INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

966-999

Authors: Kandimalla. Chaitanya * , Bandlamudi. Yasaswini, Sudhakar R, Minu K George

Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) is the most dr eaded form of tuberculosis (TB) with Central Nervous system involvement which has very high morbidity and mortality rate. It is noted in 5 to 10% of extra pulmonary TB cases, and accounts for approximately 1% of all Tuberculosis cases. Multi - drug regimen i ncludes Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide and Streptomycin along with adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids is required in the effective management of Tuberculosis meningitis. Anti - Tuberculosis Therapy induced Hepatotoxicity is the well - kno wn side effect of several drugs which are used for the treatment of TB and it is found to be 2% to 28%. We report a case of ATT induced hepatitis (Isoniazid - Rifampin) along with tuberculosis meningitis complications such as grade II Obstructive Hydrocephal us and hyponatremia and it is successful management with Inj.Mannitol and Inj.Dexamethasone. Key Words: Tuberculous Meningitis, ATT induced Hepatitis, Hydrocephalus, Hyponatremia

984-987

Authors: Indrayani D. Raut * , Dipak S. Gumate, Tushar Chavan, Swati Chavan

Hypertension is a major disor d er that worsens the quality of life. Newer drugs are being introduced in order to treat the the hypertension. A market sur v ey of various antihypertensive drugs was carried out in the region of Islampur. the objective of the study was to find out the most frequently used drug for the antihypertensive treatment. The study revealed that the sympathoytic drugs were most used drugs followed by calcium channel b lockers and AT II receptor antagonists. Keywards: Hypertension, survey, Antihypertensive drugs.

1000-1006

Authors: C. V. S. Raghu Kiran *1 , C. Gopinath 2

The objective of the present study was to develop floating tablets of lafutidine in order to achieve an extended retention in the upper GITwhich may enhance the absorption and improve the bioavailability.The tablets were prepared by gas generation technique using differentratio and concentrations of natural gums like guar gum, gum karaya, hupu gum. Lafutidine a newly developed histamine H2 - receptor antagonist wasretained in the stomach and assist in improving the oral sustaineddelivery of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. The prepared tablets ofvarious formulations were characterized for a total floating time, buoy ancy lag time, andpercentage drug released. The blend was characterized for determination ofangle of repose, Hausner’s ratio, compressibility, bulk density and tapped density. The floating tablets wereevaluated for determination of weight variation, hardne ss, friability, content uniformity,floating lag time, total floating time, in – vitro drug release study, stability studies. The flowproperties of prepared floating tablets were found to be excellent. Tablets showed satisfactory characteristics with respect to weight, hardness and friability data. The formulation code F10 showed superior results it may be constructive for prolongeddrug release in the stomach to get better the bioavailability and abridged the dose frequency. Optimized floating tablets showed n o significant changes in the physicalappearance, drug content, total buoyancy time, and also in vitro dissolution pattern afterstorage at 40°C/75% relative humidity for 3 months. Key words: Gastro retentive drug delivery system, lafutidine, stability studi es, in - vitro drug release study.

1013-1027

Authors: A. Kumari* 1 , Aniket Singh, S . S. Saurabh 1 , K . S. Rathore 2 , R . Issara ni 1

The present work was carried out with the grail of formulating a gel lified emulsion of lycopene, an anti - oxidative agent. The distinctive feature of topical drug delivery system is the direct accessibility of the skin as a target organ for diagnosis and treatment. Emulgels have emerged as one of the most prevailing drug de livery systems for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs owing to their dual control release system i.e. gel and emulsion. Lycopene, as a natural source of anti - oxidants, has enamoured attention due to its biological and physicochemical properties. It is compl etely insoluble in water, so to overcome this limitation, an emulsion based approach was being used so that even this hydrophobic moiety can enjoy the unique property of gels. Lycopene, an anti - oxidative agent, has been used in the treatment of various oxi dative diseases. This pigment protects the cells against damage from the free radicals formed when body cells burn oxygen for energy. In order to decrease the oxidative reactions with skin i.e. to treat acne vulgaris, lycopene emulgel was developed. This w ork was conducted to develop an emulgel of lycopene using three different gelling agents i.e. Carbopol 934P, HPMC LV - 15 and NaCMC. Oleic acid was used as a penetration enhancer. The gellified emulsions were characterized for their physical appearance, rheo logy, spreadability, drug content and stability. In - vitro release studies were conducted to check the drug release through egg membrane. The formulations were evaluated for their antioxidant activity as well as their acute skin irritation potential. Formul ation F1 was found to have fallen within the stipulated criteria of all the evaluation parameters. Hence, it was concluded that formulation F1, containing carbopol 934P (1% w/w), was the optimized formulation. It exhibited the maximum drug release and anti oxidant activity, in addition to the least skin irritation potential. Keywords: Lycopene, Emulgel, Gelling agents, Anti - oxidant, gellified emulsion.

