Revista Clio América

17

Authors: Alejandro Fernández Baptista, Cristina Seijo

The people have needs that must be met for a life in keeping with the basic principles of dignification of the human person, food, clothing, medicines, communication, entertainment, transportation, among others, are some of the basic needs of human beings every day strive to cover using decent, using work of their own potential each person. Modern organizations marketing as administrative process aims at achieving the satisfaction of those needs in the timely identification of those requirements, developing products and services satisfying them to create a proposal for a value exceeding those expectations. Modern organizations aims marketing as administrative process at achieving the satisfaction of those needs in the timely identification of those requirements, developing them satisfying products and services to create a proposal for a value exceeding those expectations. However, such a proposal should be immersed within ethical and moral parameters, which ensure the correct use of each of the elements of the mix of marketing, product, price, promotion and distribution. However, such a proposal should be immersed within ethical and moral parameters, which ensure the correct use of each of the elements of the mix of marketing, product, price, promotion and distribution. Thus when marketing managers make ethical decisions on these topics, would enable developing funding human organizations who promotes the common wealth the context of where she is possible. Thus marketing managers make when to ethical decisions on these topics, woulda enable human funding organizations developing who promotes the context of the common wealth where she is possible.

18

Authors: Arnold De la Peña, Cesar Augusto Rojas, Marlon De la Peña

The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) Generate Different Environmental goods and services, for instance, carbon sink, habitat for flora and fauna, stocks of foods and raw materials, etc. This paper presents an attempt to value in monetary terms the service of carbon storage, with the aim to establish inputs for the decisions process of used. This paper presents an Attempt to Terms Monetary value in the service of carbon storage, with the AIM to ESTABLISH Decisions inputs for the process of used. The previous thing was done with base in field sampling of 15 trees of mangrove and in measurements realized in four stations of monitoring of the CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras y Luna) by INVEMAR (2008). The previous thing WAS done with basis in field sampling of 15 trees of mangrove and in Measurements made on-four stations of monitoring of the CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras and Moon) by INVEMAR (2008). For such aim, the estimates of total aerial biomass, the existence of carbon and the CO 2 e (equivalent carbon dioxide) were accounted by species and zone in the CGSM. For Such aim, the Estimates of total aerial biomass, the carbon and the Existence of CO 2 e (carbon dioxide equivalent) Were account by species and zone in the CGSM. The results showed that in relative terms the forests of mangrove of the CGSM could store between 6.9 at Luna and 45.7 in Rinconada of t C has- 1 . That results in the relative Eichmann Terms of the mangrove forests of the CGSM Could store at Luna entre 6.9 and 45.7 t C in Rinconada of you-1. The monetary valuation is between US$ 591.41 and 87.76 of t CO 2 e ha-1, according to the prices paid by non permanent forestry CERs paid by the World Bank. The Monetary Valuation is entre U.S. $ 591.41 and 87.76 of t CO 2 e ha-1, According To the Price Paid by Paid non permanent forestry CERs by the World Bank. The monetary valuation contributes to extend the importance of starting a process that allows to incorporate these economic benefits to the actual mechanisms of market that helps the local efforts for conservation. The Monetary Valuation Contribute to extend the Importance of Starting a Process That Allows to Incorporate These Economic Benefits to the current market of Mechanisms That Helps the local going efforts for conservation.

27

Authors: Luis Fernando Ayerbe

The paper approaches the U.S. perceptions about the sources of insecurity from Latin America, considered a low risk area and priority of its foreign policy. El análisis se concentra en la evaluación de las amenazas y desafíos a sus intereses estratégicos y las modalidades de actuación privilegiadas en la esfera regional, en que se verifican coincidencias entre las administraciones Demócratas y Republicanas en la adopción de un liderazgo con prerrogativas clasificatorias sobre los tipos de régimen político, con una agenda concebida como promoción de la convergencia hemisférica de democracias y economías liberales. The analysis focuses on assessing the threats and challenges to its strategic interests and privileged modes of action at the regional level, which verifies similarities between Republican and Democratic administrations in taking a leadership prerogatives qualifiers on the types political regime, with an agenda designed as promoting hemispheric convergence of liberal democracies and economies. En ese contexto, cabe destacar la prioridad atribuida a los países de la Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas (ALBA) como eje opositor de sus políticas. In this context, include the priority given to the countries of the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA) as the linchpin of his political opponent.

32

Authors: Rosario Márquez Macias

This work reviews the different sources for the book trade between Spain and America, to analyze a exhaustive form the list of a book presented in a Holy court of Inquisition of Seville, thus has been found in the Indian General Archive since 1623-1739.

