Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences

56-60

Authors: Deepti Singh, Prabodh Shukla, Padmini Shukla

Today about 74% of drugs are taken orally and are found not to be as effective as desired. To improve such characters transdermal drug delivery system was emerged. The transdermal route has numerous advantages over the more traditional drug delivery routes. Tablets and injections have been the traditional way to take medications; new options are becoming increasingly popular. One highly successful alternative delivery method is the transdermal. Innovations in the area of drug delivery are taking place at a much faster pace as compared to the last two decades. Transdermal delivery is emerging as the biggest application target for these agents, however, the skin is extremely efficient at keeping out such large molecular weight compounds and therapeutic levels are never going to be realistically achieved by passive absorption. Physical enhancement mechanisms including: iontophoresis, electroporation, ultrasound, photomechanical waves, microneedles and jet-propelled particles are emerging as solutions to this topical delivery.

69-72

Authors: Sneha Golani, Garima Jain, Arvind Jadon ,Atul Kaushik

In recent year there is a growing interest in nutraceuticals which provide health benefit and arealternative to modern medicine. Nutrients, functional food & dietary supplements are majorconstituents of nutraceuticals which make them instrumental in maintaining health, act againstvarious disease condition and thus promote the quality of life. Nutraceuticals hold promise inclinical therapy as they have the potential to significantly reduce the risk of side effectsassociated with therapy along with reducing the health care cost. Nutraceuticals have receivedconsiderable interest because of their presumed safety and potential nutritional and therapeuticeffects”. Nutraceuticals are medicinal foods that play a role in maintaining well being,enhancing health, modulating immunity and thereby preventing as well as treating specificdiseases. The ability of nutraceuticals to positively influence cardiovascular risk factors shouldbe recognized as an enormous opportunity in the treatment of a highly prevalent disease. Theydo not easily fall into the legal category of food and drug and often inhabit a grey area betweenthe two. Risk of toxicity or adverse effect of drugs led us to consider safer nutraceuticals andfunctional food based approaches for the health management. Recent improvements in theidentification and standardization of botanical materials, coupled with screening by human cellline and gene expression-directed fractionation, are expected to expedite the development ofnew nutraceuticals and drugs. These will afford an immediate benefit to the rapidly emergingalternative, complementary, and integrated healthcare practices. It is also hoped that thenutraceuticals industries and regulatory agencies will work together to prevent the ultimate costof new drug development from becoming prohibitive.

81-90

Authors: Vijay K. Nandagiri, Clara Muttu, Jacqueline Daly, Zeibun Ramtoola, Gianluca Ciardelli, Franco Maria Montevecchi

Simvastatin has been reported to promote osteoblastic activity and inhibit osteoclastic activity.The successful use of simvastatin to promote in vivo bone formation depends on the localconcentration, and there have been continuous efforts to find an appropriate delivery system forlocal delivery. Controlled drug delivery approaches based on microparticles could be a promisingapproach for sustained-localized delivery of simvastatin. In this study, simvastatin-loaded PLGAmicroparticles were prepared by using a modified single emulsion-solvent evaporation method.Uniform, spherical simvastatin loaded PLGA microparticles of size below 10μm were producedby adopting three different drug polymer ratios such as 1:40, 1:20 and 1:10 with encapsulationefficiency above 85%w/w irrespective to the drug polymer ratio and maximum simvastatinloading within PLGA microparticles was observed at drug polymer ratio of 1:10. Two stagerelease of simvastatin from microparticles was observed for 45 days, illustrating a controlledrelease. Simvastatin loaded PLGA microparticles are compatible with hFOB cells and induced in vitro bio-mineralization during 11 days treatment. These studies illustrate the feasibility ofachieving local delivery of simvastatin to induce in vivo bone formation activity by suitablyengrafting simvastatin loaded microparticles within porous scaffolds.

101-108

Authors: Praveen K. Jain, M.L. Kori

Oral mucositis is a recurrent and potentially severe complications caused by chemotherapy. L-glutamine is considerably reduced the duration and severity of oral mucosa during radiotherapy. Formulation containing L-glutamine reduces this side effect. Mucoadhesive hydrogel formulation can deliver the L-glutamine in the buccal cavity in effective concentration. Hydrogel formulations of L-glutamine were prepared using various concentrations of Carbopol 934 NF, Na CMC, HPMC (K-15) and PEG-400 as base and constant concentration of methyl paraben, glycerin, sodiumglycocholate as penetrating enhancer. The prepared hydrogel were evaluated for swelling hydration, matrix erosion, drug release, mucoadhesion and shear stress. The formulation containing Carbopol 934 NF (CP-4) has shown more than 80% drug release in 4 hr, which indicate the sustained release behavior is in the rate controlled manner and which adhere to the buccal cavity for upto 6 hr. Stability study indicate that the hydrogel is stable upto 40oC. The formed hydrogel may well tolerable, comfortable, non-irritant, flexible and protective to wounded surface.