1038-1047

Authors: P. Sneha * , Prathima Srinivas

A simple, pre cise, accurate, reproducible Stability indicating RP - HPLC method was developed for the determination o f Pregabalin in pharmaceutical dosage forms. After optimization chromatographic separation was achieved by Isocratic mode with a mixture of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate: methanol in the ratio of 60:40% v/v as the mobile phase with AGILENT ZORBAX SB - ODS C18 ( 250 × 4.6 mm I.D) 5 μm column as stationary phase at flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection wavelength of 247 nm. The retention time for Pregabalin found to be 2.00 min respectively. The linearity of this method was found in the concentration range of 50 μg/mL to 150 μg/mL for pregabalin . The correlation coefficient R 2 value is found to be 0.99 for Pregabalin . The LOD and LOQ for pregabalin were found to be 0.53 μg/mL and 1.61 μg/mL respectively. Percentage recovery for pregabalin were found to be 1 00% which indicates that the proposed method is highly accurate. The drug was subjected to acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis, peroxide, heat and sunlight degradation and the method was found to be specific and stability indicating as no interfering peaks of degradants and excipients were observed. Keywords: Pregabalin , RP - HPLC, Dosage form, Stability indicating.

1057-1064

Authors: S rinivasulu . P*, Vijetha . P , T. N. V . G anesh K umar , D. S uryanarayana R aju, S. V idyadhara

The antidiabetic activity is determined by estimating blood glucose levels and body weights in di abetic rats. Wound healing activity was determined by excision method. There is significant reduction of blood glucose levels from 1 week to 4 weeks in ethanolic extract treated group compared to the control group. The body weights are also increase in eth anolic extract treated group when compared to control group. The ethanolic extract ointment treated group was shown significant wound healing activity in diabetic rats when compared to the control and is almost near to standard group . Here we conclude this combination of ethanolic extract of Ficus bengalensis and Trigonella foenum - graecum was showed significant antidiabetic, weight gain and wound healing activity in alloxan induced diabetic rat model. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Ficus bengalensis, Trig onella foenum - graecum , Antidiabetic, Ethanolic extract

878-880

Authors: Shaik. Suhana*, SK. Sahena Raksha, D. Eswar Tony

Polyarteritis nodosa is a rare disease resulting from blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis), causing damage to organ systems and featuring an extended range of possible symptoms. Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), also known as Kussmaul disease or Kussmaul-Maier disease, is a vasculitis of the medium and/or small arteries that become swollen and damaged as a result of the attack by rogue immune cells, and the condition may be associated with various atypical presentations. The annual incidence of PAN varies between five and nine cases per million. Men are generally more affected than women in a 2:1 ratio, most frequently between the ages of 40 and 60 years. PAN is more common in people with hepatitis B infection. PAN may affect multiple organs, including skin, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract, as well as the peripheral and central nervous systems. The inflammatory process causes necrosis of cells and structural components of the artery with aneurysms or stenosis formations. PAN often can culminate in necrosis or hemorrhage of the affected organ.

