Indonesian Journal on Geoscience

6

Authors: SUPRIATI DWI ANDREASTUTI, CHRIS NEWHALL, and JOKO DWIYANTO

Until now, the large eruption of Merapi in 1006 is believed to take place although the truth is still debatable. Previous investigation proposed that the ”pralaya” of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom in 928 Saka (1006) was due to a volcanic activity. Bemmelen also inferred that impact of the eruption had destroyed and covered the Mendut and Borobudur Temples and dammed the Progo River. However, if the “pralaya” was caused by Merapi eruption, why the deposit that correlates to the the eruption is not recognized. If so, the eruption that covered the temples should have been very large, and left deposits around Merapi and of course easy to fi nd. Historically, the “pralaya“ mentioned in the Pucangan Inscription did not happen in 1006, but in 1016 or 1017. However the “pralaya“ was caused by the attack of King Wurawari, not by the Merapi eruption. According to the history of Merapi eruptions, 11 large eruptions have occurred since 3000 years ago. However, none of those fi t with 1006 eruption. Except the large eruption (VEI 3-4), that produced Selo tephra, dated 1112 ± 73 years BP (765-911). Keywords: Merapi eruption, 1006, pralaya, Pucangan Inscription

7

Authors: ISYA NURRAHMAT DANA, EKA KADARSETIA, SOFYAN PRIMULYANA, MUHAMMAD HENDRASTO, and ASNAWIR NASUTION

Tangkubanparahu is an active strato volcano located in West Java lying about 30 km to the north of Bandung City. Its crest is 2084 m above the sea level. In order to gain a better understanding on volcanism and magmatism of this volcano, various research and monitoring have been carried out, such as geochemistry and geophysics. Chemical composition of volcanic gases collected from the Ratu Crater (950 C in 1994, 1997, 1998 and 2005, shows that the gas is hydrous with the main component of H2O, CO2, H2S and small amount of SO2; where CO2 content is higher than (SO2 + H2S). The gas composition showing high of value ratio of CO2/H2S, CO2/H2, and H2/Ar, is suggested to indicate the presence of a fast fl uid movement from the depth before condensed at the shallow surface water area. Hotspring from the Domas Crater contains a high concentration of SO4, low of Cl and absence of H2CO3. The high sulphate content is suggested to be originated from the volcanic gases, especially hydrogen sulphide oxydated near the surface, that then the gas infl uenced chemical composition due to shallow water. Continuous seismic monitoring uses one permanent station, while the other methods like Electric Distance Measurement (EDM), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Seismometer have been installed temporary. From geophysical evidence on April 2005 activity, some valuable information can be obtained. Hypocenter is located at the depth less than 2 km beneath an area between the Ratu and Domas Craters, while pressure source of deformation is below Domas Crater. Some low frequency volcanoquakes is possibly caused by volcanic gases released from the reservoir. Keywords: increasing activity, Tangkubanparahu, geochemistry, geophysics, crater, volcanoquake

16

Authors: INDYO PRATOMO

Indonesia is well known as a volcanic country, where more than 30% out of all the world volcanoes occupied this region. Volcanic region is generally densely populated, because of their soil fertility and other land use. Based on their historical eruptions noted since and before 1600 A.D., the Indonesian active volcanoes are regrouped in to A type (79 volcanoes), which were defi ned as volcanoes erupted since 1600 A.D., B type (29 volcanoes) erupted before 1600 A.D., and C type (21 volcanoes) are solfatar fi elds (Bemmelen, 1949; van Padang 1951; Kusumadinata, 1979). Studies on parts of the Indonesian active volcanoes, show different eruptive characters, which are generally related to hazard potentials. A new classifi cation of Indonesian active volcanoes was proposed based on the combination of their physical properties, morphology, volcanic structure and eruptive styles to the eight differents types, those are Tambora (caldera formation), Merapi (lava dome), Agung (open crater), Papandayan (sector failure), Batur (post-caldera activities), Sangeangapi (lava fl ows) and Anak Krakatau types (volcano islands and submarine volcano). This classifi cation would be make a better understanding to different characteristics of Indonesian active volcanoes, for the volcanic hazard and mitigation and also for the applied volcanological researches. Keywords: Indonesian active volcanoes, characteristics, classifi cation, volcanic hazard mitigation

