Tyragetia

7-38

Authors: Florin Gogâltan, Ana Ignat

Siebenbürgen und der nördliche Schwarzmeerraum sind zwei Regionen mit unterschiedlichen historischen Gegebenheiten. Obwohl sie räumlich nicht sehr weit voneinander entfernt sind, trafen sie sich nur gelegentlich unmit telbar. Wie wir im weiteren sehen werden, stellten die Ostkarpaten niemals eine unüberbrückbare Schranke dar, haben aber trotzdem zwei Welten mit verschiedener kultureller Identität von einander getrennt. Die unterschiedliche geographische Umwelt wirkte sich ausschlaggebend auf den Habitatstypus, die wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeiten, die soziale Entwicklung usw. aus. Die reichen Naturschätze Siebenbürgens (Salz, Kupfer, Gold) haben diese Entwicklung ebenfalls geprägt. Die historische Entwicklung der beiden Provinzen verlief folgendermaßen: Siebenbürgen war immer an den Süden, die Mitte oder den Norden Europas orientiert, während der nördliche Schwarzmeerraum für das Brodeln des weiten asiatischen Raumes empfänglich war oder nach dem Reichtum jenseits der Karpaten langte.

117-152

Authors: Aurel Zanoci

Geographischer Rahmen. Wie bereits aus dem Titel zu entnehmen ist, befasst sich der Autor mit den Befunden aus einem geographischen Raum, dessen Grenzen wie folgt zu definieren sind: im Westen und Osten das östliche Karpatengebirge bzw. der Fluss Dnjestr; im Norden und Süden der Prut-Oberlauf bzw. die nordwestliche Küste des Schwarzen Meeres. Aus der heutigen politisch-admistrativen Sicht handelt es sich um den östlichen Teil Rumäniens, die Republik Moldau und Teile der Ukraine. Chronologischer Rahmen. Der zeitliche Beginn der Untersuchung, nämlich das 12./11. Jh. v. Chr., steht in Zusammenhang mit dem ersten Auftreten von für frühhallstattzeitliche Kulturen spezifischen Befestigungsanlagen in diesem Raum. Als Endpunkt gilt generell das Verlassen oder die Zerstörung dieser Wehrsysteme am Ende des 3. Jhs. v. Chr., die zum größten Teil auf die Expansion der germanischen Stämme der Bastarnen zurückzuführen sind. Fundsituation. Bisher sind in unserem Untersuchungsraum durch archäologische Ausgrabungen oder Bodenforschungen etwa 26 Befestigungen (Karte 1) aus 12./11. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. bekannt geworden, jedoch wurden nur bei acht von ihnen die vorhandenen Fortifikationen systematisch erforscht (Diagramm 1; Tafel 1). Für das 7./6. - 3. Jh. v. Chr. sind 115 Befestigungen (Karte 2) aufgenommen worden, wobei nur in 24 Fällen die Wehranlagen untersucht worden sind (Diagramm 2; Tafel 2). Trotz dieses zugegebenermaßen nicht ganz befriedigenden Forschungsstandes verfügen wir bereits in dieser Phase der Untersuchung über eine erste Vorstellung von Verteidigungsanlagen in diesem Gebiet. Typologie der Wehrmauern. Die Befestigungen aus dem genannten Arbeitsraum wurden an in mancherlei Hinsicht strategisch gut gelegenen Orten errichtet. Die Geländesporne, auf denen sie gegründet wurden, stellen eine Lage dar, die nicht nur schwer zugänglich war, sondern auch die umliegenden Gebiete dominierte und eine sehr gute Sicht ermöglichte. Die Nähe von Ressourcen, Land- und Wasserhandelswegen spielte dabei ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle. Oftmals sind diese Stellen durch schmale und sehr tiefe Gräben, Schluchten und Flusstäler umgeben oder abgetrennt. Die günstige geographische Lage alleine reichte jedoch nicht aus, um die volle Sicherheit einer Siedlung zu leisten, und machte die Errichtung zusätzlicher Verteidigungslinien notwendig. Die vor Ort vorhandenen Baumaterialien (Stein, Holz, Erde, Lehm u.a.) bestimmten ihrerseits die architektonisch-technologische Bauweise der künstlichen Wehrsysteme. Bekanntermaßen haben sich mit der Zeit in der Forschungsliteratur einige Begriffe wie etwa Wall, Mauer oder Pfahlwerk etc. etabliert, die traditionell für die Bezeichnung der Elemente eines Wehrsystems verwendet werden. Die jüngsten archäologischen Untersuchungen heben jedoch einige bautechnische Besonderheiten hervor, die die Verwendung der Begriffe Wall in Frage stellen. In der Tat handelt es sich dabei um Mauerwerk, das aus unterschiedlichsten Baumaterialien errichtet wurde. Ausgehend vom verwendeten Baumaterial kann man zurzeit mehrere Typen von Wehrmauern unterscheiden.