886-893

Authors: K. Ramesh Reddy*1, V. Jayasankar Reddy1 G. Saisri Harsha1, K. Anil2

The main objective of the study is to formulate and evaluate oro-dispersible tablets of Metoprolol tartrate with suitable superdisintegrantsMetoprolol Tartrate is effective β-blocker used in the second line treatment for angina and for myocardial infarction. Adult dose as conventional preparations is 25-100 mg daily in single or divided doses, as extended release 100-200 mg once daily. The bioavailability of the drug when formulated as conventional tablets is 40 % due to hepatic metabolism. The present investigation was undertaken with a view to develop a fast dissolving tablet of Metoprolol tartrate which offers a new range of product having desired characteristics and intended benefits prepared by direct compression method using different concentrations of superdisintegrant. Effect of superdisintegrant on wetting time, drug content, in-vitro drug release, disintegration time has been studied. Disintegration time increased with increase in the level of Croscarmellose while it decreased for Sodium starch glycolate, the release was dependent on the aggregate size in the dissolution medium. It is concluded that Metoprolol Tartrate fast dissolving tablets could be prepared using superdisintegrant with improved bioavailability and rapid onset of action. Keywords: Fast dissolving tablets, Metoprolol Tartrate, Croscarmellose sodium, Sodium starch glycolate, disintegration time, in-vitro drug release

926-929

Authors: Divya Jonnala*, D. Navya, D. Eswar Tony

The human eye is the one of the most important part which can do major actions and having a control all over the body by sending visual impulses to brain. It is very sensitive and if we should not take care of it, results in exposure to variety of diseases. Gathering of information from the environment is the major task for our response and this can be done by the eye only. Even the mechanism of camera that we are using now a day was based on the eye only. Both the eye and camera gathers light and transforms that light into picture. Both also have lenses to focus the incoming light. Just as a camera focuses the light onto the film to create a picture, the eye focuses light onto a specialized layer of cells, called the retina to produce an image. In this review article, a neat depiction was given about the anatomy and physiology of eye. Keywords: Human eye, Sense organ, visual impulses, anatomy of eye.

937-946

Authors: M. Hareesh Reddy*1, Dr. A. Sambasiva Rao2

The goal in designing sustained or controlled delivery systems is to reduce the frequency of the dosing or to increase effectiveness of the drug by localization at the site of action, reducing the dose required or providing uniform drug delivery. Polymers which are used as release retarding materials in the design of controlled release drug delivery systems (CRDDS) play a vital role in controlling the delivery of drug from these systems. The success of controlled release drug delivery systems depends on how well the polymer regulates the release of drug from the system. In conventional drug therapy, a tablet provides only a single and transient burst of drug .It doesn’t maintain drug blood level with in therapeutic range for extended period of time. The short duration of action is due to the inability of conventional dosage form to control the temporal delivery. As long as the amount of drug is above the minimum effective concentration, a pharmacological response is observed. Problems occur when the therapeutic range is very narrow or when the peak is beyond the upper limit of range. The oral route is the route most often used for administration of drugs. Tablets are the most popular oral formulations available in the market and are preferred by patients and physicians alike. In long-term therapy for the treatment of chronic disease conditions, conventional formulations are required to be administered in multiple doses and therefore have several disadvantages. Sustained release dosage forms have been demonstrated to improve therapeutic efficiency by maintenance of a steady drug plasma concentration. The use of polymers in controlling the release of drugs has become an important tool in the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Sustained release can be achieved by formulating drugs as matrix devices using HPMC, Sodium CMC and other swellable polymer. Also the matrix tablets are easy to prepare and they are cost effective and exhibit predictable release behavior. Key Words: Controlled drug delivery systems (CRDDS), Matrix tablet, HPMC, Sodium CMC, Swellable polymer