13

Authors: Blas Zubiría Mutis

This article proposes a reflection on democracy and citizenship in Latin America from the thesis of Evelina Dagnino, Aldo Alberto Olvera and Panfichi of a dispute between two political projects: the neoliberal and participatory democratic. Points out the logic of each of the two projects from a current perspective and specifies certain key characteristics necessary for democratic institutions prevail: transparency and accountability in management and strong citizenship (emancipated) and organized.

15

Authors: Carlos Alberto Flórez Vásquez, Elvis Augusto Orozco Castillo

In the present study sought to explain that much impact did the industrial policies to the Colombian Caribbean before and after economic liberalization, based on an analysis of the major industrial variables such as gross output, intermediate consumption and value added that I present the Caribbean Region in the period (1974-2004). It was evident that the model of import substitution (ISI), was exhausted and did not respond to the needs for genuine industrialization before economic liberalization. The economic opening inwards, also contributed to industrial development in this region, but rather to its deterioration.

21

Authors: Sergio Paolo Solano D.

This article argues that the application of a bipolar model in the analysis of nineteenth-century Colombian society is to simplify the social stratification to deny the existence of middle classes organized around a lifestyle in which the honor and projecting a respectable social image were the cornerstone. Proposes more popular as a social and cultural space that is energized from the conflict between the lifestyles of its various sectors.

8

Authors: Ivonne Molinares Guerrero

The essay´s purpose is to summarize the different perspectives, theoretical and methodological, that have been used regarding social movements in the contemporary era. The essay begins with the study of the concept of ´social mass´ and closes with the structural analysis of the emergent social movements in the twentieth century.

9

Authors: Ada Maritza Pérez Cárdenas

The development of the Venezuelan Caribbean Regional, is formed by. major seaports Maracaibo Puerto Cabello and La Guaira. Which are located in the Andean axis, which is formed by five countries, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Which promoted a system of coordination for the strategic planning of the integration of physical and disincronizacion international trade activities. The Andean axis is characterized by articulating the major international airports and seaports of the five countries. Causing it a strategic point for international negotiations in Venezuela the main urban centers, it comprises the cities of Caracas, Maracay, Valencia, Maracaibo, Puerto La Cruz, Barcelona, Ciudad Guayana and San Cristobal. Within the Andean Venezuela axis is the focal point of Caracas with the rail network and support commercial negotiations in the Orinoco river Apure axis. In Venezuela the main urban centers are: Caracas, Maracay, Valencia, Maracaibo, Puerto La Cruz, Barcelona, Ciudad Guayana and San Cristobal. Within the Andean Venezuela axis is the focal point of Caracas with the rail network and support commercial negotiations in the Orinoco river Apure axis.

16

Authors: Elized Huerta, Jesús García

The environmental management of modern organizations determines how the enterprises relate to its surroundings, procuring business consolidation; anticipating abrupt changes and bringing forward technological improvements, within the framework of ecological sustainability. The purpose of this essay is to analyze how organizations conceive environmental management nowadays in order to design an entrepreneurial strategy that includes, beyond the traditional components, environmental aspects as a critic part of any firm’s success. Consequently, critic aspects of the green vision have been considered.

19

Authors: Luz Helena Díaz Rocca, Juan Carlos Miranda

The “decentralization” is one of the most important public policies implemented in Colombia in the last twenty years and, undoubtedly, its outcomes are decisive for the institutional strengthening of the State. The impact of this policy at the national and territorial level has been studied thoroughly; nonetheless, an absence is noticeable with respect to specific studies on the matter of Santa Marta District. The present article contributes to an examination of the decentralized management of public education in the district of Santa Marta. The main management indicators are thus revised, showing that the growth in enrollment has expanded the gross coverage of public education at all levels, accompanied by a backward trend in quality.

14

Authors: Roberto González Arana

This article aims at analyzing the similarities and differences in the revolutionary processes of three Latin American countries. Fifty years after the beginning of the Cuban Revolution, thirty since the beginning of the so called Sandinista Revolution and a century since the Mexican Agrarian Revolution, it is an appropriate time to identify the particularities of each process.

18

Authors: Carlos Manuel Coronado

The aim of this article is to analyze the feasibility of a Domestic Resource Mobilization approach for the advancement of social movement causes in Latin America. Basically, the quest is focused on understanding whether Social Movement Organizations (SMO) operating in the region could mobilize the resources –funds and labor- of domestic elite instances in order to favor their beneficiary bases. This idea is contrasted with resource mobilization processes that privilege foreign political, financial and human transactions to advance social movement causes: basically, those inherent to the Foreign Aid Regime. Starting from an overview of the latter’s principles, its overall effect in developing countries and specific impact in the performance of Latin American SMOs, the article further organizes theoretical and factual elements that provide a moderately positive perspective regarding the feasibility of a Domestic Resource Mobilization approach by non-profit organizations in Latin America.

