practioners now a day. The word moral distress shows the changes in behavior among the ICU staff Nurses. There are so many reasons of moral distress among ICU Staff the main problems that affect the moral is moral distress, Powerlessness and frustration. Aim: Study objective is to access the effect of powerlessness and frustration among Nurses in intensive care unit. Methodology: Data for the study were obtained from the target Hospitals through Questionnaire. This contains demographic variable and 20 item Likert scale. Results: According to output from 158 staff nurses of ICU the most commonly reported emotion associated with moral distress was frustration. We have find the reliability and validity which shows the alpha value of moral distress among nurses is above .846. Majority 92.4% were female and in this study7.6% were male. Conclusion: This study identified several comprehensive surveys aimed at measuring the experience of causes of moral distress covering a variety of content areas and particle issues that causes moral distress. Future strategies should be focus on the problems of ICU nurses to reduce moral distress.

101-108

Authors: Amina Sharif, Muhammad Afzal, Muhammad Hussain, Syed Amir Gilani

Nowadays it is compulsory for the nurses to have knowledge and awareness concerning professional values as standards to provide safe and high-quality ethical care. Professional values are the primary standards that any profession must have. Lack of knowledge regarding the importance of professional values makes it harder for the nurses to take decisions in case of any ethical issue. Professional values were five caring, activism, professionalism, justice and trust. Nurses’ perspective on professional values affects decision- making and patient care. Aim: To assess the professional values among undergraduate nursing students. The research question was what are the perception regarding professional values among under graduate nursing students? The social learning theory and Bandura’s model helped as a frame work for this study Bandura’s model described that there is a link between nursing students, professional values and demographics. Methods: The study setting was an undergraduate baccalaureate school of nursing in the Lahore. Using a convenient sampling method, the data was collected using a modified version of the NPVS-R tool. (01) for not important. (02) for somewhat important. (03) for important. (04) for very important and (05) for most important. The NPVS-R was a five-dimension (caring, trust, justice, activism and professionalism) tool that consists of 26 items that are used to measure the level of professional values among the nursing students, the sample size was 133. The present study that is a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2018 in Lahore, Pakistan. Results: The study concluded that there is no effect of demographics on the perspective of professional values among the baccalaureate nursing students. The value of caring scored highest on the scale which comprised that all the students provided caring as the most important professional value and the lowest was seen in the case of activism. The study showed that the activism decreased with the increase in the age group of the student. Seminars, workshops’ and reflective courses about professional values should be conducted regularly by faculty members and clinical instructors as they play a vital role model for nursing students. The need to adoptive constructive and collective partnership between university staff and field-based staff because the clinical setting serves as a significant for professional values development