955-960

Authors: Y. Naveen Kumar*1, Dr. J. Sreekanth2

The main aim of this work is Esomeprazole sodium is formulated as controlled release tablets to provide desired effect at certain time in maintained drug concentration without any unwanted effect with patient compliance also to improve it bioavailability by decreasing its expose to gastric acid. A controlled release dosage form is designed to release the drug from the dosage form at a time other than promptly after administration. UV Spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Esomeprazole in pharmaceutical formulations. Then the tablets were prepared by dry granulation method rather than direct compression because of cohesive property of the drug. Optimized core tablet then subjected for enteric coating by selected base coat polymer cellulose derivative for preventing core tablet from moisture. The coated formulations were compared with marketed sample (ESOZ) for optimization. Dissolution results of tablets with enteric coating have shown release of Esomeprazole in simulated gastrointestinal fluid pH 1.2, but most of the drug released in pH 6.8 Phosphate buffer. At the end it was found that prepared formulation gave satisfactory results compared with marketed sample dissolution profile. Hence prepared formulation by-pass the degradation of Esomeprazole by enteric coating approach and can be used as single unit dosage for the treatment of acid-related diseases. Thus a pharmaceutically equivalent, robust formulation of Esomeprazole controlled release tablet was developed. Keywords: Esomeprazole, UV spectrophotometric method, Enteric coating, Controlled release tablets, In vitro drug release.

967-973

Authors: S. El Adib ¹, S. Slim, E. Hamdeni

The Barbary fig is a plant of the arid and semi-arid areas that is able to adapt to poor soils and high temperatures. The cactus has interesting properties that grow and develop the culture promote its byproducts. This study was conducted on three cultivars of Opuntia ficus-indica are those of Zelféne, Sbeïtla and Kairouan. The study was made in order to carry out a description and comparison between cultivars. In terms of recovery methods, extraction and characterization of the oil was made from the seeds. The oil yields vary from 1.35 to 1.9% for Sbeïtla and Kairouan cultivars and reached 2.7% for the cultivar Zelféne. The major fatty acids present in the oil of the seeds are palmitic acid (C16: 0), stearic acid (C18: 0), linoleic acid (C18: 2) and oleic acid (C18: 1 ). However, the most dominant fatty acid is linoleic acid with 61.79 of contents; 57.19 and 58.92% respectively for Zelféne, Sbeïtla and Kairouan. As for the sterol composition, siosterol Beta is the major component of this oil whose content varies from 67.14% for the cultivar Sbeïtla and 81.18% for that of Zelféne. Seed of oil is also rich in vitamins (tocopherols) which γ-tocopherol is the largest reaching 57.98 mg / 100 g of oil. Keywords: Opuntia ficus-indica -Oil seeds - fatty acids - tocopherol - sterols Corresponding Author:

621-627

Authors: Srijita Dutta

Abstract: Denosumab is a human recombinant monoclonal antibody that is approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women at high or increased risk of fracture in the US, the EU and several other countries. Denosumab binds to receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and inhibits bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast formation, function and survival. In postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD) or osteoporosis, treatment with denosumab increased BMD and decreased markers of bone turnover more than alendronate in those who were switched from alendronate to denosumab or continued alendronate treatment. In this review article the guidelines for pharmacologic properties, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of the injectable agent denosumab for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis are discussed. Keywords: Denosumab, Post menopause, Osteoporosis, Fractures.

635-640

Authors: Niraj Khatri Sapkota

Anti hyperglycemic agents, the biguanide metformin is the brightest star, features as first-line pharmacologic treatment for type 2 diabetes in virtually all guidelines and recommendations, efficacy and tolerability of which are well tested, concluded with safety and affordable, most widely used anti diabetic drug, alone or in combination with other anti hyperglycemic agents. Unlike the sulfonylurea and insulin, metformin is not associated with weight gain or it is quite friendly to patients but its mechanism of action has been very difficult to pinpoint. This review will focus to explore all the level of proposed mechanism along with novel recruited in the field of medicine. Key words: Antihyperglycemia,Biguanide, Metformin, Sulfonylurea, Insulin

648-663

Authors: R. B. Saxena

The species subjected to the study belong to Asteraceae family, Artemisia genus found in Romania`s spontaneous flora. Artemisia cina plant is a hardy shrub, perennial and flowering in the autumn. The drug is made up of undeveloped flowers, calyces and fragments of peduncles, mixed with foreign matters. It is imported from Barbary and Levant; the later being deemed the best, being less adulterated, and of a greenish hue, and smooth; while that from Barbary is grey and downy. The sementine or worm-powder is not gathered like our seeds. The plant grows in the meadows, and must be ripen; and mischief is that, as it grows near to maturity, the wind scatters a good part of it among the grass, where it is lost, and this makes it so dear. As they dare not touch it with the hand, for frar of making it spoil the sooner, when they would gather what was left in the ear, they have recourse to this expedient : they take two hand-baskets, and walking along the meadows sweep the basket, the one form right to left, the other form left to right, as if they were mowing; by this means the seed is shaking out into the baskets. The adulterations are the seeds of the Tansey ( Tanacetum vulgare ) and the mugwort ( Artemisia vulgaris ). The later are known from being of bright yellow colour, and resembling powered hay. Key Words: Artemisia cina, Geographical area, Asteraceae, Popular cultural, Chromosome, Santonin, Substitute,

