Bylye Gody

14-21

Authors: Yulia A. Bortnikova, Olga N. Naumenko, Egor E. Naumenko

Counteraction to Islamic extremism is the major problem in the modern world. The government of the Russian Empire solved this problem through purposeful education of confessional tolerance of Muslims in 1773–1917. Authors compare understanding of tolerance in Russia and in Western Siberia in 1773-1917, emphasizing that in the Tyumen region society understood this term the same as now. On the basis of earlier unknown archival documents of the Central historical archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan authors consider a state policy on formation of a certain option of Islam which provides religious tolerance in Russia. In article the main attention is paid to Western Siberia as exactly there the confessional state policy made the greatest success. The main directions of a state policy were: to unify Muslim culture according to orthodox samples; to keep the Siberian option of Islam; to create obstacles for distribution of standard Islam; to develop the state measures which would show respect for Muslims and care of them. Authors consider ways of deformation of Muslim culture in Western Siberia: change of architectural forms of mosques and necropolises, deformation of cult objects (existence of a religious sculpture), selection of literature in Muslim libraries, the facilitated conditions for examinations on the mullah's rank, appointment to positions of muftis without spiritual education in the Orenburg Mohammedan spiritual meeting, creation of obstacles for commission of a hajj to Mecca for mullahs.

29-44

Authors: Nadezhda M. Korneva, Mihail Yu. Krapivin, Yury N. Makarov, Arthur G. Dalgatov

The article is devoted to the history of anti-corruption and bribery as one of its kinds in the Russian Empire. Corruption as a complex social phenomenon that occurs in the process of socio-economic, political and social relations has become one of the most pressing political, social and economic problems of modern Russia. The corruption in the state apparatus not only cause serious, sometimes unsolvable problems for the citizens, but also hinder the normal functioning of the administrative bodies and authorities. The legal component, the development and adoption of relevant laws perform a special role in combating corruption. For many centuries government has repeatedly attempted if not to eliminate or at least to curb corruption in numerous managerial and administrative apparatus. The greatest interest in this regard is the imperial period of Russian history. The authors study the history of the development of criminal and civil law in the Code of the Russian Empire Publishing Laws 1832 of the penal Code and criminal Corrections 1845 judicial statutes in 1864 and subsequent legislation late XIX – the beginning of the XX century, the history of the development of appropriate laws, trace the change in order to prosecute and the degree of responsibility of the officials on the basis of unpublished material of the State Council, the State Duma and the Ministry of Justice, are stored in the Russian State Historical Archive, as well as the published acts of the Russian legislation, the verbatim records of the State Duma and the Council of State. During the XIX and early XX centuries Russian legislation has been streamlined and systematized: work was carried out on the codification of laws, created new codes of substantive and procedural law, a significant development has been and anti-corruption legislation. The appeal to the legislative materials, to the works of pre-revolutionary Russian lawyers and statesmen and the Ministry of Justice, are stored in the Russian State Historical Archive is of great interest to the modern lawyer and historian.

53-66

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov, Vladimir G. Ivantsov, Mikhal Shmigel, Violetta S. Molchanova

The article first discusses the historiography of the social class structure of the population of Abkhazia. The highlanders of Abkhazia resided in the area between the mouth of the Bzyb river to the river Ingur. In the first half of the XIX century there lived the Abkhazians, tsebeldintsy and samurzakanians inhabitants. The data on the population of the territory at a specified time are extremely contradictory, while a class population is almost not reflected. The authors have selected as sources of statistical materials of 1800-1860-ies, including those published in the modern period. As a result of comparison of different sources there were calculated in the proportion of the population by social classes, namely the share of princes, nobles, free citizens, dependent inhabitants, slaves (separately for coastal and mountain societies). In addition to this there were involved the sources of personal origin – diaries, and memoirs of travelers living among the Abkhazians, as well as scientific literature. The authors used the methods of demographic statistics for reconstruction of the population of Abkhazia seeing the presence of incomplete data, for example in determining the number of privileged castes of Abkhazia (Sukhumi area), as well as for the analysis of socio-demographic relations in determining the population of coastal and mountain Abkhazians. At the conclusion of the study, the authors provided the obtained statistical information about the total population, population by class and by gender.

76-82

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov

On the basis of previously published author’s works about biographies of individual ships, considered Russian-Spanish ship’s exchange as an aspect of naval cooperation between Russia and Spain. There is offer a periodization of this process. The first period (1810-1820-s.) associated with the sale for the Spanish fleet the Russian Baltic Fleet at the end of the Napoleonic wars, that reasons were on the needing to regain the Spanish colonies in Latin America. On two parties there were purchased five battleships and six frigates. The second period (1904-1917) associated with negotiations for the purchasing for Russian a Spanish warships during the Russian-Japanese war, and the acquisition of five Spanish trawlers in 1915 for the needs of the Arctic Ocean Flotilla. The third period (1936-1939) – mutual capture of merchant vessels and the Soviet aid for Republican Spain, when it was handed over to four torpedo boats G-5-class, two of which at the end of the Civil War were served in the Nationalists Navy.

90-96

Authors: Nataliya L. Semyonova

The article deals with the problems of the local government reforming in the high ruling circles of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 30s of the XIX century on the basis of the published and unpublished archival documents. The author has analyzed the ideas of the Minister of the Internal Affairs A.A. Zakrevsky taken under consideration by the Emperor Nicolay I in 1831. The project presupposed the reform of the local government on the basis of the principles of making the governor’s influence more powerful, restoring the unity of the province’s governmental bodies, increasing a number of officials in the provincial government and their payments. The author concludes that A.A. Zakrevsky’s suggestions were of a purely declarative character. The discussion of the ideas by the Minister of the Internal Affairs at the high governmental circles showed that the representatives of the supreme power had found it necessary to keep “The Institute of the Russian Empire province ruling” in 1775 and had been reluctant to consider any changes in it. The author came to the conclusion that the most important criteria of administrative changes at that time were the tasks to create such an apparatus of government which would be cheap, efficient and could provide the best correlation between the power authority of the local and central bodies. The key moment becomes an idea of the Minister of Finance who provided financial grounds by any changes and reforms.

109-119

Authors: Vladimir N. Shaidurov

The agrarian crisis in the European part of the Russian Empire in the middle of the 20th century seriously impeded agricultural progress. Agrarian overpopulation and peasants deprived of land in the course of the peasant reform of 1861 further aggravated the negative situation in the governorates of Central Russia, Belarus, and left-bank Ukraine. These factors provided fertile soil for migratory sentiments among peasants. It was resettlement in vacant lands in the Asiatic Russia and North Caucasus, which allowed most of them to preserve their homesteads. In the 2nd half of the 19th – early 20th century, Ukrainian peasants were actively engaged in the migration movement which was supported by the state. One of the main placement areas became Western Siberia where a large Ukrainian peasant community was formed. The history of research on the Ukrainian community in Western Siberia is fragmentary, as many aspects remain unstudied. Hence, the article focuses on the following questions: causes of the Ukrainian migration to the border lands of the Russian Empire; stages in the migration; main areas where Ukrainians resided in Siberia; population dynamics of the Ukrainian community; adaptation patterns specific for Ukrainian migrants in their new places of residence; their role in the economic life of Siberia in the early 20th century. This article utilizes primary data from the All-Russian Agricultural and Land Census of 1917, which have been introduced for scientific use for the first time. As the methodological basis, the study draws on the system approach combining regional, neo-imperial and comparative principles.

129-136

Authors: Maxim N. Krot, Oksana O. Zavyalova

The article deals with the perception of Russian society coming to the throne of Emperor Alexander II in 1855. The author analyzes the internal and external situation in Russia in this period, identifying the most significant factors that influenced the public's attitude to the new monarch, and the expectations that were associated with his coming to power. The article draws parallels between the initial period of the reign of the two liberal Russian monarchs of the XIX century – Alexander I and Alexander II, most clearly expressed not so much in the circumstances of their accession, but in the public mood that prevailed in the country. It presents a broad picture of the "awakening" of public consciousness and activity after the stagnation and oppression of the preceding reign, which was reflected primarily in an effort to think freely and to discuss pressing issues facing the country, as well as contribute to the supreme power in the modernization of social and political relations, awareness where necessary, at this time it becomes clearly. The author identifies semantic levels of social consciousness of the period, indicating the particular circumstances that have shaped them. Much attention is paid to the influence of Russian society of the Crimean War, which in many ways was the starting point of social upheaval transformed in 1855 from a national-patriotic in the socio-political. The author points out that at this time has unique conditions for overcoming the contradictions between state and society and their successful cooperation in the reform of the country. This suggests a significant, perhaps - the crucial role of the public in the selection of the vector conversion of Russia, which has become a feature of the reign of Alexander II.