7

Authors: DANNY ZULKIFLI HERMAN

Taran area is occupied predominantly by piroclastic rocks and locally intercalations of lenticular claystones and sandstones. The pyroclastic rocks are intruded by diorite, dacite and andesite, leading alteration and mineralization within the host rocks. Mineralization occurs as a vein type and is associated with a number of pervasive alteration types named respectively: quartz-illitemontmorillonite- kaolinite ± pyrite, quartz-illite ± pyrite, quartz-illite-chlorite ± pyrite and quartzkaolinite- illite ± pyrite. On the other hand, a propylitic alteration also occurs within the andesite intrusion composed of calcite-epidote-chlorite-sericite-quartz ± pyrite. The mineralization is characterized by several zones of quartz stockwork containing gold and associated ore minerals of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, pyrite and argentite. The quartz veins occurs as fi llings of structural openings in the form of milky quartz and amethyst with textures of sugary, comb, and dogteeth. Evaluation work on results of microscopic (petrography and mineragraphy), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and fl uid inclusion studies, and chemical analysis of entirely altered rock/quartz vein samples shows that the alteration and mineralization process were closely related to a change of hydrothermal fl uids, from near neutral into acid conditions at a temperature range of >290o – 100oC. The appearances of quartz variation indicate a relationship with repeated episodes of boiling in an epithermal system, as ground water mixed with hot vapor originated from a remained post-magmatic solution. Corresponding to a salinity of average 1,388 equiv.wt.% NaCl, it indicates that the ore minerals bearing quartz veins were deposited at a depth range of 640 – 1020 m beneath paleosurface. Keywords: Hydrothermal alteration, gold mineralization, epithermal

10

Authors: IGAN SUPRIATMAN SUTAWIDJAJA

Since its appearance in 1929, Anak Krakatau Volcano has been growing fastly. The elevation of Anak Krakatau Volcano from 1930 to 2005, within 75 years, has reached 315 m high. The growth rate is approximated to be four meters per year in average. Based on calculation, the volume of the body from the sea fl oor since 1927 until 1981 was 2.35 km3, and then in 1983 was 2.87 km3 and then in 1990 it reached 3.25 km3. The latest volume measurement in 2000, was 5.52 km3. Between 1992 up to 2001, within nine years, the eruption of Anak Krakatau took place almost every day, and it had caused its elevation to increase more than 100 m, and its area extent to become 378,527 m2. If the increase in height and the increase in volume are consistent, it is expected that in 2020, the volume of Anak Krakatau’s edifi ce will proceed the volume of Rakata Volcano, Danan Volcano, and Perbuwatan Volcano (11.01 km3) shortly before catastrophic eruption in 1883. Since this volcano appeared above the sea level, the succession of vegetation never came up to a climax, except some of the species, such as Saccharum sp. and Casuarina sp. those are growing faster after the eruption stopped. The growth of coral reef on the lava fl ows that entered the sea about ten years ago, was much slower than those which are growing around the Rakata, Panjang and Sertung Islands. This case is probably due to the slow rate of cooling process of the lava fl ows, although the lava surfaces are blocky. Keywords: growth of volcano, succession of vegetation

13

Authors: SRI MULYANINGSIH, SAMPURNO, YAHDI ZAIM, DENY JUANDA PURADIMAJA, and SUTIKNO BRONTO

Endapan aliran rombakan Gunung Api Merapi, yang lebih dikenal sebagai lahar, terbentuk dari hasil longsoran endapan awan panas yang dipicu oleh curah hujan yang sangat tinggi. Pada saat ini, endapan awan panas tersebut berasal dari guguran kubah lava. Material suspensi tersebut selanjutnya menuruni lereng dengan kecepatan yang tinggi, menghasilkan aliran turbulen. Aliran tersebut biasanya berkembang pada daerah dengan perbedaan morfologi berkemiringan lereng tinggi ke landai, atau yang sering dikenal sebagai daerah tekuk lereng. Studi ini didasarkan pada pengamatan dan pengukuran fragmen lahar yang berukuran besar di permukaan. Analisis meliputi arah penyirapan, bentuk, dan besar butir fragmen. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan model arah aliran fragmen besar lahar dari bagian atas aliran rombakan, yang membentuk “model punggung katak” atau “model punggung gajah”. Bagian depan katak atau gajah (kepala) yaitu arah aliran atau bagian depan aliran. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa model tersebut berlaku pada fragmen dengan diameter 90 cm atau lebih besar. Di daerah penelitian, fragmen dengan diameter 90 cm mencapai jarak hingga 22 km dari sumbernya. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai model untuk menentukan arah aliran lahar (aliran rombakan) purba yang sumbernya belum diketahui. Kata kunci: lahar, fragmen, penyirapan, model, aliran