668-675

Authors: R. Kirubha*, G. Alagumuthu

Abstract: The field of nanotechnology is the most active area of research in modern materials science. Though there are many chemical as well as physical methods, green synthesis of nanomaterials is the most emerging method of synthesis. We report the synthesis of antibacterial Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using flower of medicinal herb, Aerva lanata. The synthesized AgNPs have been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Cyclic Voltammetry(CV). The mean particle of synthesized NPs was found to be 43.5 nm, as confirmed by TEM. FTIR analysis revealed that the AgNPs were stabilized by proteins, polyphenols and other aromatic compounds present in the extract. Such AgNPs stabilized by Aerva lanata flower extract were found to have enhanced antimicrobial activity against well-known pathogenic strains, namely E.Coli, Staphylococus aureus, Bascillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Keywords: Silver Nanoparticles; Aerva lanata; TEM; Antibacterial activity;

684-691

Authors: G. Geethika*, Kameswara Rao. S, B. Ravindra Babu, K. Kumar Babu, M. Mamatha, Murali, V. Bhagyaraju.

ABSTACT: Liquisolid compacts were used to formulate water insoluble drugs in non volatile solvents and convert into acceptable flowing compressible powders by blending with selected powder excipents .By using this method dissolution rate and bioavailability of BCS class-II drugs can be increased.about 40-50%drugs available marketed water insoluble drugs .it is challenge to industry to increase solubility of unit dosage forms .to overcome this liquid solid compact technology is best suitable one .on this study the pre comprisable parameters like porosity, corsaldity index, flow behavior, power bed hydrophilicity ,saturate solubility .post compressibility parameters like uniformity, weight variation ,hardness , friability , wet ability ,time. In this we can use carrier (microcrystalline cellulose, starch, and lactose), coating materials (silica gel), and disintegrating agents. In this we can do flourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeters (DSC), and differential scanning thermometer, x-ray diffraction. It could promise strategy in improvising dissolution of poor water soluble drugs and formulating immediate release solid dosage forms. Key Words: Liquisolid compacts, Bioavailability, Poorly soluble drugs, Dissolution rate.

699-704

Authors: M. Navya*, Kameswara Rao. S

Abstract: Pulmonary route as an non-invasive administration for systemic delivery of therapeutic agents (mainly peptides and proteins) due to the fact that the lungs could provide a large absorptive surface area but extremely thin (0.1 μm – 0.2 μm) absorptive mucosal membrane and good blood supply. However, recent advances show great promise, but pulmonary delivery of peptides and proteins is complicated by the complexity of the anatomic structure of the human respiratory system and the effect of disposition exerted by the respiration process. Pulmonary drug delivery system is a needle free technique.. Now a day’s pulmonary drug delivery remains the preferred route for administration of various drugs. It is an important research area which impacts the treatment of illnesses including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and various diseases. Drug is delivered directly to the conducting zone of the lungs. In this article, we summarize recent advances in applications of pulmonary drug delivery system. Previously pulmonary drug delivery is used for management of Asthma and COPD only but due advancement in application nowadays Pulmonary drug delivery is useful to treat Diabetes, angina pectoris, cancer , bone disorders ,migraine, tuberculosis, acute lung injury and others. Keywords: Administration, Aerosol, Inhalation, lung, Future pharmaco therapy. Corresponding author:

714-721

Authors: T. Narasaiah, C*. Nagaraju

Abstract: A series of novel urea/thiourea derivatives 3a-k were synthesized by the reaction of equimolar quantities of 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl) aniline (1) in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) and various isocyanates and thioisocyanates at room temperature in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) with high yields. All the title compounds were characterized by elemental; infrared (IR); 1H and 13C NMR; and mass spectral data analyses. Synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity. Among the all compounds 3a, d, fe and j exhibits potential antibacterial activity. Compounds 3d and 3i shows great antifungal activity at 100μg/mL concentration. Keywords: Urea, Thiourea, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity

731-736

Authors: Johnsy. G*, Kaviyarasan. V

Nutritional value of foods plays an important role in human health. Many species of indigenous edible mushrooms in Kanyakumari district which form part of the traditional food in the tribal peoples. The indigenous Termitomycetes species was collected from Keeriparai forest area in Western Ghats of Kanyakumari district, to evaluate the vitamin and fatty acid compositions. The people have to provide a balance diet containing essential food compounds. The analysis of the extracted lipids revealed that the major unsaturated fatty acids was linoleic acid, while the predominant saturated fatty acids was palmitic acid in both T. microcarpus and T. heimii. B group vitamins were the most abundant vitamins in both samples analyzed. While vitamin D, vitamin E were the least with value of 0.3 and 0.14 mg/g and 0.08 and 0.13mg/g, respectively. Therefore, this valuable product that is often considered as an agricultural waste might be employed as a rich source of nutrients in food industries. Keywords: Indigenous, Termitomycetes, vitamin, fatty acids, Western Ghats.

746-750

Authors: Alladi Saritha

Cancer is the second leading disease associated with combinations of chemotherapy, radiation treatment. The conventional treatment is limited due to its side effects. 5- fluorouracil encapsulated cationic vesicles form complexes with negatively charged cell or endoplasmic membrane and facilitate in drug release after endocytosis. multi lamellar and large uni lamellar vesicles without aggregation are obtained. The encapsulation efficiency and drug release increased with increase in stearyl amine. Cationic vesicles showed steryl amine dependent drug release. Key Words: 5-fluorouracil, encapsulation, cationic vesicles, stearyl amine

573-580

Authors: E. Sathish Reddy*1, Dr. MD. Ibrahim2, Akhila Alladi1, M. Sharath Chandra1

The aim of the Present study is to formulate and evaluate Antibiotic Cefadroxil as gastro retentive drug delivery system in raft formulation using sodium alginate as the polymer. Formulations were designed using different grades of Eudragit polymers. Cefadroxil is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the cephalosporin type, effective in gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. It is a bactericidal antibiotic, cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin antibacterial drug that is the para-hydroxy derivative of cefalexin, and is used similarly in the treatment of mild to moderate susceptible infections such as the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, causing the disease popularly called strep throat or streptococcal tonsillitis, urinary tract infection, reproductive tract infection, and skin infections. Considering the wide range of activity of Cefadroxil, the objective of this study was to decrease the dose frequency and increase the speed of recovery from the indications by increasing the rate of bacterial killing and thereby increasing patient compliance. The formulations were designed using eudragits of different grades in different concentration ratios individually and in combination. All the formulations were evaluated for their Preformulation and Post formulation studies. The formulations were optimized and the best formulation was selected by the invitro drug release studies. The optimized formulation was found to sustain the drug for maximum time and is found to be stable. Keywords: Cefadroxil, Gastro retentive, Sodium alginate, Eudragits.

1550-1556

Authors: Bhabani Shankar Nayak*, Pradeep Kumar Suna, Priya Ranjan Patel, Pramila Panigri, Bhabani Samarath

Pharmaceutical industries have received much interest in pharmaceutical research in the area of oral drug delivery more over on Gastro retentive drug delivery system that is Floating Drug Delivery System (FDDS). The objective of this study to review on FDDS focusing on its current advancement and its future. FDDS is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site-specific drug release in upper GI tract improving the oral sustained delivery of drug that have an absorption window in a particular region of the GI tract, thus ensuring optimal bioavailability. This manner may increase patient compliance and provides continuously controlled release administration of sparingly soluble drugs at the particular sites of absorption. FDDS have bulk density less than gastric fluids that have sufficient buoyancy to float over the gastric contents and remain in the stomach for longer duration of time without affecting gastric emptying rate. Floating dosage forms can be prepared as tablets, capsule by adding suitable ingredients with excipients like hydrocolloids, inert fatty materials and buoyancy increasing agents. Various categories of drugs like antacids, antidiabetic, antifungal and anticancer drugs are formulated into FDDS. FDDS have bulk density less than gastric fluids that have sufficient buoyancy to float over the gastric contents and remain in the stomach for longer duration of time. The recent advancement of FDDS is on physiological and formulation variables affecting gastric retention approaches to design single unit and multiple unit floating systems. Furthermore, recent innovations in pharmaceutical investigation will surely provide real prospects for establishment of novel and effective means in the development of FDDS. Keywords: Floating drug delivery system, Effervescence, Gastric residency time, Bioavailabilty.