146-154

Authors: Inna I. Yurganova

The article examines, on the basis of the first introduced in the scientific revolution of historical sources, the judicial work of the Yakut diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries, as an element of integration of the Orthodox Empire in the suburbs of the Russian statehood, as the Yakut spiritual Consistory, whose terms of reference included the investigation and judicial practice in respect of spiritual and secular persons, acted as one of the elements of the state apparatus. It is defined that the Orthodox population of the region was informed on the rights, showed the number of marriages and divorces, found the most characteristic of the Yakut diocese charge of the parish clergy, consisting in the wedding of a minor, due to the family law traditions of the Yakuts. Identified exceptions to the general rules made at the national legislative level, regarding the application marriage law, taking into account to the specifics of residence in the Far North: the remoteness of the diocese, the significance of its territory, climatic conditions, the difficulties of transportation and the conclusion has been made that the government, recognizing the difficulties of the Ministry, supported Yakut clergy. It is obvious that in connection with the conduct of spiritual justice, the customary law of the Yakuts began to be replaced by Christian Orthodox morals and to the early twentieth century in the area formed the ethno-religious understanding of the family legislation, when at obligatory Church the sanctification of marriage, kept the concept of it as a property transaction and, in general, the local population perceived the laws and customs of Orthodoxy not only through the Christian rituals, but also through the spiritual court , which regulates family and marital relationships.

166-172

Authors: Pavel N. Biriukov, Elena S. Ustinovich, Pavel G. Shelengovskiy

The article deals with the issues of censorship and printing in the Caucasus at the end of XIX – early XX centuries. The special attention is given to censorship during the First Russian revolution (1905-1907 years). Among the materials are the archival documents from the national archives of Georgia, as well as materials of pre-revolutionary periodicals and legislation dedicated to this issue. The scientific publications are important too. The authors come to the conclusion that in the late of XIX – early XX centuries in the Caucasus, as in the whole of the territory of the Russian Empire, there was a sharp rise of printing and publishing periodicals – magazines. With the growth of revolutionary events there was a need in the institute of censorship to control over the printed word. Especially the role of this institution was high during the First Russian revolution. Despite the small number of states and different problems, the censorship has contributed to the stabilization of the political and crime situation in the territory of the Caucasian viceroyalty.

183-189

Authors: Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy, Olesya Yu. Nikolaeva

The subject of food crisis of 1891-1892 in the Russian Empire, including the organization of public works by the government, has long history of studying. This problem gradually moved from the periphery to the center of attention of researchers. The Orenburg region in this context is the real terra incognito as its rich sources materials wasn't attracted at the solution of the matter at all though this region appeared among the most affected territories. Government campaign of the help to the population which was injured from a crop failure of 1891 included measures for regulation of the grain prices and railway tariffs, food aid in the form of grain loans and the labor help. Within the Orenburg region the main actions were the loan operation and the organization of public works. Unlike the loan operation introduction of public works in the Orenburg region in practice was inefficient – only 4% of the needing population used this type of the help. The reasons of so obvious failure of campaign for opening of public works consisted in the wrong approach to its organization: the untimely beginning (the majority of works opened in the spring of 1892 when crisis declined, and peasants were busy in their fields), the wrong choice of works (the majority of works were connected with construction and demanded special skills which peasants didn't possess).

196-203

Authors: Oleg Y. Plenkov, Vladimir N. Baryshnikov, Viktor N. Borisenko, Vladimir L. Piankewich, Nina E. Adamova

The article deals with the phenomenon of Prussia. Once, Prussia had been the largest continental Protestant state in Europe. The main issue of this phenomenon is that upon the tragic events of the World War II Prussian history and heritage had been considerably distorted, in order to compensate somehow for the dreadful casualties suffered by the victorious powers. The common European misconception implied that Prussia had been the bulwark of militarism, and therefore had to bear all the responsibility for the atrocities of war. Unfortunately, the majority of modern German historians share such misinterpretation of Prussian heritage in order to please false political correctness, perhaps, as an act of contrition for National Socialism and its crimes. However, the Prussian tradition and history go far beyond this militarism, and this article explains what ways. The authors believe that there should not be any prejudices and biases, that any subject should be examined sine ira et studio. Moreover, given that it is possible to characterize the Great French Revolution as a juristic one, and the Great October revolution – as a social one, the Prussian revolution “from above”, led by the first representatives of the Hohenzollern family, may be well considered as a pedagogical revolution. This revolution did bring definitely positive changes; they are surveyed in the article. The French Revolution has not eliminated the covetousness of the bourgeoisie after 1789; despotism of the authorities and people’s passiveness similarly have remained unaltered in Russia after 1917. On the contrary, Federal Republic of Germany of nowadays, distinctive for its law, order and effective responsible government is unthinkable without Prussian heritage.

210-221

Authors: Roman A. Fando

The article is devoted to the history of establishment of the private university in pre-revolutionary Russia on the sponsorsʼs donations. Alfons L. Shanyavsky was the initiator of the creation of this university, he filed a petition for the opening of the Public University to the Moscow City Duma and to the Ministry of Education in 1905. After long resistance by the officials the University was opened in 1908, after the death of its founder. Public University was attractive for various audiences, as had a great opportunities to practice the science and the getting of high education in selected cycles and courses. For teaching at the university were attracted highly qualified specialists, who were able to unite around talented students. These students became ahead of Russian science after decades.

229-236

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran, Alexey V. Dyuzhov, Svetlana A. Kocherga

The article on the basis of archival documents examines the role of teaching staff of educational institutions of the Black Sea province during the First Russian revolution. The attention is paid to the participation of students of senior classes in the revolutionary movement. Among the materials are the archival documents of central and regional archives, namely the state archive of the Russian Federation, Russian state military historical archive, the state archive of the Krasnodar Krai, the center for documentation of contemporary history of Krasnodar Krai and the archive department of historical museum of city-resort Sochi. The authors come to the conclusion that on the territory of the Black Sea province, the activities of significant part of the teaching staff were aimed at destabilization of the political situation, contributing to the overthrow of the existing government. Rather than to protect the high schools students from the influence of political propaganda and to return students to the classrooms, some teachers have contributed to reverse the process, encouraging the study of the political programs of the parties and the desire to participate in the revolutionary movement. As a result, the schoolchildren, minors with unsettled teenage psychology participated in various revolutionary actions, which could lead to the tragic consequences.

246-252

Authors: Oksana A. Karagodina

The main purpose of the article is to identify the charitable activities carried out in the city of Tsaritsyn during the World War I. As a method of research used analysis of materials of pre-revolutionary periodicals published in the city in time of war. The main source of analysis is the issues of the newspaper «Tsaritsyno Bulletin» for the period from July 1914 to February 1917. The analysis allowed to identify the most priority directions of charitable aid, carried out in Tsaritsyn in the war. Also, the article discusses the activities of public organizations and associations, involved in the provision of charitable assistance to the sick and wounded soldiers, their wives and children, refugees. In particular, the reports of the Ladies' Committee of Tsaritsyn and the Tsaritsyn branch of the Russian Red Cross Society are analyzed and the features of the activity of these organizations are revealed.

261-281

Authors: Gregory L. Freeze

Scholarship on confessional history—the history of religious institutions, practices, and interaction—has undergone profound change, especially in the last quarter century. Although bibliographical resources are woefully inadequate, the change has been enormous, reflecting all four dimensions of “confessional history”: (1) institutional religion (and its servitors); (2) believers; (3) ethno-confessional interrelations; and (4) the state’s relationship to all of the foregoing. That massive accumulation, and of late more diversified and independent, makes possible a systematic analysis of the “confessional factor” in ethnic issues and the state’s response to them. It is essential, as all this literature demonstrates, to emphasize not only the diachronic (temporal) but also spatial (geographic) dimension, for the role of the religious factor varied sharply, not only for particular confessions, but also over time and space. The historiography has undergone a corresponding evolution, reflecting at once the dynamics and desiderata of Russian political history as well as the disciplinary evolution of scholarship on religion in the modern world. In the Russian case, this evolution falls into three main periods: pre-revolutionary, twentieth-century (Soviet), and post-Soviet, a periodization that applies for both Russian and foreign scholarship.

472-478

Authors: Evgeny V. Vodyasov, Olga V. Zaitceva

The article describes the features of the emergence and spread of iron in Tomsk Ob Region, which located in the contact zone of the two great historical and cultural worlds: hunter-fishers in the taiga and nomads in steppe. Geological specialty of Tomsk Ob Region is the lack of deposits of copper ore and the presence of high-quality iron ore. Based on the analysis of archaeological data three stages of development of iron in Tomsk Ob Region are allocated: 1. Penetration of the first iron products while the traditions of bronze casting were remain general (VIII century BC-IV century AD); 2. Mass distribution of iron products and gradual replacement of bronze tools (V-X centuries AD); 3. Development of local iron ore deposits and flourishing of iron production (X-XVII centuries AD); The hypothesis that the development of local iron ore deposits became possible only with the beginning of the "Turkic" migration at the turn of I-II millennium AD is voiced. From this moment the population of Tomsk Ob Region acquired full commodity independence. Local iron ore deposits provided the flourishing of iron production, which was interrupted only in the XVII century BC during the Russian colonization.