193-198

Authors: Vasile Diaconu, Bogdan-Petru Niculică

This study presents three stone objects discovered in the Suceava city’s area (Suceava County), Romania. One of them is new, and it was discovered in 2010, and the other two were published previously. The pieces, which are unique by their morphological characteristics, were included by the authors among the Middle and Late Bronze Age artifacts, and they were linked to the Komariv and Noua culture. In terms of functionality, these can be considered scepters, even if we don’t have the possibility to refer to similar findings. Also, taking into consideration the special circumstances in which they were found, we can assume that there are votive deposits in or near aquatic environment, respectively Suceava river.

225-235

Authors: Ion Niculiţă, Andrei Nicic

In the course of archaeological investigations in the open settlement of the Saharna-Dealul Mănăstirii there were found several archaeological complexes of burial nature. One of these complexes representing a pit with bones (Complex 32, Pit 24) was investigated in 2010. At the bottom of the pear-shaped pit there was found a human skeleton, laid on its right side, his head oriented to the west / southwest, the legs bent at the right angle to the center of the pit. At the bottom there were also found 12 pillar pits, 8 along the outer perimeter and 4 in the center, which presumably were the basis of a wooden cone-shaped dome frame, erected over the dead. Analysis of this complex allows us to suggest that the type of items discovered on the settlement reflects some funeral rites dating back to the 10th - 8th centuries BC and widespread both in the Lower Danube (Babadag culture, phase I-III), in most cases (fig. 8), and in the Upper Dniester Area (Neporotovo-Dubova).

247-258

Authors: Jan Bouzek

The article considers several types of fibulae (Pesyira, triangular and arc-shaped), referred to Belozerka culture, as well as earlier fibulae found in the northwestern Black Sea region. The tradition of using fibulas for fastening clothing comes from the Mediterranean region and is dated to pre-colonial period. These items were brought from the Greek world and / or Phoenician world through trade or religion.

265-278

Authors: Elena Fialko

The article is devoted to variety and character of the Scythian Amazon’s armaments. Archaeological finds of weapons and equipment of militant women is almost identical to the arms from the written and artistic sources. In general, women panoply completely consistent with the armament of the Scythian troops. Amazons preferred missile weapon, and almost did not use melee weapons. Amazons were studying the military art from an early childhood.

285-290

Authors: Bernard Moinier, Marius Alexianu

L’usage de saler le moût dans la perspective de l’exportation lointaine de vins de qualité (Cos, Rhodes, Lesbos) est observé chez les Grecs dans l’Antiquité classique. L’utilisation du sel permet de stabiliser leur fermentation. La dose efficace ne doit pas être dépassée. On peut aussi adoucir un cru ayant trop de corps en y versant de l’eau salée, avec modération. D’où le recours au salage du vin que pratiquent les agronomes romains, au témoignage de Caton l’Ancien et de Columelle. Il ne semble pas que la qualité du vin y gagne dans tous les cas. On est perplexe quand le premier se flatte que son vin ne soit pas pire que celui de Cos. Par delà cette brève réflexion œnologique, les informations métrologiques relevées (dosage en chlorure de sodium) ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives sur les ingesta sodés dans l’Antiquité.

301-309

Authors: Ion Tentiuc, Valeriu Bubulici

In summer 2010 there were carried out the first archaeological saving excavations in the old, historical part of Chişinău. Oral tradition and written sources indicate that the historical heart of Chişinău was located in the lower part of the modern city, by the river of Bâc. Apparently, the locality emerged by a spring had already existed in the second half of the 14th century, before the ousting of the Golden Horde from the south-eastern part of the Carpathian-Dniester area in 1370s - 1380s. On the opposite, left bank of the river a Tartar settlement was located. In the course of the archaeological excavations there have been revealed some ceramic materials of the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Ages as well as numerous evidences of the medieval time. A ditch dated, apparently, from the 16th-17th centuries that closed the access to the promontory and remnants of a ground dwelling with a stone basement of the 17th-18th centuries are of the greatest interest. Here we found well preserved remains of a monumental architectural structure of red brick defined as an aqueduct constructed by A. Bernardazzi in the end of the 19th century (Bubis 1997, 59-62). As a result of the investigations in the cemetery it also can be stated that already in the second half of the 16th century the space of the promontory around the supposed wooden church was entirely occupied by burials of the local Christian community. The last burials were carried out in the first two decades of the 19th century, when a stone fence was built around the church.