115-117

Authors: K. Pradeep Kumar, M. Prasantha Kumari

Seventeen cultures of phytase producing fungi were isolated from different leguminous soil samples. Among these PF-3 exhibited maximum phytase activity. Studies were carried out to optimize the physical and chemical parameters. The optimum productivity of phytase was achieved with optimized process parameter such as Calcium phytate (0.5%) as carbon source, (NH4)2 SO4 (0.1%) as nitrogen source, agitation speeds at 160 rpm, Tween-80 at (0.5%v/v) as a surfactant, incubation temperature of 300C, initial pH of 6, incubation period of 4 days, 5% inoculum level. The maximum production of phytase was under the optimized conditions an increase the yield of 1.63 times.

5-10

Authors: Vinay Gupta, Vikas Shrivastava, Gunjan Shrivastava, Nidhi Anand, Abhishek Mathur

An attempt has been made to establish a correlation between salt concentration, ABA productionand Mangroves species. Mangroves are salt tolerant (halophytic) species that allows them to liveunder high salt conditions. Vivipary is the common feature found is Mangroves. It is revealed thatdrought and salt stresses induces ABA biosynthesis through transcriptional regulation of ABAbiosynthetic genes thus can be able to convert vivipary to nonvivipary in Mangroves. The studymay lead to the significant outcome of the proposed work. Further the work can act as a basis toscreen viviparous and non viviparous varieties of mangroves in different pharmacological aspects.

14-15

Authors: Harisharan Goswami

The present paper highlights the medicinal importance of 11 species belonging to 11 families thatidentified as weeds in the Gwalior region but used by various system of medicine as well as by localpeople of Gwalior for the treatment of various ailments. The botanical and the common name of theplant, family and the ailments against which the medicine is used have been given.

22-25

Authors: Praveen k. Jain , M. L. Kori

The term oral mucositis emerged in the late 1980s to describe the adverse effects of chemotherapyinducedand radiation therapy–induced inflammation of the oral mucosa. The ulcerative lesionsproduced by mucotoxic chemo radiotherapy are painful, restrict oral intake and, importantly, act assites of secondary infection and portals of entry for the endogenous oral flora. Various approachesare available for the treatment of mucositis like antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytoprotectants, immuno-modulatory, analgesic and some herbal extracts. It is very difficult for clinician to choosefrom this bewildering array of treatment options. Several studies have evaluated the benefit of oralor parenteral glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and/orradiotherapy or after bone marrow transplant, with. L-glutamine is considerably reduce theduration and severity or oral mucosa during radiotherapy. L-glutamine is considerably reducingthe duration and severity of oral mucosa during radiotherapy. L-glutamine decreases the sideeffects such as inflammation of mouth and throat caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy

31-33

Authors: Padmini Shukla , Prabodh Shukla , B. Gopalakrishna

General phytochemical screening of Cissampelospareira(Menispermaceae) revealed thepresence of sterols, polyphenolic compounds, saponins, alkaloids etc. The aim of this study is toidentify and characterize the bioactive principle from the plant. It has wide folk medicinal uses.The isolation and characterization of Phytoconstituent was done from the chloroform extract ofCissampelospareiraLinn. Chloroform extract was subjected to column chromatography andeluted with solvent mixtures of petroleum ether, benzene and chloroform to isolatephytoconstituent. The structure of the isolated compound was established on the basis ofelemental analysis and spectroscopic evidences (IR, UV, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, MS). A sterol, stigmast-5-en-3_-ol was isolated from the chloroform extract of the plant. The yield of thecompound was 0.0042% w/w, m.p. 136- 1380C, Rf value 0.7 in Toluene: diethylether:Cyclohexane (6:3:1). Cissampelospareiracontains _-sitosterol which may be responsible forvarious pharmacological activities of the plant.