491-498

Authors: Konstantin D. Bugrov

The actual article deals with the issue of Russia’s territorial size as an argument in 18th century political debate on domestic affairs. The early 18th century authors, like Feofan or V. N. Tatishchev, were arguing that Russia’s monarchical form of government, military strength, and control over vast territory are interconnected, and that such beneficial interconnection could be proved with the historical examples. Such attitude first appeared as a rhetorical borrowing from the Western tradition, yet it soon was tested in an actual debate following the political crisis of 1730. After that, the territorial arguments in favor of Russian monarchy became a cornerstone of a wide intellectual tradition. Therefore, to challenge the monarchical form of government in Russia, radical thinkers and writers had to deal mainly with historical arguments on military power and territorial control.

508-518

Authors: Andrej V. Keller

Russian-German businessman Andrew Knauf is a remarkable person and an innovator in the Urals mining and metallurgical industry of the early nineteenth century, who made a positive impact on its development. The author examines the Knauf activities as the holder of the mining enterprises, modernized due to the transfer of Western technologies. His experience is interesting in the context of serfdom and the lack of qualified personnel in the existing system possessional factories. Traces the entrepreneur with the state interaction, and attempts to identify a real contribution to the production and the region development and the reasons for the Knauf failure. The author makes a fundamental difference between financial failure Knauf and its role in enterprises technical and social modernization, which became for some time the Ural growth and innovation leaders, directly influenced the steam engines in the state factories introduction.Knauf can be attributed to a new type of entrepreneur, socially responsible business.

536-540

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Alexey A. Volvenko, Alexander G. Varfolomeev

The article on the basis of archival sources examines the work of foreign emissaries on the Black Sea coastline in 1834-1847 years. The significant part of sources is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The importance is given to the activities of foreign agents, their life among the hillmen, and methods of fighting of the Russian administration with foreign agents. The author comes to the conclusion that in the period of 1834-1847 years, on the Black Sea coastline the emissaries were carried out the diverse activities aimed against the Russian Empire. This activity was shown at the instigation of the hillmen for the war against Russia, the spread of false information, work as instructors, as well as to the personal involvement of emissaries in fighting.

549-557

Authors: Dmitrii V. Timofeev

On the basis of archival materials presents the basic "scenario" emancipation of the serfs in the first quarter of XIX-th century. A comparative analysis of the investigation of cases of dissemination of "unlawful speeches", denunciations, notes and projects identified the following options for addressing the issue of serfdom: the scenario of "external release," "liberation by the initiative of the Russian Emperor" by transferring the peasants on public lands and the payment of money compensation; exemption with the transition to a "new state" scenario "deferred liberation." Comparative analysis of the stories about the role of the state, the rate and conditions of the peasants of freedom, led to the conclusion about the existence in the minds of Russian citizens community paternalistic attitudes. Waiting initiative on the part of the state not only significantly slowed the development process of reform, but also contributed to the formation directly opposite behaviors aimed at the use of forced labor.

564-575

Authors: Alexander Yu. Davidov

The author defines life’s constants of Alexander Illarionovich Vasilchikov (1818-1881) – a prominent public figure, aristocrat, scientist and organizer of the first cooperative union in Russia. The novelty of current research is that the author presents the protagonist in his main social roles – as a farmer and cooperator. It has been proved that by focusing on his estates organization, Vasilchikov realized how dangerous the serious moral defects of Russian peasants were for nation’s future (“wastefulness” and “inordinacy”). The attention is paid to how the offended patriotic feeling made the prince and his companions (“vasilchikovs”) to create a nationwide credit-cooperative organization. Their aim was to gradually accustom peasants to domesticity and housekeeping, mutual trust in a common activity. By presenting the results of Vasilchikov’s activity analysis, the author tries to define the role of national cooperation as an important method of motivation and work culture development. The actuality of the research is also seen in revealing the leaders’ role (A. Vasilchikov and “vasilchikovs”) in acceleration of large-scale creative public processes.

586-594

Authors: Gulnar K. Mukanova

The article is devoted to an interesting chapter in the history of international relations in Central Asia, namely, the role of the consular service in tracing ethno-demographic processes in the area of Russian-Chinese border. Observation Russian consuls and analysis of the situation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are reflected in the sources that allowed the author to explore the details of the development of the law in 1903 to regulate the uncontrolled immigration. The author studied the array of documents from the archival funds and memoir literature, periodical press materials specified period. Activities of Russian consuls for many years has not been studied as a subject of study, since the coming to power of the Bolsheviks in 1917 and the abdication of Nicholas Romanov 2 put them out of politics. The fate of Russian consuls abroad after 1917 constitutes a separate dramatic page of history. China has actively cooperated with the consuls in Xinjiang, which is understandable position of the state on the eve of the First World War. This is an example of the interested cooperation of Russia and China in solving the problem of spontaneous cross-border migration in Central Asia.

602-622

Authors: Boris N. Mironov

Traits that some have regarded as distinctively Russian had appeared previously in Europe—sometimes two, three, or more centuries earlier, albeit with variations. Nevertheless, like any country, Russia did have distinctive features brought about by religion, geography, and political and economic conditions. Russia’s location on the periphery of Europe, its multinational population, and the influence of its eastern neighbors reinforced these features. Russia embraced Western civilization later than other European countries. Whereas after the fall of the Roman empire most people in western Europe occupied a relatively familiar and well delimited territory containing previously developed centers of Roman culture, Russia’s historical development occurred in an uncivilized, immense, and constantly expanding space. Russia lagged behind the rest of Europe; but this does not preclude its basic similarity to Europe in the social, economic, political, and cultural spheres. Russians and Europeans have shared common features of development, particularly in the spheres of religion, geography, and ethnicity. However, Russia developed asynchronously with other European countries. Russia’s Europeanization was not the product of borrowing but the inevitable result of its own evolution, essentially similar to Europe’s but delayed by the conditions of its historical environment. Although this lag placed Russia at a clear disadvantage in international power relations, it cannot be attributed to any hypothetical, peculiarly Russian moral or cultural failing; for the cultural and spiritual richness of this society, at both the popular and the elite levels, has been amply demonstrated.

633-640

Authors: Andrey Yu. Mikhailov

This article is based on the methodology of intellectual history examines the process of secularization of Orthodoxy in the late Russian Empire 1860 – 1910-ies. The focus of the formulation of a scientific problem: consideration of secularization as indoctrination Orthodoxy and de-institutionalization of the Synod Church. Under the first attempt to synthesize the doctrine Orthodoxy with modernist ideologies (socialism, nationalism, secularism (laicism), under the second – the erosion of the church as an institution by dividing into various inner-group. As a consequence of early modern rationalization to 1830–1840 there are three ways of indoctrination orthodoxy as synthesis with modern ideology. Firstly, synthesis with a modernist nationalism in its evolution from the "civilian" to the "political". The concept of late imperial political nationalism (N.P. Ignatiev, A.A. Kireev), tied to version of neoslavyanofily (new slavyanofily) (N.P. Aksakov, D.A. Khomyakov) and civilizational theory (L. Leontiev, N.I. Danilevsky) tried synthesize Orthodoxy and nationalism in the spirit of religious interpretation of the nation and society. Secondly, with social theories of modern European socialism and positivism. (archimandrite Fedor (Bukharev), S.N. Bulgakov, archimandrite Michael (Semenov), and others.). Thirdly, with a modernist secularism (laicism and liberalism: P.V. Valuev, D.A. Tolstoy, K.P. Pobedonostsev). De-institutionalization of the Synodal Church took place in the following ways. In the period of early modernity (1700–1840), konfessionaliztion (die Konfessionalisierung), happened embedding religious institution in the state organism (nationalization) on the practical and theoretical level. The evolution from the early modernity to late modernity (1830–1860) itself has raise the question of the "internal" secularization as activation of layman or parishioner. Theory A.S. Khomyakov (new criteria and the nature of the Church as a divine-human organism) and investigation of teachers of Ecclesiastical Academy (A.S. Pavlov) required for the majority of the church - laity, a new, higher status On the other hand, the absence of many centuries hierarchy (bishops, priests) in certain parts of the country has created a "popular deinstitutionalization" – bezpopovtsy (without priests). During the late Empire, 1860 - 1910 the desire of the church renovation and restoration of "canonical order" led to the emergence of new forms of deinstitutionalization: formation of numerous church brotherhood, unions and others movement in Russian Orthodoxy. By the 1917 revolution in the empire, in the official church existed a sufficient number of different trends, which is allocated, then again merges with the main mainstream. "Social Christians", "free Christian", "Golgotha Christian", representatives of "Christian brotherhood of fight" (B. Sventsitsky, V. Ern) had their own ideology (ekleziologiyu), religious practices and organizational structure.