325-331

Authors: Ana Boldureanu

During 2009 there were registered eight antique finds. Among them there are one golden stater of the Lysimachus’s time found in the Izmail district of Odessa region and several Roman coins. Among the Roman emissions we should also note one hoard that was discovered in the village of Bădiceni of the Soroca district. This publication also includes information on two medieval hoards. One of them was found in the village of Buşăuca of the Rezina district in 1992 and the second consisting of 43 coins was discovered in 2010 near the village of Pănăşăşti of the Străşeni district. Besides there is highlighted a number of single finds of the 13th - 19th centuries.

353-373

Authors: Sergiu Musteaţă

In this paper the author is doing one of the first presentations of the Law of the Republic of Moldova on archaeological Heritage Preservation recently approved by the Parliament. Since 1993 we have a general Law on monument preservation, but there archaeological part is very poor developed. This is the first such Law in the legislation of Moldova and is done according to the European and International Convention which were signed last years by the Republic of Moldova. So, the Law content 48 articles concentrated in 11th chapters. In 1st chapter are presented the most important terms on the field: archaeological heritage, general juridical regime of the archaeological discoveries and research, etc. The 2nd chapter is devoted to the system and mechanisms of the archaeological heritage preservation. One of the most important parts of this chapter is the interdiction of using without permission the metal detectors. The 3rd chapter is dedicated to the responsibilities of the local and central public administration and working instruments in the field of archaeological heritage preservation. For first time in the Moldovan legislation is mentioned that the Ministry of Culture is obliged to register all private collections of the archaeological goods. The Law establishes foundation under the Ministry of Culture a new structure responsible for archaeological heritage reservation – National Archaeological Agency, as an executive body. Also, a re very well described the content of the National Archaeological Repertory, the National Archaeological Register, and Register of the archaeologists as important documents which should be done by the Government as instrument for preservation policies. In the 4th chapter are presented the attributes of the local public administration in the field of archaeological heritage preservation. The 5th chapter is encouraging the cooperation of the state bodies with NGOs and non-profit foundations. The 6th chapter is giving details on the priority interest archaeological areas. The 7th chapter is describing the principles, norms and mechanism of the research, conservation and restoration of the archaeological heritage. The 8th chapter is establishing the rules and legal regime of the temporary export and import of the archaeological goods. The 9th chapter is devoted to the financial issues. The 10th chapter is accounting the situations of contraventions in the field of archaeological heritage which should be penalizing according to the Civil, Contravention and Criminal Codes of the Republic of Moldova. The last, 11th chapter content the final dispositions addresses to the Government and Ministry of Culture, which should in three months after the Law will be in force to found the National Archaeological Agency and a list of norms in the field. Also, it is establishing the term of entrance in force of this law – in three month after publication in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Moldova (Monitorul Oficial). So, the new Law is giving a new opportunity for Moldovan society to improve the situation in the field of the archaeological heritage, to fight the black archaeology and illegal trafficking of antiquities, etc.

9-24

Authors: Vasile Mărculeţ

Dans le cadre de la politique extérieure de la Moldavie, de XVe siècle et les premiers ans du XVIe siècle (jusqu’à 1504), les relations avec la Venise occupe un lieu distincte, mais ne l’un de première importance. Les relations politiques de la Moldavie avec la Venise, institues avec certitude en décennie 4 du XVe siècle ont connu leurs maxime ampleur en le dernier quart de celui-ci siècle et les premières ans du XVIe siècle sous la deuxième partie de la règne d’Etienne le Grand.