21

Authors: Cira de Pelekais, Elmar Aldrin Pelekais, Elmar Aldrin Pelekais

The purpose of the study was to analyze the social responsibility of cultural management as a platform for tourism development in coastal areas. The research is evident in the positivist paradigm and is a quantitative, descriptive and field research. The population consisted of 35 managers 5-star hotels are located in the Venezuelan coastal area, carrying out a population census. To collect data was applied an instrument comprised 60 items. The instrument will be calculated content validity, through expert opinion, besides the discriminant validity, reliability through Cronbach Alpha method which yielded 0.96 result. The processing of the results was conducted through a descriptive statistics. The results show that most of the study population has the necessary tools as evidence of social responsibility of cultural management. Also, management guidelines for compliance with it were established.

29

Authors: Katya Inéso Igirio Gamero

Arab and Jewish people played an important role in the economic development of the Colombian Caribbean Coast between 1850 and 2000. To understand their influence, it is necessary to know their origin, the conditions that generated the migration from their hometowns and the main obstacles they found in this new land. Also, who their leaders were, how their social status climbing occured and to establish the main contributions they made to entrepreneurship, politics, and social and cultural development. This historic and regional study, allowed us to see their entrepreneurial intention, aimed to the “help chains”, wide knowledge of international markets and unique ability for bargaining which attracted business people from overseas, such commerce tradition contributed to the industrialization process that the Caribbean Coast witnessed during the XX century; Arabs and Jews ventured in a variety of economic activities in the communities where they established: wholesale and retail, industrial activities, fridges, cattle, cinematography, journalism, culture and politics, which also explains the need they expressed to acquire social status, political connections, capacity to establish relationships with the rest of the society and to promote the right environment for entrepreneurial leadership capable of influencing political decisions regionally and nationwide.

8

Authors: Juliana Ferrer Soto, Cira de Pelekais, Luís Manuel Tirado, Elmar Pelekais

The new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) generate a global village where their ethical implications are forgotten, and where multicultural and intercultural relations reach far beyond the not often strong enough field of social ethics. This article analyzes the intercultural dialogue from a technological horizon that is affecting the human condition. It develops a theoretical contrast on a critical basis. It concludes that intercultural dialogue is marked by a complexity that is no longer a spectre, but has become a destiny of struggle against ethical underdevelopment, where humankind wakes to an anthropo-ethical notion, under the imperative of intercultural dialogue.

11

Authors: Karina Ceballos Moreno, Guillermo Augusto Ceballos Ospino

Background: Organizational climate is a management element to which a great importance is attributed in the current business competitiveness, because it comprises the characteristics that fully identify an organization. It embraces the whole working environment, including aspects such as employee perceptions about the company, organizational structure and managerial style. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine the Organizational climate of a company of the real sector in Santa Marta in 2006, in order to suggest an improvement plan. Methodology: The type of design used was the transversal descriptive, with a sample of 34 employees, chosen randomly, and whose permission was requested. They were informed about the objective of the study and the low risk involved. Participation was totally voluntary and anonymity was guaranteed. The instrument of measurement of the organizational climate of Colombian companies was used (IMCOC). Results: The average of all the variables was 4.99, which means that the organizational climate of the company is in the weakness range. One of the variables that most influences the average is Decision-making, which got 3.33 as the minimum score and the target variable with maximum score (5.61). The scores for the other variables were: Control (5.56), Interpersonal relationships (5.48), Leadership (5.39), Motivation (5.00), and Cooperation (4.59). Conclusions: The main conclusion is that the organizational climate of the company is not very good, for it is in the upper weakness range. The results also point to the concluding that the managerial style is autocratic.

29

Authors: Jeniffer Granados Ruíz, Alberto Carvajalino Slaghekke

This article argues that the influences that supranational organizations are having on trading decisions made by national governments is not being coherent with those countries’ needs, and thus, are not meant to favor the regional economic development that is expected to be generated by the strengthening of the export sector. These strategies are thought in function of the global market.

38

Authors: Ronald Stalin Pabón Suárez

This article analizes the strategic process of fourteen Business Schools Bogotá, Colombia. Their description and theoretical analysis allowed a deep reflection that ended in a judgment about the way in which they carry out their strategic process, as well as some conclusions and recommendations which, if taken into account, could contribute to solve the problems they are having.