650-662

Authors: Branislav Šprocha, Pavol Tišliar

Slovak population in the 20th century has undergone significant changes in the character of the reproductive behavior. However, these changes not proceed simultaneously and in the entire population at once. One of the most frequently mentioned factors is the economic activity of women and their related affiliation with one of the economic sectors. In this context the primary sector was very important. The study analyzes the realized fertility of women in Slovakia depending on and working in the primary sector between 1900 and 2001. Differential analysis of fertility is based on population censuses results.

670-675

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran, Nina I. Kryukova

The article on the base of archival documents considers the events of the First Russian revolution in the Tuapse district of the Black Sea province. The article is paid attention to the activities of the social-revolutionaries, peasants’ union and representatives of other political parties. The author comes to the conclusion that the Manifest of 17 October 1905 became the starting point of a fundamentally new hard revolutionary violence, which peaked in the winter of 1905–1906 years. The armed uprisings took place in two of the three districts of the Black Sea province (Novorossiysk and Sochi districts) and only a strong anti-Republican stance of the administration of Tuapse district has managed to keep the situation in a legal way.

682-688

Authors: Elena G. Lapshina, Larisa A. Koroleva

In article activity of sign figures of the Russian vanguard of Vladimir Evgrafovich Tatlin, the first Soviet designer, and Efim Vladimirovich Ravdel, the first rector of the Highest state art and technical workshops is considered. The special attention is paid to the Penza period of their life. In 1905 Tatlin began the vocational education in Penza in Art school of N.D. Seliverstov upon termination of whom gained the diploma of the artist with the right of teaching drawing, drawing and calligraphy. During training he was admitted to school in Tsege's salon, participated in an exhibition of the third salon of the Golden Fleece magazine in Moscow. Then Tatlin moves to Moscow where arranges own workshop. Revolutionary events found Tatlin in St. Petersburg where he became the informal leader of «futurists». In April, 1918 he was appointed the chairman of the Moscow art board of Department FROM Narkompros. He taught in picturesque workshops of the Moscow and Petrograd Svomas. Ravdel since 1918 was the head of department of arts of Board of National education of the Penza provincial council of country and working deputies; I organized drama studio, national conservatory, the museum; I participated in exhibitions, debates, etc. In detail the reform of the Penza art school (1918-1920) which was carried out by it, attraction of pedagogical shots (D.P. Buryshkin, D.M. Iofan, etc.), a set of entrants, etc. is considered; creation of an architectural workshop of the Penza free state art workshops. In 1920 Ravdel went to Moscow where held the rector's position of Highest state art and technical workshops (1920-1923).

697-707

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Svetlana V. Shevelyova, Margarita N. Urda

The article is devoted to the study of the relationships between power structures in the face of law enforcement and society in the Black Sea province in 1912 year, through the analysis of the activities of the Novorossiysk detective department. The article studies the reports, regulations, and other documents of Novorossiysk police detective branch, on the basis of which the author talks about the General atmosphere of relationships between the authorities and society in the period. Most of used sources are published for the first time. The author comes to the conclusion that the organization of detective business in Novorossiysk was carefully planned and prepared, and rather quickly embodied in practice. Even after the recent revolutionary events (1905-1907 years) there is no written evidence that the society in 1912 was perceived by the employees of law enforcement negatively. However, the authorities are rightly feared of the iterance of public outbursts that are clearly expressed in the historical sources.

715-719

Authors: Lyubov G. Polyakova, Lyudmila G. Zimovets, Leonid L. Balaniuk

The article on the basis of first introduced into the scientific circulation documents of the State archive of the Krasnodar region covers the activities of the gendarmerie staff management in the Black Sea province during the First World War. The author comes to the conclusion that the activities of the gendarmerie were conducted professionally during the 1914-1917 years in the Black Sea province. The expulsion of the prominent representatives of the revolutionary movement from the border area, which was the Black Sea province, led to political stability in the region. Further the tasks of the gendarmerie included only the maintaining of order and the prevention of the penetration of anti-social element in the Black Sea province.

729-734

Authors: Kamil G. Akhsanov

The article is regarded the approaches of Turkish and Russian researchers on the issue of entry of the Ottoman Empire in World War I in 1914. There is given the point of view of Turkish historians and attempt to trace the evolution of the views of Russian researchers in the evaluation of the motives behind the ruling circles of the Ottoman Empire to take military action on the side of Germany. The article presents the most characteristic stamps of Soviet historiography of the reasons for the entry of the Ottoman Empire in World War I on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Also presents the point of view of the entry of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War a number of Turkish researchers in the modern history of Turkey (A. N. Kurat, J. Arslan, I. Ortaylı). What follows is an overview of the most important works on Turkish history in the twentieth century, Released in Russia in recent years. It is emphasized that in most of these studies continue to live on the installation initially aggressive character of the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire in the early twentieth century. But at the same time provides the concept of Russian-Turkish Studies historians more fully investigate the problem and diversified involvement of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (V. I. Sheremet Ju.V. Luneva). In this article, the reason for differences in the views of Russian and Turkish historians on the issue involving the Ottoman Empire in the First World War is explained as the difference between the source base and stereotypes and cliches.

742-749

Authors: Mihail Y. Krapivin, Yury N. Makarov

The article is devoted to the history of the creation of a special structural subdivision of the Central office of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VCheka) organized for targeted agent-operative work among "hostile elements" of the Orthodox clergy and contre-revolutionary religious sectarianism. Sources covering the initial period of operation of the "Church" office Secret operative / the Secret Department (SD) of the VCheka was preserved very little, although the amount of work they carried out was great. On the basis of all available documentary material the authors describe the organizational structure of the special Secret Department of the VCheka, which initially received the number "7" in November 1920 and then – the number "6" in November 1921. The authors try to reconstruct the stages of creation and development of the special Secret Department (its reorganization, renaming, personal appointees of the governing composition, etc.) in chronological sequence.

758-765

Authors: Viktor M. Kononenko, Yekaterina A. Forzun, Yekaterina A. Muravskaya, Valentina V. Bykova

The article describes the transformation of librarianship in Kuban in the 20-ies of XX century. Archival sources and regional periodicals materials entered lately into the scientific circulation have allowed the authors of sufficiently revealing the characteristics of library work. The authors succeed in identifying the essential social functions of public libraries and bring to light unknown forms and directions of functioning of libraries in that period of time.

229-237

Authors: Evgeny V. Vodyasov, Olga V. Zaitceva

The article tells about medieval burials in wooden coffins at the area of Tomsk Ob region. These graves exclusively date to the 13th-15th centuries and there is no trace of them found in either an earlier or a later time period. This may mean that the ritual of burying the dead in a coffin had been practiced in the region for a relatively short period of time. All in all, there have been identified and described 17 medieval coffin burials. All of them stand out markedly against other graves. They come with a rich and diverse burial inventory (weapons, adornments, rare articles of art, etc.). In half of the cases, they are also accompanied by the burial of horsehide and horse tack. All this leads the author to put forth a hypothesis that the dead buried in the wooden coffins were representatives of the military elite. Such “elite” graves are known to have existed in the 13th-14th centuries across the Altai, Transbaikal, and South Urals regions, where they appeared during the period when the Mongols came into to the area. Coffin graves turning up in other regions are linked to Mongol traditions, which spread wide during the Mongol conquests in the 13th-14th centuries. So it appears that the medieval interments in coffins aren’t local phenomenon in the Tomsk Ob region but the sign of “the Mongolian trail” in the history of the Region.

245-253

Authors: Konstantin D. Bugrov

The actual paper deals with the issue of conceptual grounds of Russian political thought in its international aspect. The author argues that Russian politicians of the 18th century were paying special attention to the fact of Russia’s unique territorial size, which was used as a conceptual basis for building a distinctive model of international policy for the Empire. The ‘Northern System’, installed by Nikita Panin, a prominent statesman at the court of Catherine the Great Russian who masterminded Russian foreign policy from 1764 to 1779. The author demonstrates that Panin understood Russian Empire as a territorial giant which doesn’t need expansion of its borders anymore and therefore could propose a diplomatic system based on stability, peace and commerce. That system was putting emphasis upon the concision of Russian diplomatic domination and the ‘natural interests’ of the states of Northern and Eastern Europe. The similar understanding of Russia’s uniqueness in terms of territorial size would became a basis for proposing similar models for international regulations, in which Russia’s vast size was to be seen as a precondition for a role of a peacemaker rather than expansionist.

260-267

Authors: Tatjyana V. Kovaleva, Tatjyana O. Tsurik

This paper deals with a manor of the nobility phenomenon as part of the Chernozem region cultural space in XVIII–XIX centuries, its forming and development factors and the country estate landscape components. The household, economic and cultural characteristics of the manors in the Central Black Soil region are examined as well as their importance for the region development. The manor landscape is described as the wholeness of natural and cultural origins. The paper generalizes it as the best achievements of Russian and Western European cultures and a synthesis of urban and rural lifestyles.