5

Authors: RUDY DALIMIN HADISANTONO

Papandayan is an A-type active strato volcano located at some 20 km SW of Garut or about 70 km SE of Bandung the capital city of West Java Province. Geographically, the summit of this volcano lies at the intersection between 07º 19’ 42” S and 107º 44” E. The 2002 Papandayan eruption was preceded by two felt earthquakes, 8 times of A-type volcanic earthquakes and 150 times of Btype volcanic earthquake. These events were followed by a phreatic eruption that took place on 11 November at 16.02 local time. Field observation shows that the summit region, mainly around the craters consists of rocks that have hydrothermally altered to yield clay rich material. This clay rich material covers most of the crater fl oors and the crater rim. Mount Nangklak that forms part of the rim also contains a lava plug from the Old Papandayan volcano. This mountain is covered by fi ne grained, unconsolidated material, and altered rocks. Much of this altered rocks coincides with solfataric and fumarolic activities of 80 to > 300°C. The summit area also contains high discharge of water either originating from the springs or surface water. The increase in seismicity, the fi ne-grained hydrothermal altered rocks, and the existence of some faults that pass through the summit region might have weaken the stability of the summit area. As the result, a landslide occurred on the north fl ank of Mount Nangklak where the landslide material blocked the upper course of Cibeureum Gede River. This landslide material had formed big mudfl ows that caused several houses of fi ve villages were partly burried, some bridges were devastated and several hectares of cultivated land were damaged. Keywords: Papandayan, earthquakes, eruption, hydrothermal, alteration, landslides

10

Authors: SRI MULYANINGSIH1, SAMPURNO2, YAHDI ZAIM2, DENY JUANDA PURADIMAJA2, SUTIKNO BRONTO3, and DARWIN ALIJASA SIREGAR3

The uplift of Southern Mountains in Early Pleistocene has formed the Yogyakarta Basin. In this basin, the Merapi volcanic activity has been developing. Based on 14C dating in cinder deposits exposed at Cepogo, the volcanic activity took place since ±42 ka. While on the basis of K/Ar dating in andesitic lava at Bibi Volcano, the activity took place since 0.67 ma. The high in the south and the appearance of Merapi volcanic dome in the north had caused a fl at valley. The southern part of the valley is bounded by the Southern Mountains and the western part is bounded by the West Progo Mountains. In the present time, the lithology of the areas which are interpreted as a palaeo-valley is composed of black clay deposits. This black clay is a contact between the basement rocks and Merapi volcanic deposits. The black clay deposits exposed in the Progo River (Kasihan) has been developed since ±16.59 to 0.47 ka, while in the Opak River (Watuadeg) 6210 y BP. Younger black clay deposits intersecting with lahars are also exposed at the Winongo River and have an age of 310 y BP. The age data of volcanic stratigraphy shows that Merapi activities had taken place since ±6210 up to ±310 years ago. Keywords: development, geology, plain, Yogyakarta, Quarternary, 14C

12

Authors: SUTIKNO BRONTO, ACHNAN KOSWARA, and KASPAR LUMBANBATU

The aim of this volcano stratigraphic study is to understand the historic relationship of each volcanoes in the South Bandung area. Methods used in this study are landsat analyses, fi eldwork, petrographic studies, and radiometric dating. Physiographically, South Bandung is composed of mountaineous area, hilly area, and high plain of Pangalengan and Bandung itself. Based on volcanic stratigraphy, volcanic rocks there are divided into eleven rock units, nine of them are identifi ed their volcanic sources, having Pliocene to Quaternary ages. The presence of subsurface Miocene volcanic rocks supports the super imposed volcanisms from Tertiary to Quaternary in this area. Mineral resources of sulphide metals are found in the central facies of Soreang, Kuda, and Dogdog volcanoes. Whereas, geologic hazards covering tectonic earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides also threaten this area. Mineral explorations and hazard mitigations are necessary to the presence of mineral resources and geologic hazard potential. Keywords: stratigraphy, volcanoes, South Bandung, sulphide metals, geologic hazards