1581-1588

Authors: Mohammed Omar1 , Anil Middha2 , Dr. D. Ramakrishna3

A rapid, sensitive, accurate HPLC analytical method development was determination of fenofibrate in rat serum. Nevirapine was used as an internal standard (IS). Absorbance UV detector at wavelength of detection was as set at 295nm. Separation was carried out on inertial C18 column (4.6x250mmx5µm) using 60:40 v/v ammonium acetate buffer, Acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Analytical run time was less than 10 min. The % mean recovery for Fenofibrate in LQC, MQC and HQC was 62.7%, 64.2 % and 65.3% for 0.3 to 20.0µg/mL concentrations. The intraday and interday precision and Accuracy of the method was found to be 0.09 to 5.03% and 100.00 to 100.20% respectively. The limit of Quantification was found to be 0.3µg/ml at such concentration the inter day precision was found to be 0.07 to 0.29. The method was validated with excellent sensitivity, accuracy, precision and recovery. The assay has been applied to pharmacokinetic studies. Key words: HPLC, Fenofibrate, Nevirapine

1593-1599

Authors: Hangargekar Chitra* 1 , Patil Shivanand2 , Sapkale Geeta3

The purpose of the present work was to develop matrix tablets of Labetalol HCl with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves mucilage and povidone and to study its functionality as a matrix forming agent for sustained release tablet formulations. Mucilage from the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves was extracted, isolated, and characterized. Physicochemical properties of dried mucilage powder of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves were studied. Sustained release formulations of Labetalol HCl were prepared by using mucilage and povidone. The formulated tablets were tested for mechanical properties, friability, swelling behavior, in-vitro drug release pattern and the dissolution data (subjected to mathematical modeling). The formulated tablets were found to have good mechanical properties and good swelling properties. The in-vitro dissolution data was fitting to zero order kinetics and the release of drug from the formulation was found to follow Korsemeyer Peppas release. From this study it was concluded that the dried mucilage of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves and povidone combination can be used as an effective matrix forming material for making sustain release matrix tablets of Labetalol HCl. Key Words: - Sustain release, Matrix tablets, Labetalol HCl, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Povidone.

1609-1622

Authors: Pankaj Singh Negi*, G. Gananarajan, Ashutosh Badola, Preeti Kothiyal

Transdermal drug delivery systems are becoming more popular in the field of modern pharmaceutics because it has many advantages over traditional drug delivery system and mostly used to overcome the problems associated with conventional delivery system of drugs. it is self-contained, non-invasive, painless, user- friendly and discrete dosage form. The main objective of transdermal drug delivery system is to deliver drugs into targeted organ or parts through skin at predetermined rate with minimal inter and intra patient variation. The present study was carried out to develop transdermal patches of atenolol with different ratio of HPMC (hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose), EC (ethyl cellulose) and PVP (polyvinyl pyrrolidine) by solvent casting method. Propylene glycol 3% is used as a plasticizer and Span 80 as permeation enhancer. The identification of drug and the possible drug polymer interactions were studied by FTIR spectroscopy. Formulated transdermal patches were evaluated with regard to physicochemical characteristics (thickness, folding endurance etc.) and In-vitro permeation studies were performed using Franz diffusion cell. The data obtained from in- vitro permeation studies was treated by various conventional mathematical models (zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer- peppa’s) to determine the release mechanism from the transdermal patches formulations. Selection of a suitable release model was based on the values of R2 (correlation coefficient), k (release constant) obtained from the curve fitting of release data. It was found that all the formulations follow the first order kinetics. The regression coefficients (R2 ) for the all formulations F1 to F6 of Higuchi plot was found to be almost linear. Keywords: Trasdermal patches, Atenolol, Permeation enhancer, In-vitro permeation study