276-281

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov, Vyacheslav I. Menkovsky, Michal Smigel, Violetta S. Molchanova

This article examines ethno-demographic processes in the north-east Black Sea area, more specifically the territory of Greater Sochi, in the 19th – early 21th centuries. In writing the article, the authors have relied on archive materials from the archives department of the administration of the city of Novorossiysk and the archives department of the administration of the city of Sochi. The authors have consulted reference pre-revolution literature, Soviet-era and present-day population censuses, as well as the findings of present-day research studies. The methodological basis of this study are the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systemicity, which helps to get an insight into the general patterns and regional peculiarities in the demographic development of the major ethnicities in the north-east Black Sea area in the 19th-20th centuries. The authors touch upon the process of colonization of the territory and its ethnic composition. In the end, the authors come to the conclusion that the ethno-demographic picture of Greater Sochi had been forming in a complicated fashion. As a consequence, in the second half of the 19th century, following the Caucasian War, the territory had to be repopulated. Resettlement flows from different locations in the Russian Empire and overseas had formed by 1917 an ethno-picture that featured Russians and Armenians as two principal ethnicities. The authors note that this picture has not changed in a major way to this day.

289-295

Authors: Hope O. Bleich

Based on new archive and documentary materials, the article investigates the role of Russian and mountaineer enlighteners in the development of the writing culture of the North Caucasus. The author talks about the way Russian scholars would study, during the course of their fecund historical/linguistic activity in the Caucasus, the multiple languages and dialects of the mountaineers and, based on Russian graphics, create alphabets for the mountaineer peoples. The author goes on to prove that the above facilitated education among the Caucasians and, as a consequence, the emergence of a pleiad of mountaineer thinkers, who would embark on a path of enlightening their people.

303-308

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov

In 1895, with the beginning of Cuban insurgence, the Spanish acquired a series of civil vessels and powerboats in the US. Unfortunately, in the Spanish literature there has been relatively little mention of the fate of these numerous units before the purchase and after the end of the Spanish-American War of 1898. Based on the findings of the author’s analysis of data from Spanish and American print media, the author puts forth a supposition that the New-York “water buses” Shrewsbury and Navesink sold by the US in 1895 would turn into the Spanish gunboats Intrépida and Mensajera. It is likely that during the deal process they could have temporary names, General Laborde and General Tacón. Both powerboats were actively used in blockade operations against the insurgents in 1896–97, and after the Spanish-American War they were dropped from the Spanish fleet. That said, Intrépida became one of the first ships within the naval fleet of the young Cuban republic led by Antonio Maceo. Based on the findings of an analysis of data from naval handbooks, the author puts forth a supposition that this ship might have been not Intrépida but the one-class ship Mensajera.

319-326

Authors: Tulebaev Turganzhan, Gulzhaukhar K. Kokebayeva

The period of the late 20th and the early 21st centuries is characterized for many post-socialist countries by profound social/economic transformations. They are going through a tough transition from the implementation of market reform to the formation of a market economy oriented towards innovation development. The historical past of these countries attests that, in a sense, they have already been going through a similar process – back in the late 19th-early 20th centuries. The history of the industry of Turkestan Krai during that period is a vivid example of the process of the making and development of capitalist relations. This proves once again the relevance and timeliness of the study of the characteristics of the evolution of the region’s industry and determination of its prevalent forms. The author examines the initial forms of the region’s industry. Only the penetration of commodity production on the capitalist basis and the resettlement of peasants, the settling down of Kazakhs on the land, the development of old and emergence of new towns and villages, and the construction of railroads would lay the foundation for social division of labor. This spurred the development of old and emergence of new sectors in the industry of Turkestan Krai. During the period under examination, the prevalent form of industry was petty commodity capitalist production. But the transition from craft production and its workshop form to capitalist petty commodity production in Turkestan Krai was a long and not always straightforward process. The author investigates the issue of the making of the factory/plant form of industry. The emergence of particular factories and plants was a consequence of the wide development of Russian capitalism, a result of adopting Central Russia’s accumulated experience in the way of applying production techniques and technology in Turkestan Krai. Based on the author’s study of facts relating to industrial production in Turkestan Krai, the author comes to the conclusion that the region’s development is characterized by a top-bottom line, which stands for capitalist, and a bottom-top line, which denotes ante-capitalist relations.

338-346

Authors: Petr K. Dashkovskiy, Elena A. Shershneva

This article examines the role of the Russian government in the set-up of the spiritual life of Moslem communities. Between the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian government saw its major objective in control over communities practicing faiths other than Orthodox Christianity – most importantly, the activity of Moslem communities. Such policy, in large part, was about control over the construction of cult buildings, as well as the set-up of confessional schools. Based on archive materials, the author provides an insight into the issue of the set-up of the spiritual life of the Moslem community of Western Siberia during the period under examination, as well as the major aspects of record management in the area. Special attention is devoted to the complexity of getting permits for the erection of Moslem facilities, which sometimes led to unauthorized construction. There was a similar trend in respect of opening academic institutions, since the government mostly supported the creation of new-type schools with Russian-based classes and their major objective was teaching Russian and familiarizing Moslems with Russian culture.

359-365

Authors: Sergey G. Sulyak

Bringing to the forefront the theme of the genocide of the Rusin (Russian) population of Galicia and Bukovina during WWI in the research and work at the beginning of the 1920's to the beginning of the 21th c. is the question analyzed in the article. The given theme was actively opened in the 1920's and 1930's when Galicia was part of Poland, Subcarpathia part of Czechoslovakia and Bukovina part of Rumania. During Soviet times the theme became "taboo". Current Ukrainian historiography places more attention on creating myth about the supposed oppression of the Ukrainians in Galicia, Bukovina and also in Little Russia by the Russian authorities. The theme of the Rusin (Russian) movement in Galician and Bukovina, the massive repression of the Rusin (Russian) population by the Austro-Hungarian authorities is absent in current textbooks of history in Russia. The material presented compares approaches given by researchers who have various political views.

373-381

Authors: Altaiy I. Orazbayeva, Zakish T. Sadvokassova

This article aims to investigate the issue of the organization of the social subsystem of the civilization of Eurasian steppe nomads. To this end, the author examines the specificity of the social structure of a nomad society through the example of traditional Kazakh society within the context of Ibn Khaldun’s concept of “asabiyyah” developed in his work entitled “Muqaddimah” (“An Introduction” or “A Book on the Nature of Social Life”). The author’s primary object of study is the theoretical and methodological conceptualization of the aspect under study, providing an insight into the specificity of the organization of internal mechanisms in the civilization of Eurasian steppe nomads, and trying to expound various phenomena in its development. In a related move, the authors, based on a selection of their own parameters of historical measurements, without any attempts to force a fit with accepted standards, venture to explain the specificity of the patterns of development characteristic of a local type of the civilization of Eurasian steppe nomads.

388-393

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev

This article, based on documents from the Archive Department of the administration of the city of Sochi, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as print media materials, looks into the everyday activity of primary schools in the village of Aibga in the 1920s. There is some focus on the regional specificity of teaching at a primary school and specific facilities-related and economic issues. The author comes to the conclusion that the labor conditions of rural teachers during said period were very hard. Academic activity had a pronounced seasonal nature – during the winter months it would “bloom” due to the cessation of agricultural work, while it would virtually cease with the start of the agricultural season. In addition, there was a severe lack of proper school inventory.

403-412

Authors: Olga I. Shestak

This article, based on documents from state archives, examines Soviet policy in the area of wages through the example of the Far East. The author comes to the conclusion that the wages policy implemented in the USSR in the 1930s was a key mechanism in the formation of a hierarchical social production-type establishment. It would determine the prestige of professions and the functionality of spheres of work activity and underscored the commanding positioning of social groups, thereby setting and ensuring all key criteria for constructing a system of social inequality, on the one hand, and fixing the population to remote and scarcely populated territories, on the other.

420-427

Authors: Sergey O. Buranok, Dmitry V. Surzhik

This article analyzes the U.S. and U.K public opinion about German attack on the USSR 22 June 1941. Considered the views of the American and British statesmen and politicians, the public mood, reflected in the press. Identify the main points of view on the outbreak of war with Germany against the Soviet Union. It is shown that in the presence of a variety of assessments prevailed ideas of solidarity with the Soviet Union and the need to support it. This work will allow for a " reflection" of the image of a belligerent Soviet Union, and to find the key moments falsifying the history of World War II in the U.S. and the UK. The events of the Great Patriotic War , which will be set out on the basis of US and UK archives, and t hen will be presented t o look at fighting in the USSR in the memoranda of public institutions of Great Britain and the United States, as well as their coverage in the Anglo-American media. In this case, due consideration will be given to the mechanisms of information influence that have been implemented in the U.S. Office of War Information and the British Ministry of Information. Selected key battles 1941 year in the USSR: a description of the fighting, then their score by British and U.S. military and political leadership, guidelines an d promotional materials departments of the UK and the U.S., the UK and the U.S. press.