5

Authors: DANNY ZULKIFLI HERMAN

When tailing of a mining activity is discharged into either landscape or river body, the pollutan element wastes are possible to disperse within those areas and may cause pollution on environment. The environment pollution hazards of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) probably occurred if tailing with the content of those elements is not handled properly. Particularly in the tropical regions, higher rates of chemical weathering and bio-chemical activity will contribute a rapid mobilization of the most potentially toxic elements. One of adverse health effects from arsenic to human life is in the case of arsenic-contained drinking waters exceed the threshold limit value. As a result, it will create chronic symptoms of toxicity within the human body such as gastro-intestinal irritation, nerve damage and tissue wastage. Tailing originated from amalgamation processing of gold ore enables its mercury waste to disperse in the vicinity of mining area and may form environment pollution by either organic or inorganic mercury. The pollution would be more hazardous to human health if mercury element in the water body transform biochemically into a compound of methylmercury. There is a variety of mechanisms by micro-organism which can bring about the formation of the very toxic methylmercury species, particularly with regard to its uptake by fish. Effects to the human health from the organic mercury include the blood-brain barrier and upsetting the metabolism of the nervous system. Whilst the main toxic effect of inorganic mercury is disruption the functions of kidneys and liver within human body. Most mining activity of base metal may discharge tailing with a significant lead (Pb) content. Lead is a cumulative poison, hence absorbing this element by human body with particularly exceeding its threshold limit value will bind strongly to a large number of molecules such as amino acids, haemoglobin, many enzymes, RNA and DNA. Then it will bring into disruption of many metabolic pathways, blood hypertension, hyperactivity and brain damage. Problems of cadmium could arise from a lead-zinc mining and smelting operation, from where pollution due to cadmium-contained tailing with additional aerial pollution associates with cadmium-contained fumes and particles. The toxic effects of cadmium to human health are suffering from lumbago-type pains, bone damage with multiple fractures of the softened bones and kidney failure. Keywords: pollution on environment, tailing, ore processing

8

Authors: IGAN SUPRIATMAN SUTAWIDJAJA, HARALDUR SIGURDSSON, and LEWIS ABRAMS

The eruption of Tambora volcano on the island of Sumbawa in 1815 is generally considered as the largest and the most violent volcanic event in recorded history. The cataclysmic eruption occurred on 11 April 1815 was initiated by Plinian eruption type on 5 April and killed more than 90,000 people on Sumbawa and nearby Lombok. The type plinian eruptions occurred twice and ejected gray pumice and ash, to form stratified deposits as thick as 40-150 cm on the slopes and mostly distributed over the district west of the volcano. Following this, at about 7 pm, on 11 April the first pyroclastic surge was generated and progressively became greater extending to almost whole direction, mainly to the north, west, and south districts from the eruption center. The deadliest volcanic eruption buried ancient villages by pyroclastic surge and flow deposits in almost intact state, thus preserving important archaeological evidence for the period. High preservation in relatively stable conditions and known date of the eruptions provide approximate dating for the archaeological remains. Archaeological excavations on the site uncovered a variety of remains were relieved by ground penetrating radar (GPR) to map structural remains of the ancient villages under the pyroclastic surge and flow deposits. These traverses showed that GPR could define structures as deep as 10 m (velocity 0.090 m/ns) and could accurately map the thickness of the stratified volcanic deposits in the Tambora village area. Keywords: plinian eruption type, pyroclastic surge, pyroclastic flow, pyroclastic airfall, geoarchaeology, GPR, ancient village SARI

11

Authors: NANA SUWARNA, BAMBANG HERMANTO, TORKIS SIHOMBING, and KUSDJI DARWIN KUSUMAH

A geological research was performed in the Berau Basin, to provide a better understanding on the potential and resources of coalbed methane (CBM) in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan Province, particularly in the Lati Coalfield. Field observation conducted in the coalfield, shows that the banded to bright banded Lati coal is dominated by the bright banded one. Petrographically, the coal consists of vitrinite comprising typical telocollinite and desmocollinite; with rare to sparse exinite, and minor inertinite, and mineral matter. Geochemical analysis shows the range of volatile matter content is from 32.65–39.60%, total sulfur from 0.35–3.04%, ash varies between 2.78–14.50%, and moisture from 12.23–19.98%. Vitrinite reflectance values (Rv), varying from 0.42–0.57%, tend to indicate that the Lati coal rank ranges from sub-bituminous B to high volatile bituminous C category, with low ash content in general. Moreover, the coal maturity level, thermally immature to early mature, leads to the assumption that the expected gas present is suggested to be of biogenic origin. The fairly well cleated Lati coal shows cleat orientations trending north - northeastward, perpendicular to nearly oblique to the syncline axis. Furthermore, coal microcleat occurs as open tensional, sub-curved to curved lines microcracks, diagonally to perpendicular to bedding plane, but some are parallel to the bedding plane. An in-situ coal gas calculation tends to indicate a low to moderate methane content level, with a value of 44.20–47.08 scf/t. However, the Q1 plus Q2 calculation exhibits the gas content ranging from 41.69 to 78.71 scf/t. Moreover, total calculated gas in-place of the P, Q, and R Seams = 5.33 m3/t = 191.56 scf/t. Keywords: coalbed methane (CBM), Lati Coalfield, Berau Basin, East Kalimantan