37-50

Authors: Maria Danilov

Looking at the local press until the end of the first half of the 19th century we attest the fact that the Russian imperial press was exclusively diffused in Bessarabia. The most spread newspapers were the tribunes – Санкт Петербургские Ведомости (Sankt Peterburgskije Vedomosti) and Московские Ведомости (Moskovskije Vedomosti). The tsarist clerks of all levels were reading Nicolae Greci’s pro-governmental paper – Северная Пчела (Severnaja Pčela). After 1830 the local archives have conserved sufficient evidences attesting the diffusion of special publications, with a mainly economical or informative character sponsored by authorities. Different departments and ministers were among the editors of these publications. The later were commissioned with the help of local administration to diffuse it in province. Many addresses and circulars registered in the Fond of Governor’s Office from Bessarabia stay as evidence to it. Also, Odessa’s periodical publications were largely spread in province starting with the third decade of the 19th century. The literary periodicals were especially popular, as for example Одесский Aльманах (Odesskij Al’manakh) whose pages contained information about Bessarabia. The private press which never got the support of imperial authorities was also spread in the province. The information regarding its diffusion is attested by some private or governmental library catalogues only. Archival documents are concise and contradictory. The investigation of imperial press spread in province needs an approach from the perspective of a critical synthesis of data gathered from different sources and collections. The censorship and its impact on imperial press spread in Bessarabia can be traced especially by private editions. The main source of available data on the issue of imperial press diffused in province is the fond of military/civil Governor’s Office of Bessarabia. Or, such a documentation context is not favorable to our research and needs to be explained.

61-70

Authors: Vlad Ghimpu

Analyzing a variety of documentary sources we attest an early propagation of Romanians within the territory of Novgorod principality starting with the 11th century until around 16th century. The existence of a big Romanian colony in the 16th century is indicative of a massive immigration from the earliest times. Their presence is illustrated by toponyms and hydronyms as well. The intense relations between the Romanians and the Russians in the less documented last period, is reflected by mixed Romanian-Russian terms, mixed names or other Romanian influences on the Russian language. This is a less researched topic in modern historiography. The study has a significant scientific value for the history of Romanians which until the 16th century shows penury of documentary sources, especially referring to proper names, toponyms and hydronyms. The research is an addition to the history of medieval north-western Russia also.

79-92

Authors: Ion Eremia

The question of territorial formation of the Moldavian feudal state continues to attract the attention of historians. One aspect of this problem is the inclusion of Pocutsia and the city Colomeea in the Principality of Moldavia. Colomeea was mentioned as a “Wallach” city in the known source entitled “The names of all Russian cities in the near neighborhood and far beyond”. Recent studies by Russian historians suggest that this source was compiled around 1375-1381. Corroborating this information with studies made by Polish historians, according to whom Pocutsia and some other territories were given to Moldavia by a Hungarian King, one can conclude that these territories became part of Moldavia around 1377-1387. Available sources so far do not allow determining more precisely the timeframe when these territories were included in the borders of Moldavia.

105-114

Authors: Mihai Onilă

In this paper the author presents sequences from the history of Morozeni town, Orhei county, since the establishment (end of 15th century) until the early 19th century. A particular attention is paid to the village founder: “Moldavian boyar” Ion (Roman) Morozanu; to the famous Pircalab of Orhei – Danciu, Ion Morozanu’s bridegroom and Stahor Durac, Danciu’s bridegroom. These families, which appear in this area by the end of the 15th century, holding reinforcement books from Ştefan cel Mare, make the first inhabitants of the village. Further, as a result of mixing with other families from other places, the number of inhabitants grew. Their first census was held in 1835. Based on its data, we attempt at elucidating, with approximation, the number of households from the village between the end of 17th century until the end of the 18th century.

123-126

Authors: Adelaida Chiroşca

The numismatic collection of the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova contains a few monetary issues originating from the archaeological excavations conducted on the territory of Soroca fortress in the years 1968-1969. The lot counts 22 monetary issues, issued by the Turkish Empire, Poland and Russia in the 16th-19th century. These monetary discoveries were mentioned in the special literature published prior. Certain lack of concordance refers to the number and the origin country of the discovered pieces, except for the polish issues. The results of the reevaluations, as well as the signaled lack of correspondence, offer new data about the numismatic discoveries from the collection of the museum, discovered at Soroca fortress.

137-142

Authors: Ştefan Lupan

The collection of old books numbering 203 unities from the former library of Alexandru Sturdza has been transferred to the National Library of the Republic of Moldova from the Regional Library from Odessa. All the books bear the seal „Стурдзовская библиотека” and is undoubtedly the main corpse Sturza family’s former library. Our research pursued investigating only issues referring to completion degree, methods of acquisition, principles of book selection, content and impact of book knowledge on forming social-political, cultural-religious and philosophic ideas of count Alexandru Sturdza (1791-1854) and his father Scarlat Sturdza. A part of books covered with leather have an owner mark with golden initials „CH.CZ.” deeply imprinted on the upper left corner. We presume that this abbreviation is the name Charles Stourdza which is an expression in French of the Greek name Scarlat, as all the books with this marking are printed (and acquired) before Alexandru Sturza’ birth. The possessors of the books didn’t make many marginal signs and therefore we cannot establish exactly whom each book belonged, but it is logical to assume that the library has been passed on from generation to generation within Studrza family.