48-54

Authors: Devika Rawat, Santosh Bhargava

Recently microalgae have become commercially important because of novel compounds of potential medicinal value. Nostocspecies are producers of structurally and functionally diverse natural biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antitumor, algicide, antifungal, enzyme inhibiting, immunostimulant, antiplatelet aggregation, cytotoxic and antiplasmodium activities. Most of the isolated substances from the alga belong to groups of hydrocarbons such as phytane; lipids such as sterol, esters, waxes and free sterols; fatty acids such as dioic acids; derivatives of amino acids such as indole-3-acetic acid and anatoxin A; terpenoids and aromatic compounds such as diterpenoid and anthraquinone; boron-containing macrocycles such as borophycin; arsenolipids such as dimethylarsenic acid; mycosporine-like amino acids such as shinorine and scytonemin; lipopeptides such as cryptophycin-1 and polyketides and several carotenoids; amides, alkaloids, peptides, monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Some extracellular metabolites secreted by cyanobacteria function as toxins or allelochemicals. Apart from these cytotoxic metabolites (e.g. nostocyclophanes, borophycin, elastase inhibitors, antitumor, antifungal agent, antiviral indolocarbazoiles) they produce antimitotic compounds. This article provides an overview of bioactive compounds produced by Nostocspecies.

59-67

Authors: Hitendra Jadon. Ashish Chauhan

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infection in both hospitals and the community, and it is becoming increasingly virulent and resistant to antibiotics. The recent sequencing of seven strains of S. aureus provides unprecedented information about its genome diversity. Subtle differences in core (stable) regions of the genome have been exploited by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) to understand S. aureus population structure. Dramatic differences in the carriage and spread of accessory genes, including those involved in virulence and resistance, contribute to the emergence of new strains with healthcare implications. Understanding the differences between S. aureus genomes and the controls that govern these changes is helping to improve our knowledge of S. aureus pathogenicity and to predict the evolution of super-superbugs.

77-80

Authors: Vivek Shrivastava, U. K. Jain

The aim of this work was to optimize particle size of Hepatitis B Surface (HBsAg) antigen containing poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microspheres using the water-in-oil-in water solvent evaporation technique. Effects of manufacturing and formulation variables on particle size were investigated. It was observed that microsphere size could be controlled by modification of PCL concentration in the organic phase, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration in the outer aqueous phase, HBsAg concentration in inner aqueous phase, organic phase volume, and sonication time for primary w/o emulsion preparation. The optimized conditions yielded microspheres with an average particle size of 7.34 μm. Such biodegradable PCL microspheres appear suitable for the use as vaccine adjuvant.

86-91

Authors: Ashish Dixit, G. Garg, N. P. Sharma, D. K. Shrivastava, A. Sharma

Some new [4-[3-chloro-benzylidine]-2-phenyl oxazol-5-one & 4-[2-nitro-benzylidine]-2-phenyl oxazol-4-5-one were synthesized in microwave and there structures were confirmed by I.R. and 1H NMR and their antimicrobial screening against E. Coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were established by zone of inhibition.

2-6

Authors: Shivam Tayal

Cirrcadian rhythm are an adaptive phenomena relating to predictabe changes in environmental factors that regulate many body functions like metabolism, sleep pattern, hormone production and physiology. Synchronizing drug delivery in a consistent manner with body’s circadian rhythm is the basic concept for chronotherapeutic drug delivery system. The safety and efficacy of a drug can be improved by conducting the peak plasma concentration with the circadian rhythm of the body. The time controlled or pulsatile drug delivery systems are the best approach for chemotherapy. It offers rapid and transient release of certain molecules within short period which is a time and site specific drug delivery system. These systems delivers the drug at the right time in the right amount for patient suffering from circadian phase dependent disorders like asthma, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, hypertension, arthritic, epilepsy etc. So various systems like osmotic and coated system are being made.

12-14

Authors: Narendra Singh Kushmakar, Abhilasha Jumnani

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most frequent life threatening complications of diabetes mellitus that occurs approximately 30-40%. It is usually attributed to metabolic consequences of abnormal glucose regulations, such as elevated blood and tissue levels of glycosylated proteins and hemodynamic changes within the kidney tissue. Recently there has been a renewed interest in understanding the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a key intermediate role in the pathophysiology of DN.

20-24

Authors: Amit M Tyagi , M. P. Toraskar , V. J. Kadam

Some new [ 5-mercapto-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-4-amino substituted-1,2,4-triazole] thiosemicarbazones were synthesized in microwave and there structures were confirmed by I.R. and 1H NMR and their antimicrobial screening against E. Coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were established by zone of inhibition.

31-33

Authors: Juhi Sinha, Devika Rawat, Shobha Shrivastava

Phytoextraction methods can be applied to reach the target of fallow-lands reuse and earn more incomes for farmers. In many studies, Indian mustards (Brassica juncea) were planted in the metal-contaminated soils to study their suitability in phytoextraction. In this pot study, B. junceaplants were planted in artificially Pb-contaminated soils in different concentration of Pb (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) and find the effect on chlorophyll content and dry biomass of plant. In the present study we find the significant inhibition between the shoots of the control plants and the plants treated with 15 and 20 mg/kg Pb for the dry biomass, G.G.I., and the day 30 chlorophyll evaluation parameters.