434-441

Authors: Tatiana P. Khlynina

The article is devoted to the construction of fortifications in Rostov-on-Don and the Rostov region. It considers the work of the Defence Staff and the city authorities of the city for the mobilization of the population. Analyzes the causes of failure Plans to build fortifications. Notes the hazards posed to civilian objects. It is concluded that the construction of fortifications and the construction of an accelerated rate reflects not only the desire to strengthen the leadership of the city to protect it, but also a general idea of the time on the organization of defense. Calculating the strategic environment Soviet command in the fall of 1941 and short occupation of the city became a powerful incentive to deploy in the future construction of fortifications in Rostov-on-Don.

450-460

Authors: Veronika V. Tsibenko, Sergey N. Tsibenko

Public space discussion of various aspects of the Circassian (Adyghe) problematics and the so-called Circassian question became extremely hot in the mid-2000s in connection with such a significant event like the Olympics 2014 in Sochi. The viewpoint that the Circassian question itself does not exist outside the Olympic agenda is prevailing in the Russian research environment. The authors of the current article argue against the binding of the Circassian question exclusively to the Olympics and consider it in a broad historical and cultural context, tracing the transformation of its content and perception by the international community. The article gives a retrospective picture of the Circassian question in relation to the place, time and processes of both local and global significance, identifies the factors that influenced its coverage in a particular way and the main actors that determine the formation of public opinion. The authors distinguish the main historical stages of development of the Circassian national movement, give a detailed description of each of them, reveal the basic mechanisms and features, examine topical Circassian issues. The article gives a large amount of data on the Circassian organizations, their appeals to the governmental and international organizations. As follows from the analysis, the authors conclude that the sharp growth of the relevance of the Circassian problematics after 2007 is conditioned not only by the objective internal processes of the Circassian national movement, but even more by foreign policy factors and the Circassian question perceprion in the international arena has historically predetermined outcome.

14-21

Authors: Vyacheslav G. Shvedov, Elena V. Stelmah, Sergei A. Solovchenkov, Andrew B. Golub

This publication addresses the issue of the formation of an autochthonous reclamation region around the Amur River basin in the Late Neolithic period. In writing this article, the author employed materials from field research and issue-related publications by a number of major researchers in the area of the geography and archeology of the south of Russia’s Far East. Based on an analysis of the geographic position and natural conditions of the area under examination, the author provides a comprehensive characterization of the significance of natural resources in the economic life of the local population. This has made it possible to identify within the boundaries of the Amur River basin reclamation areas whose formation was associated with a particular economic specialization grounded in fishing as a prevalent economic activity. The author has conducted an internal territorial differentiation of the reclamation region and singled out four areas each of which had its special characteristics based on the type of activity pursued by the aborigine communities. The author draws a conclusion about a high economic effectiveness of the Amur reclamation region, which is based on thorough adaptation to local physical/geographic conditions of the environment, which is attested to by quite a lengthy period of its existence.

30-35

Authors: Alexander Kim

Author considers question on Bohai suryongs, the places of them in Bohai are unclear. Many scholars in East Asia consider suryongs as chiefs of tribes, who lived in Bohai peripheries. However, other historians believe that suryongs were provincial officials. Usually the problem of these Bohai chiefs is discussed between these two opinions. Author thinks that the structure of suryongs consists of different groups of provincial leaders. Because many Bohai chiefs had different functions and positions in the state, clearly, in many cases the kinds of their activity were inconsistence. Therefore author of article has another opinion about suryongs in Bohai state. Moreover, in many cases Bohai chiefs can be position or rank. Suryongs played a big role in govern administrative system, we can information about activity of Bohai suryongs not only in inner policy, but in foreign relations too. It had influence in potential of Bohai in different periods of state existing. Moreover, suryongs system existed after collapse of Bohai state during a long time. The system of Bohai suryongs was well-known in other countries. Author uses materials not only in European (Russian and English), but in Asian languages (Korean and Chinese) too.

41-47

Authors: Yakov G. Solodkin

The voivode system of government emerged in Western Siberia at the turn of the 16th–17th centuries, following the legendary expedition of Yermak’s Cossacks. Its implementation depended crucially on the succession in which the Russian acquisition of the new vast territories had taken place. Voivodes and departmental administrators usually acted as county governors as the counties were formed around towns, with stockaded settlements shaping the scope of responsibility of departmental administrators, whose status and functions have often created considerable confusion in Russian historiography, inasmuch as they are frequently but groundlessly identified with voivodes, with the latter’s functions sometimes attributed to streltsy commanders or even Cossack atamans. In the early period of the Russian colonization of Siberia, as well as in the subsequent years, it was standard practice to send to the newly acquired lands voivodes and departmental administrators who possessed extensive experience in governance. The practice of Intra-Siberian transferring of departmental administrators, which gained wide currency in the 17th century, had been adopted well before 1599, the year when the Tobolsk department was established. In most cases, the officers who founded towns and stockaded settlements served a one-year term of appointment, with the latter being occasionally extended to two or three years.

55-69

Authors: Dmitrii А. Redin, Мarie-Pierre Rey

The two official visits to Paris made by Russian sovereigns, the first one by Peter I in Spring 1717 and the second one by Alexander I in Spring 1814, have been significant events for the history of Russian-French relations and for European history in general. Each of these trips generated an extensive literature and the circumstances, the origins, the goals, and outcomes of the sovereigns’ stay in the French capital are very well documented. The authors proposed to analyze these trips in a comparative and diachronic way, considering that despite their differences in terms of cultural and political contexts, this approach is relevant. Indeed, the article aims at showing that the visits had a common impact: they contributed to reform stereotypes about Russia and Russians in the eyes of French elites and public opinion, and beyond, in European public opinion. During their trips, convincingly demonstrating that Russia belongs to the European space, the two monarchs significantly transformed the perception of their country, so far perceived as a barbaric, tyrannical and potentially dangerous country for Europe. However, at the same time, the authors conclude that the deconstruction of old stereotypes did not lead to their complete eradication. As a result, in European public opinion, emerged a «dual perception» of Russia that is a negative one, going back to late medieval tradition, and a more positive one, associated with the recognition of its belonging to the modern European cultural space.

81-86

Authors: Elena S. Ustinovich

During this historical period was actively carried out the process of interaction and interdependence of the development of state power and social consciousness within the limits of formation of the state information policy. Alexander II and his inner circle, given these trends and evaluating the shortcomings of the reign of his father, after years of ignoring the power of public opinion on important socio-political and socio-economic issues, after a long ban on open discussion of the shortcomings of the actions of the authorities and of the state apparatus, deliberately stimulated the beginning of the «era of conviction». Growth of social consciousness, the press has naturally gained a strong influence on representatives of the Russian society and contributed to raising awareness of and advocate for their rights. The authority is committed to the advancement of social development, directs itself to the expansion of media freedom and on the settlement of socio-political issues through dialogue, carried out with the assistance of the media.

94-99

Authors: Anna S. Tretyak

The paper presents a brief historical overview of the evolution of maternal and child health care in Russia. A system of Public Health Service in the Central Black Earth Region governments (territorial subdivisions of Russia, 1708-1929) is taken as an example. A retrospective of the review is limited to the last third of the XIX century. The paper discusses historical aspects of the problem, which are mainly concentrated in the first quarter of the XX century. Organizational aspects of the medical staff training, problems with the obstetric aid organization are also considered. Characteristics of the governments in their activity to fight with infant mortality are stated in the paper.

107-115

Authors: Jury S. Tynnikov, Valentina V. Krylova

The paper is concerned with the educational policy in pre-revolutionary Russia and the North Caucasus at the turn of XIX-XX centuries, detects the reasons, problems and the ways of the education formation among the multi-national population of Sochi District in the studied period. The role of the Russian language in the formation of major channels of the interethnic communication, introduction of the multinational population to the Russian culture, development of the state integrity is examined.

124-132

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran

This article, based on archive materials, analyzes the conduct of rural communities in the epicenters of uprisings during the First Russian Revolution. The author notes that during the First Russian Revolution (1905–1907) peasants in rural communities, as, for instance, those within the Black Sea Governorate’s Sochi Okrug, were in point of fact left to themselves. Having found themselves alone with members of the social-democratic party, the rural communities had to decide: whether to buy into revolutionary propaganda or sabotage anti-government activity.