153-161

Authors: Andrei Emilciuc

In this paper the role of grain exports in commerce of Bessarabia, in the period between its annexation (1812) and the retrenchment of the Dniester custom and sanitary cordon (1830) is examined. Based on archival and published sources the author shows the main directions of the exports, the regulation of the grain exports by provincial administration and the role of commercial capital in the foreign grain trade of the Bessarabia. The main conclusions show that the exports were practiced mainly through Ismail, Reni and Odessa seaports, even though Bessarabia was a border province and had also land customs. The grain commerce was held by Greek and Armenian merchants that had strong relationships with commercial bourgeois from main European city-ports. The augmentation of grain exports from Bessarabia was curbed by intense regulation, because the province was used as quarter for important military troops.

177-185

Authors: Valentin Tomuleţ, Alexandru Bordian

In this article, based on archival documents and the published, the changes that have occurred in Russian commercial legislation of Bessarabia after its annexation to the Russian Empire are analysed. These changes were conditioned by the following economic and political circumstances: 1. After the Congress of Vienna, Tsarism fearing of diplomatic isolation, tends to bind all the countries participating in the congress with such a system of treaties and agreements, which would be excluded infringement of equilibrium of forces in Europe. The seek of allies, wish to retain the rapport of forces established in Europe and its prestigious role, the fear to find itself in diplomatic isolation made Tsarism become adept of free trade policy. To achieve this goal, Tsarism is forced to move from prohibitive custom tariff of 1810 to the liberal tariffs of 1816 and 1819 which reflected the principle of free trade established at the Congress of Vienna. 2. The tendency to promote free trade policy was reflected directly and over Bessarabia. After adoption of the customs tariff of 31 March 1816, in Bessarabia are adopted new legislative acts, which were generalized in the Council of Ministers decision of 28 November 1816, the purpose of which was to reorient Bessarabian trade from traditional European markets to Russian internal market and to prepare the ground for the inclusion of Bessarabia in the economic and political system of Russian Empire. 3. But the decision to obey free trade policy taken at the Congress of Vienna by European countries wasn’t observed. Russia has proved to be the only country that acceded to the principle of free trade. From the adoption of liberal custom tariff in 1819 beneficiated Prussia, Austria and Poland. The new tariff has aroused a negative reaction from the Russian bourgeoisie, which was unable to face free competition from European goods and merchants. The price was an important test for the younger Russian industry, which despite all efforts could not reset, because trade policy did not meet the country’s interests. This was shown directly on development of external commerce, whose balance, for the first time during many years, becomes negative. 4. Finding itself in the situation when the Russian economy was no longer able to withstand the principles of free competition, tsarism was forced to switch custom policy from liberalism to protectionism. As a result, on February 27th 1822 a new customs tariff was adopted, this time prohibitive, which came into force on March 12th that year. The new rates would help stabilize the Russian economy. 5. With the adoption in 1822 of the prohibitive tariff the period of relative liberalism in tsarist trade policy ends. Government circles in St. Petersburg convinced that the Russian economy is not able to observe the principle of “free trade”, conducted partly in previous years. In its foreign custom and commercial policy tsarism is forced to return to the positions of protectionism, which would have to be maintained during the second quarter of the 19th century. The result of this policy is adoption of the “Regulation on trade with Bessarabia” on February 17th 1825.

