Science almanac of Black sea region countries

4

Authors: Tuaeva Lali, Kochieva Zhanna

The initial position of the study, the results of which are presented in the article, is the statement that health as a specific social sphere of society has its own peculiarities, presupposing the primacy of medical results over financial ones. In this sense, market relations action sphere of in health service is limited. The concept, explaining the need for civil service or public health control is concluded in the fact that the free market (in its pure form), often considered to be a self-regulating and most effective way of achieving the enterprise rise, is simply unsuitable for the health service system due to the fact that health service, as a branch of the social economy, has a number of characteristics that violating the market operation mechanism.The development of market relations, at the moment, practically has not affected the authorities financial mechanism, where the extensive approach under financing still prevails. In modern conditions, domestic health service financing requires a thorough rethinking. Health service as a branch of the public economy has a number of characteristics, violating the market mechanism operation. There is an acute problem of used resources efficient allocation to improve the accessibility and quality of medical assistance. Its solution requires improving management practices, comparative evaluation methods of possible variants available resources distribution and choice grounding of the best of them, which is connected with economic, market, technological, social, political and other factors that need to be addressed.

5

Authors: Tuaeva Lali

The research results of infection rate and medical personnel provision in whole along Russian Federation, regions of North Caucasian federal district and Republic of North Ossetia-Alania are brought in the article. The conducted comparative analysis allowed estimating expenditure facilities efficiency to the health service, educing a row of regional problems and marking the ways of their solving. The author made a row of conclusions: 1) over a period of на 2005–2014 sickness rate of Russians in whole in-creased on 5,8%, along the regions of NCFD and the population infection rate on the contrary decreased on 4,6%, and in RNO-Alania - one of the seven subjects of NCFD - population sickness rate increased in 3,1 times in comparison with all-Russian indice, and in comparison with average district indice practically in 4 times; 2) under the higher sickness rate in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania doctors provision in the region is significantly higher: thus in 2014 it comprised 70,3 of doctors per 10 000 of population, and in 2015 – 63,9 of doctors per 10 000 of population that is practically in 1,5 times more than along RF (48,9 and 48,1 accordingly) and in whole in the regions of NCFD (41,6, and 39,6 accordingly); 3) under the significantly higher doctors provision their average salary appeared to be lower than that of neighboring regions and more distant but demographically comparable subjects of the Russian Federation. The author made a conclusion on the need to optimize the staff of medical and preventive institutions in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alaniya in order to create a more efficient system for providing medical services, the types, quality and volumes of which will correspond to the level, structure of morbidity and population needs, with maintaining of beds optimal number and staff size of medical personnel.

5

Authors: Dwight Israelsen, Kulumbekova Marina

The results of pharmaceutical merchandising as an element of consumer behavior regulation model atpharmaceutical market are given in the article. The following five aspects can be referred to pharmaceutical merchandising: 1) salesroom (format, pharmacy model, zones planning); 2) laying out (planning, formation and shopwindows design). Different variants of laying out are possible, depending on goals, which are set in front of it: “attractive”, “to lay out all assortment”, “little-known medications should be laid out” and etc.; 3) commercial (location and accessibility of information for a consumer in the pharmacy). It should be mentioned that the famous merchandising rule does not work for medications, stating that the decision about purchase in 70 % of cases is accepted at the sale points; 4) shopwindows assortment (priority formation in laying out on the economic analysis basis). Particularly, under ABC-analysis all received medication titles are arranged into several groups: A group characterizes high-turnover medications (in demand), they comprise 10% of assortment and give 80% of commodity circulation; В group - medium-turnover, 15% ofcommodity items fall on their interest – provide 15 % ofcommodity circulation; low-turnover goods of pharmaceutical assortment are included into group C (about 75% of commodity items – comprise 5% from commodity circulations. Additionally, nowadays, group D – acute –turnover commodity groups are emphasized under the analysis of pharmaceutical assortment in many pharmaceutical organizations; 5) integration of “merchandising pharmaceutical companies” (determination of principles and formats of effective “pharmacy reaction” to “merchandising from outside”). In this particular case one can speak about purchase of “popular places at shopwindows”. However, the problem is not in the fact that this phenomenon is not popular.

6

Authors: Zhbannikova Marina, Milenkaya Kseniya

Globalization processes significantly increase in the modern world, the scientists more often deviate from regional researches to more extensive territorial researches, comprising not only the region of their habitation. Black Sea region - the territory, which originally was a centre of a highly developed culture, science and medicine. An attempt to give historiographic review of researches, produced mainly in Istanbul in the period from the end of XIX century, when the first publications appeared according to the theme ofTurkish medical history, and to the first part of ХХ century is undertaken in the given writing, dedicated to medicine history in Turkey. The subject matter is formation, historical evolution and the modern state of medicine history in Turkey, predominantly published in Istanbul. The problems of medicine history teaching touched upon in Turkey, connected with language and linguistic peculiarities, creation of dictionaries, which helped to use the basic medical terms and conceptions. It is shown how medicine history education in Turkish language and also history of development and formation of this process were important for the students and listeners. The emersion of Turkish books on medical history, as of Turkish authors (for instance, MekhmetEminFekhmi), so the translated writings (Huseyin Ramsey – “Tarih-iTıb”) is very significant. It is interesting that even the workers of various Istanbul hospitals could be the authors of the books. The first years of ХХ century were marked by the works, where the researches of medical historical societies (RysaTahsin – “Mirat-iMektebiTıbbiye”) were described. The works on Turkish medicine history were actively developed in 20-s of ХХ century under conditions of young Turkish republic formation. The challenges in the given work are: to generally consider the biographies of outstanding Turkish medicine historians and their writings, wrote in the first part of ХХ century, which contributed to Turkish science.