137-144

Authors: Irina V. Lidzhieva, Valery V. Batyrov, Ludmila V. Okonova

This article is devoted question of the transition of the population of the Kalmyk steppe to the Cossack estate of the Russian Empire during the World War I. Limited the rights of the Kalmyk people, a permanent loss of their lands, permanent peasant colonization led the Kalmyk society has to come a long way from a complete denial of the transition to the Cossack estate in the XIX century to the only possibility to save his people and culture. Cossack's self-government had a number of advantages over the existing self-government in the Kalmyk steppe, which was legalized in 1847 — the Regulations on the management of the Kalmyk people. And yet, the question of the transition Kalmyks to the Cossack estate during of the World War I, despite the efforts made by both the of intellectuals and clergy was not resolved positively, due to the negative attitude towards this issue by the central and local authorities. And only February revolutions and October revolutions in 1917 opened the way for a positive solution of the transition Kalmyks to the Cossacks, but by the time any other alternatives of autonomization of the Kalmyk people, and idea of the transition the Kalmyks to the Cossack estate of was more irrelevant.

152-158

Authors: Gulzhaukhar K. Kokebayeva, Nurzipa K. Alpysbayeva, Shotbek T. Bulgauov

The work studies the problem of the detention of prisoners of war of the Triple Alliance in the camps, located within Kazakhstan. During the first months of war, the Russian authorities treated the prisoners of war in accordance with ‘Convention on the Treatment of the Prisoners of War’, approved by the Emperor of Russia. The content of this document corresponded to the Hague Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The major areas of the detention of prisoners of war were Turkestan and Omsk Military Okrug, combining all military institutions of the Steppe Governorate General, including the ones of North-Eastern and Central Kazakhstan. The source base of the research is the materials of Kazakhstan and German archives, the recollections of the former prisoners of war and the published collections of documents and materials.

167-173

Authors: Vladimir G. Dazischen, Larisa A. Kutilova

On the basis of selected publications of the regional newspaper "Krasnoyarsk Worker" the authors analyze the foreign policy priorities of the Soviet Union in 1924. The most important problem of diplomatic recognition is viewed through the prism of relations with China and publications on this topic in the regional press that performs a main function in shaping public perceptions of the Soviet people in the sphere of international relations. The particular importance is given to the newspaper coverage of the issue of the Chinese Eastern Railway and the line of argument that allowed the Soviet government to raise the issue of its ownership in the agenda during the preparation of the Sino-Soviet treaty in 1924.

185-191

Authors: Natalia A. Garazha

This article is an attempt to consider the issues of the use of eastern worker’s labour in the Third Reich during the World War II from the point of view of historical category of gender. The represented category is considered as social and cultural manifestations of gender in the conditions of captivity, transformation of sexuality and representation of gender system in the specific conditions of camp life and coercion and etc.

197-203

Authors: Valeriya A. Esipova

The article is basing on materials of Manuscripts and Rare Books Department of Tomsk State University Research Library, which are introduced into scientific circulation at the first time. Specific features of old-believer`s integration into Soviet society and methods of preservation of their internal autonomy are considered. It is demonstrated, that woman was a compiler of manuscripts under studying, and she was a member of old-believers community (stranniki – wonderers). The article shows range of sources, used by compiler. Assumptions have been made about the reasons for the use of Russian Orthodox Church editions by member of old-believers community. Socio-cultural context of manuscripts` preparation is reconstructed as a result of paleographical analysis (primarily, by studying of writing surface).

211-214

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Irina V. Kornilova

The monograph by Doctor of Historical Sciences E.N. Valeyev "History of book industry in the Volga-Kama region (1773-1917)" (Kazan, 2012. 408 p.) is devoted to the underinvestigated chapters of book history of the Russian province in the context of multinational Volga-Kama region. The author pays particular attention to the establishment and development of book culture of the peoples living in the region in the context of understanding the long historical path of national culture development on the rich historical background of the late XVIII - early XX centuries.

498-503

Authors: Alexander A. Kim

The author of this article considers specific character of Silla policy during the war between Chinese Empire Tang and Bohai – northern neighbor of the Korean state. This war is known to be important for the East Asian region, as it changed the political situation in the medieval Far East. Both sides used military contingents from allies and vassals. These facts prove the war had a great scale. China received military support from Heishui Mohe, Silla, Shiwei, Bohai – from Khitan, other tribes of Mohe. However, this war is unknown for many specialists of history. Moreover, the role of Silla (state which gave support to Tang Empire and changed the character of this military conflict) is not thoroughly considered and analyzed by scholars. Using different materials, the author analyses events in which Silla kingdom took part, act of war and results of this conflict, which are still controversial. The author uses materials both in European (Russian and English) and Asian (Korean and Chinese) languages.

510-518

Authors: Yakov G. Solodkin

A number of Soviet and post-Soviet historians, following their predecessors since N.M. Karamzin and proceeding from the Stroganovsky Chronicle, developed in the 1630s, share the view that the participants of “Yermak’s Seizure” of Siberia involved several hundreds of foreigners, who served the Stroganovs. This version, seriously challenged by some scholars, for instance, by R.G. Skrynnikov, should be refuted as it contradicts the evidence from other sources, especially the early ones that date back to the late 16th century, alongside with some implicit facts. It appears to have originated from the desire of the famous Kama salt industry merchants to emphasize the role of their ancestors in the Russian accession of Siberia, though their involvement had never been reflected in the Russian official chronicles. A number of scholars side with the opinion that Yermak became the ruler (bek) of the Siberian Khanate following the battle at the Chuvashev Mys and the seizure of the town of Siberia (Kashlyk) by the Cossacks that put Kuchum to flight. This assumption seems to be unfounded. According to the Cossack tradition, throughout the raid into Siberia, all the decisions were made collectively, never by the chief ataman alone. Kuchum’s forces in autumn of 1582 were not defeated once and for all, and when Yermak was killed in a skirmish with the Tatars at the Vagay mouth in summer of 1584, his authority was not firmly established within the Siberian territories. Yermak notified Ivan IV, seemingly via the Stroganovs, of the victory over the khan, thus accepting the rule of Muscovy, its support was vital for him to hold the newly acquired territories. To assist him, the czar sent a detachment headed by Prince S.D. Bolkhovsky, and when the latter died of starvation in winter of 1584–1585, the Cossacks subsequently abandoned Kashlyk to join the troops of voivode I.V. Glukhov.

524-528

Authors: Pavel N. Biriukov

The article reveals the history of the finding and development of the Kuril Islands, provides the information, concerning Russian travelers, Japanese documentary sources of XVII—XVIII centuries, bearing evidence of the discoverers of the Kuril Islands. The author briefly describes the history of development of the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Hokkaido by Russian industrialists and securing Russia's sovereignty over these territories. The author tells about different agreements between the two countries and international legal acts, which determined the state affiliation of the disputable islands at different times.

536-540

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov, Vyacheslav I. Menkovsky, Vladimir G. Ivantsov, Aleksandr A. Ryabtsev, Violetta S. Molchanova, Olga V. Natolochnaya

This historiographical survey examines studies concerned with the exploration of the north Black Sea region in the 18th-19th centuries. Studies into the subject can be divided into three major groups: 1. Pre-revolutionary studies (Russian and foreign works published prior to 1917); 2. Soviet studies (1917-1991); 3. Modern Russian studies (1991-2014). In conclusion, the authors point up that despite the diversity of studies into the history of the Caucasus and the Caucasian War, fragmentary attention has been devoted to the history of the north Black Sea region in the 18th-19th centuries. To this day, there have been no comprehensive studies into the history of Jigets, the Sadz, and other tribes, which means that the subject of the history of the north Black Sea region is still waiting for its researcher.

549-553

Authors: Yulia A. Martynova, Dmitry E. Martynov

The article summarizes the results of Xinjiang expedition by N.F. Katanov, conducted in 1889–1892 by order of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The core materials and undifferentiated diaries remained unpublished and are deposited in the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan. N.F. Katanov’s data in the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan (Fund 969) includes 551 files, covering the period of 1878 – 1919. We are talking about three documents: - Fund 969, Inv. 1, d. 10: Journey to Siberia, Dzungaria and East Turkestan, committed in 1890 (241 pages); - F. 969, Inv. 1, d. 11: Trip to the Seven Rivers and Tarbagatai, 1891 (558 p.) - F. 969, Inv. 1, d. 76: Travel to Central Asia, Western China (Turfan) and Mongolia (487 p.). N.F. Katanov travelled across the territory of Qing China several times. In 1890 he visited eight Chinese centers – Hotan, Kashgar, Aksu, Kuchar, Karakash, Baya, Lo-gucheng and Turpan, the language and folklore of the Turkic peoples of Eastern Turkestan were of his primarily concern. Then he visited mainly Seven Rivers (Zhetysu), settled in Chuguchak, starting from May 13 to November 7, 1891, and in Chuguchak (where he settled from May 13 to November 7). Since November 8, 1891 to March 7, 1892, he visited Xinjiang, where he lived mainly in Hami. Then he went to Kulja, and returned to the Russian Empire in May 1892, staying within the China territory 18 months in total.