1636-1639

Authors: S.K.Mohan1* , B.Suresh

Plastic wastes accumulating in the environment are posing an ever increasing ecological threat. Plastics that are biodegradable can be considered environment friendly, they have an increasing range of potential application and are driven by the growing use of plastics in packaging. Improperly disposed plastic materials are a significant source of environmental pollution, potentially harming life. Microorganisms plays a major role for saving our environments by degrading plastic wastes, which are toxic either in their native form or modified to be toxic. Isolation of microbial strain may able to degrade plastic waste from polluted sources, such as soil. In the present research, an attempt has been made to identify the suitable fungal species for microbial degradation of polythene. The three fungal species namely Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus foetidus were isolated from dye effluent enriched soil using plating and staining technique. The biodegradation of plastic using three Aspergillus species was studied. Among the three fungal strains, A.niger gave the better degradation potential than A.flavus and A.foetidus. Key words: Biodegradation, Aspergillus species, Polythene bag, Weight loss, Isolation

1657-1664

Authors: Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed* , Vinay C. H, Sanjana. A

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by groups of specific microorganisms. Local delivery of tetracycline antibiotics has been investigated for the possibility of overcoming the limitations of conventional therapy. The goal of this research work is to prepare nanoparticles and microspheres containing minocycline hydrochloride, these tiny particles are formulated into in-situ gels as a local drug delivery system within the periodontal pockets for the effective treatment of periodontitis. FT-IR studies indicated that there was no chemical interaction between drug and polymer and stability of the drug. The microspheres were prepared by emulsion cross linking method using chitosan as a polymer. Nanoparticles containing Minocycline hydrochloride were developed by using eudragit RL 100 as polymer. Microspheres and nanoparticles were evaluated for drug content, particle size analysis and stability studies. The physicochemical parameters reveal that microspheres have a discrete spherical structure without aggregation. The average particle size of minocycline nanoparticles and microspheres were within the range. On the other hand optimized formulations ofin-situ gels containing nanoparticles, microspheres and pure drug were prepared by using gellan gum (0.6 % w/v) and comparative in-vitro diffusion study have done for these in-situ gel formulations. No appreciable difference was observed in the extent of degradation of product during 60 days in which nanoparticles and microspheres were stored at 40°C/ 75% RH. Key words: periodontitis,minocycline hydrochloride, nanoparticles, microspheres and In-situ gels

1673-1688

Authors: Masthan Rao CH.N.V.S* , Ram Bramha Reddy, Raman Kumar. P

The aim of my present study is to Develop and Evaluate Microemulsion for topical application of Diclofenac sodium by using oleic acid at different ratios for the treatment of pain. Design of microemulsion formulation for topical use of drugs, having the potential to increase the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs. To avoid the first pass metabolism and there is a potential to deliver the drug in a controlled manner to minimize the adverse effect on the g.i.t like mild dyspepsia and heartburn to ulceration and hemorrhage. Reduction of dosing frequency due to longer duration of action. To improve patient compliance to provide sustained release drug for longer periods of time due to short half-life. To delivery of hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drug as drug carriers because of its improved drug solubilization capacity and long shelf –life. Microemulsion was prepared by water trituration method using oleic acid as oil phase, tween-80 as surfactant and polyethylen glycol-400 as co-surfactant. Different oils, surfactants and co-surfactants were screened to select ideal components of microemulsions with good solubility and excellent skin penetration of Diclofenac sodium. The solubility of diclofenac sodium was highest in oleic acid followed by olive oil, and isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate. ME-3 was exhibited 98.54±0.26% higher drug content then other formulations. Among all formulations, the highest permeation flux of µg/cm2 /hour was observed in of formulation ME-3. Keywords: Microemulsion, Optical transparency, Particle size, Transmission Electron Microscopy, in –vitro skin permeation, FT-IR.