6

Authors: Sklyarova Elena

Crimean War of 1853 – 1856 is a factor of important socio-political and socio-medical reforms. Study of these cases is characterized as interdisciplinary. At the edge of Crimean War Great Britain press highlighted aspiration of the empire to capture rus-sian territories of Black sea region, also reforms and work of E.Chadwick, founder of public health system, were criticized, he was wanted to be away from members of par-liament and London oligarchs due to his extreme reforms and British corruption. The article represents several effects of Crimean War, its meaning for establishing of public health system in Great Britain, reforms and pioneering work of Edwin Chadwick, Flo-rence Nightingale, also brought up issues of urbanization, pauperism, migration, corruption, health care of cities and army. Developing ideas of utilitarianism and benthamism, E.Chadwick proved advantage of establishing of public health system, centralization of cities administration, anticorruption efforts. His undue dismissal was passing during Crimean War, preparation for abolition of serfdom and keeping of autocracy in Russia. In this period innovation seemed inconsistent to British people considering century principles for local government and nonintervention to domestic affairs of kingdom. Russia and its Black sea regions, which have become war objective for British Empire, were named as corrupted country by English press. But corruption in Great Britain, unique position of members of parliament and London oligarchs have become reasons for dismissal of founder of public health system in Great Britain. After Crimean War in cities there was a problem of social assistance for widows, street children, families with many children, epidemics. Issues of mortality, healthcare of cities and army also became an object of parliamentary debates, requiring constant interference of the government, establishing of social policy. Fresh impetus and acceptance of establishing of public health system, as well as a social policy in Great Britain have become evident in period of Crimean War after successful public activity of sister of Mercy F.Nightingale, who addressing the House with reports on morbidity level in army, highlighting existence of these social problems and peacetime in Great Britain and Black Sea regions.

7

Authors: Drobotya Natalya, Chaplygina Elena, Kamalova Olga, Sklyarova Elena

For the first time considered contribution of scientists and doctors of Don region –К. S. Agadzhanyants, Z.N. Grzhebin, М.М. Gardashyan, P.P. Kovalenko, who were working at Rostov State Medical University and made a contribution in development of medicine and health science of different Black Sea regions – Crimea, Turkey, Georgia, Romania, Bulgaria. Obtaining of knowledge and experience in medical activity, they were working and teaching not only in Warsaw and Don universities, but also in Sophia and Constantinopolitan universities, defended Crimea and Sevastopol during the Great Patriotic War.After Russian revolution in 1917 psychiatrist, neurologist, professor, doctor of medicine, graduate of the medical faculty of the Imperial Military Medical Academy of St. Petersburg K. S. Aghajanyants emigrated to Turkey for reasons of policy. Student of V. Bekhterev participated in the IX Pirogov Congress with report on the role of psychotherapy in dermatology, trained in Lisbon, Berlin, was a consultant on nerve diseases of the Southern (Caucasian) Front, worked in the Red Cross, taught at University of Constantinople and Sofia University. Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Z.N. Grzhebin was known in the USSR as a dermatovenereologist, he worked in Rostov-on-Don, Sochi, and Crimea. A graduate of the medical faculty of Kazan University, during the First World War, he as K.S. Aghajanyants, was on the Caucasian front, trained in Berlin. Professor Z.N. Grzhebin was a member of the board of the All-Union Society of Dermatovenerologists, dealt with problems of syphilis, skin lesions with poisonous substances, and the treatment of skin diseases in resort of Sochi-Matsesta. He took part in work of the expert commissions of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, held the posts of the dean and deputy director of Rostov Medical Institute, was head of the dermatological clinic and scientific part of the scientific research balneological institute of Sochi. Together with him worked native of present-day Turkey, the director of the Rostov Medical Institute M.M. Gardashian, whose fate was still classified in the state archives of Russia and the Rostov region after unreasonable political repression. Having headed work of Rostov Medical Institute, while holding the post of director, as well as an associate professor of the department of surgery faculty, in 1936 under his leadership a number of students of the "Fiery Release" of 1941 who during the Great Patriotic War rendered medical assistance to inhabitants of Crimea, defending Sevastopol, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Novorossiysk. P.P. Kovalenko, graduate of the Fiery Release, after the war, headed the Department of General Surgery, became a Rector of Rostov Medical Institute, was first in the USSR to organize a regional tissue bank that provided donor tissues to the hospitals of Crimea and the North Caucasus, and represented the USSR in Romania in exchange of experience. Studies of the fate of doctors and Don scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of medicine and health in the regions of the Black Sea region are interdisciplinary and international. They reflect the development of the internal and foreign policy of the USSR, the difficult period of politi-cal repression, forced emigration, and the exchange of medical experience of the uni-versities of Black Sea region.

11

Authors: Conroy Mary Schaefer

There is a prevailing myth that before the revolutions of 1917 and the advent of Soviet power, Imperial Russia did not produce factory-prepared medicines, requiring most or all such medicines to be imported. This article refutes that misconception, do-cumenting from printed and archival sources that some 300 chemical, factories and some 100 pharmaceutical factories operated in Russia in 1913 and that some zemstvos used only domestic medicines. It is emphasized that before the 20th century the vast majority of medicines were based on botanicals. This was true even after the discovery of sulfa drugs and antibiotics because some botanically based medicines were (and are now) superior to synthetics. Such was the case with quinine for malaria, endemic and epidemic throughout Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union. The article explains the reasons why Russia imported the new chemically synthesized medicines, the so-called “magic bullets,” despite having prerequisites for production such as outstanding chemists and a large petroleum industry. It is underlined that the Russian pharmaceutical industry grew more robust during World War I because of synergy from many quarters and because the fetters on the industry were removed. The importance of the Black Sea Region is highlighted in the development of the Russian pharmaceutical industry before and during World War I.