559-565

Authors: Inga V. Maslova, Irina E. Krapotkina

The article features the historic overview on development of political inceptions towards the state and state power of the Russian Empire in XIX – early ХХ centuries. The study is based on the analysis of basic ideas, stereotypes, and values of mass political culture of different social layers from provincial towns. The relevance of the topic is determined by the current state in today’s Russia, where renewal of the society is very much dependant on public opinion on power structures. Thus, the perceptions of power by different social layers are determined not just through political and socio-economical conditions, but they have also deep cultural roots. The reconstruction of a change of people’s mentalities towards the state power in XIX – early ХХ centuries, gives an opportunity for a deeper analyzing, to explain and understand the processes in the public perceptions of today’s citizens of Russia.

572-581

Authors: Vyacheslav V. Shevtsov

The article is focused on the formation and changes of the legal base of the publication of the official provincial periodical press оn the basis of legislation and archival sources. The emergence of the chain of uniform official periodicals in the 30s of the XIX century was caused by the policy of Nikolay I, aimed at the strengthening of lawfulness, putting in order the flow of paper documents, creation of the unified information system in various regions and strengthening of the state guardianship over political life of the country. Alexander II expanded the program of the informal part of provincial journals (in 1855 and 1863). It strengthened the tendency of the development of various regional versions of the journals, the informal parts of which often went beyond the law. Journals depended on the local authorities (despite cancellation of the general censorship in 1862 and preliminary censorship in 1881), not on the central censorship institutions. In 1878–1881, 1901 and 1916 the Ministry of Internal Affairs organized the commissions in order to change the legislative framework of the journals publication, but it didn’t lead to any changes in the existing statute and regional governmental newspapers continued to develop diversely.

586-591

Authors: Alla N. Gutorova

The author of in this article has analyzed the main works of local researchers and unpublished documents archives (The State Archive of the Russian Federation, the State Archive of the Kirov Region, the Center for Documentation and Recent History of the Volgograd Region) and attempted to make comprehensive and objective review of the history of political parties in the Central Black Earth Region. The article analyzes the process of establishing of the multiparty system in Kursk, Tambov and Voronezh provinces. The author makes the conclusion, concerning the quantitative and the social composition of district committees, the work of local branches with the population of provinces.

605-610

Authors: Irina V. Voloshinova

The activities of the Russian Resettlement Office during the First World War are considered on the basis of the archival materials. The Office was in charge of the resettlement of peasants and land management. It took care of refugees since the beginning of the war. Resettlement posts were transformed into the epidemic control and isolation points for the prisoners of war. The Office solved the important problems of examination and development of new territories of the country, especially the North of the European Russia, in which it secceeded.

618-623

Authors: Olga B. Belikova

The article presents the results of the examination of archaeological activity of Siberian public figure and scientist A.V. Adrianov (1854–1920) in his last expedition. It took place in the upstream basin of the Yenisei River – in Tuva (Uryankhaysky Kray / Tannu Uryankhay) in 1915–1916. The archaeologist could not summarize and publish the results of his successful field research – he died in 1920 due to the unjustified sentence of the Bolsheviks. The expedition prehistory, the content of the archaeological excavations and exploration, the history of the materials deposition to the storage, scientist's last years have been restored. The information, concerning 23 ancient Old Turkic manuscripts, examined by A.V. Adrianov has been identified and summarized. The data on new sources have been introduced into scientific use.

629-634

Authors: Andrey A. Kolupaev

The article is concerned with the integrated study of certain elements of a peasant household in the Kursk Province during the revolutionary events of 1917 and the Civil War on the basis of the unresearched sources. The article studies labor forces and the activities of peasant population, land ownership and land management, the level of material and technical basis, farm production. The author concludes that failures of reforms, establishment of a state trade monopoly resulted in the reduction of crop yields, decrease in cultivated areas and livestock. After October 1917 the crisis of industry and inflation contributed to further decrease in farm production, as a result peasant household became natural.

639-644

Authors: Evgeny F. Krinko, Igor E. Tatarinov

This paper is devoted to the formation of the Russian-Ukrainian border in the Priazov Area and Donbas in 1920s. It is based on the study of the documents of the Russian and Ukrainian archives, contemporary publications. In March 1920, the Soviets leadership handed Donbas (Donets Province) to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Western regions of the former Province of the Don Cossacks were also conceded. But the leaders of the Don (later – Southeast) Region of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic insisted on the lands return. The territorial dispute was completed in 1925, when the greater part of the Taganrog and Shakhtinsky Districts were accede to the North Caucasus Region of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The new Russian-Ukrainian border was detected after long disputes. It remains the same.

651-654

Authors: Vadim P. Nikolashin, Vadim V. Kulachkov

The article features regional aspects of reading room activities in the 1920s as transmitters of Soviet values. Authors analyze forms and methods of work of this type of socio-cultural institutions, study specifics of relationship of countrymen. The conducted analysis allows speaking about positive impact by reading rooms on evolution of a country life.

666-670

Authors: Pavel N. Biriukov

The article deals with the history of Russian-Japanese relations on the Kuril Islands. A number of international documents, determining national ownerships of those islands are reviewed in the article. In particular, it analyzes the provisions of the Convention on basic principles of relations between the USSR and Japan of 1925. It denotes that the Yalta Agreement of 1945 established the territorial boundaries of Japan. From the international law perspective, which was back then effective, the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration of 1945 are considered. Potsdam Declaration (as well as the Yalta Agreement) is an integral part of a unified system of political and legal decisions made by the Allied Powers. The author points out that by signing the Act of Surrender of September 2, 1945, Japan agreed on the terms of the Potsdam Declaration. The provisions of the acts of the United States and Japan are reviewed, as well as the position of their representatives in the 40-50s of last century, which showed the Japan's renunciation of claims for Kuril Islands. Comprehensive investigation exposed to provisions of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951. А due attention is paid to the analysis of the Joint Soviet-Japanese Declaration of 1956. The article represents international legal arguments supporting the affiliation of Kuril Islands to the Russian Federation. The author characterizes a current state of Russian-Japanese territorial issue.

675-680

Authors: Sergey I. Belov

The purpose of this study is to examine the topic of criminal acts of soldiers of the Red Army against the civilian population of Poland in 1944–1945. Coverage was given to such aspects of the issues as the scope and nature of illegal actions by Soviet soldiers and officers in relation to non-combatants. The issues of military crimes on behalf of the Red Army are introduced. A comparative analysis of the behavior of Red Army soldiers, Polish Army and the civilian population was conducted. The new archival sources – stored in the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, summary reports and political bodies of the 1st Ukrainian and 2nd Belorus Fronts on the attitudes of the population in the liberated areas of Poland in 1944–1945 were introduced to the scientific circles.

686-691

Authors: Elena E. Dutchak

The article suggests considering the alternative temple culture as a source of reproduction of Orthodoxy tradition in the Soviet time. The research is conducted with the primary aim to restore the impact on these processes in the Soviet religious policy and public beliefs in regard to a place for ceremony and people engaged. These aspects in the history of Orthodoxy in the XX century are revealed in materials of Soviet clerical correspondence and field archeographica studies.

697-706

Authors: Mikhail Beznin, Tatiana Dimoni

This article analyzes the relationship between the new agricultural classes emerged during the state capitalist transformation of the countryside 1930-1980s.: protobourgeoisie, managers, intellectuals, labor aristocracy, agricultural proletariat. The authors denote a radical change in the type of social relations during that period. Reference is also made to the origins of formation of cross-class relations: the number and the origin of each class, their economic stability, political role, mentality, their ability for 0class and cross-class solidarity. Separately, the author examines the place and importance of social protest and class struggle as a critical point of interclass relations. The essence of evolution of the social protest movement lied in the transitions from forms attributed to peasant society to manifestations of class struggle, typical for labor community.

714-719

Authors: Sergey G. Sulyak, Vladimir V. Kazakov

The article is based on the 2004 Census of the Republic of Moldova and the Governmental Center of State Informational Resources "Registru" of the Ministry of Informational Technology and Communication of the Republic of Moldova, which analyzes data on the basis of nationality and language. Such comparison revealed difference between declared and officially announced data. There is a big difference between the number of citizens who register themselves as Rumanians and the number of those who speak Rumanian and Russian. The data of the new governmental ministry ‘Center of State Informational Resources "Registru"’ are being included into scientific use.

727-735

Authors: Stepan S. Sulakshin, Vardan E. Bagdasaryan

The article features the results of a quantitative measurement of the world history based on evaluative criteria. Analysis of the key events in the history suggests chronology of history in the form of kickbacks and human breakthroughs from the moral ideal. The author has analyzed the basic events of the period of primitive society, when there was a transition from anthropogenes to sociogenesis, period of the ancient world decline, the moral breakthrough in axial age, value modification of the Middle Ages and the periods of the evolution of the moral state of humanity in modern and contemporary times. Despite periods of involution, traced a common evolutionary trajectory of development. Each of the lock-in the history of significant value rises correlated with the nomination of a new ideological platform. Novation was in fact in the application of more modern forms of categorical apparatus and broadcast. Meaningful in the nucleus of exchangeable philosophical platform is a single of all time evaluative package.