203-211

Authors: Tatiana Chicaroş

In Russian system of education schools of exact science were founded in 1872 as a result of lyceums of exact science abolition. These lyceums had 6-7 years of schooling. In high schools there were taught applied (sciences) subjects. Senior classes graduates of these educational institutions continued their education at technical, business and industrial high schools (colleges). They could not continue their education at universities. From 1888 schools of exact science were reorganized into comprehensive schools. The graduates could continue their education at universities, but only at the department of mathematics, physics and medicine. Archive records give us the possibility to follow the school of exact science development in Chişinău from its foundation till the first decade of the 20th century. The school of exact science was opened the 6th of December 1873 in Chişinău. At the moment of its opening the school had three forms (3rd, 4th, 5th). During the following two years there were also opened two senior classes. During the school year of 1885/86, thanks to a tutor’s application of Odessa district of education, there were opened the 1st and the 2nd forms, but in 1888 there was opened the 7th form with technical-mechanic specialization. Besides this class the school of exact science had also the classes of physics, chemistry, metrology, natural sciences, history, geography, etc. Maintenance of this educational institution was realized from money of state budget, of Bessarabian zemstvo, of town council and from money saved up for the process of education (annual payment for the education was 50 rubles, it proves that not all the social classes could afford their children study at these educational institutions). As a result of archive source analysis we can observe that at the moment of these educational institutions opening the contingent of pupils was composed from 101 children, in 1883 – 160 children, and in 1918 – 312 children. Thus we can observe that the number of pupils was always in growth. Although the information concerning the activity of this educational institution, placed in the fund of National Archives of the Republic of Moldova, does not give the possibility to follow the ethnic structure of the pupils’ contingent, researching their religious appearance, however we can observe the predominance of the Orthodox and a number more or less constant (ca 15%) of the Jews (as for example: in 1893, from the total number of 229 pupils, 171 (74,7%) were the Orthodox, 13 (5,7%) – the Catholics, 8 (3,5%) – the Protestants, 3 (1,3%) – belonged to other religious communions and 34 (14,8%) – the Jews), which shows us the diversity of the ethnic colour. The sources of archives analysis allows us to conclude that the biggest part of children that studied at this educational institution were the children of noblemen (the fact that testifies its predominance), of small bourgeoisie (townsmen) and only partially of children that came from the countryside.

219-229

Authors: Vera Serjant

Printed press was and will remain one of the most important means of advertising. The number of periodical publications in Bessarabia increases considerably at the end of 19th-beginning of 20th century. Along with the growing number of periodical publications, increases also the number of advertising ads. Their messages were diverse and included all life aspects. The thematic of this article is focused on certain economical aspects of publicity from the Bessarabian press. It reveals the issue of advertising factories, plants, warehouses in the public and private publications. A big number of ads about factories, plants and warehouses are contained in calendars–addresses, yearly public publications, issues of Бессарабские губернские ведомости newspaper, of Бессарабское сельское хозяйство journal and of the Statistical Committee. The newspapers offer more than half of their space for advertising. These publications serve as documentary resources for elucidating various aspects of the Bessarabian advertising. The ads from different publications serve as a base for a classification of offer from various Bessarabian producers to local consumers. The offer is very diverse: from candies, alcohol, wine, mineral water and lemonades, sugar, fish, tobacco to furniture, tiles and bricks, cars and farming tools etc. The publicity ads from the printed press can offer precious information about Bessarabian history, at the chapter social-economical development.

237-243

Authors: Vera Serjant

The activity of the Bessarabian Zemstva included a wide range of issues and tasks. An important place among them was hold by issues regarding education. The subject of this article focuses on education as well. It reflects zemstva’s contribution to the development of agrarian education in Bessarabia at the beginning of the 20th century. The article’s purpose is to illustrate the role of provincial Zemstva in opening the school of viticulture and winemaking at the estate from Saharna which was donated to the Zemstva by engineer N. C. Apostolopulo. The proposal to open a school of viticulture and winemaking in Saharna was for the first time put forward for examination at the 35th session of the Assembly of the provincial Zemstva (1903). This issue was also on the agenda at the meetings from 11th May and 18th December 1904. Yet, the Zemstva did not rush in opening the school, as it was opened only on 18th may 1905. Although the Zemstva delayed the inauguration of the school, the role of the provincial Council was significant. The council succeeded in obtaining the approval of the so-called establishment „principles” of the school, although they did not correspond to regulation from 26th may 1904. However, Eugenia Apostolopulo, the tutor of the school, played the most important role in this process.

251-256

Authors: Diana Caşu

The re-occupation by the Red Army of Bessarabia in March 1944 resumed the Sovietization process in the region commenced in 1940-1941. One of the main features of the Sovietization was a specific policy pursued toward women. By 1944 and 1945, around 90 000 Moldavians have been mobilized in the Red Army and fought subsequently agaist Nazy Germany. There was a lack of work force in the republic, so the Soviet regime tried to rectruit women to work in various fields. In this order, a special institution has been created to deal with women issues. Some women however did not accept Communist ideology and protested against certain policies of the regime and expressed their hope that Romanians (i.e. Bucharest authorities) will come back.

267-272

Authors: Vera Stăvilă

The National Theater V. Alecsandri from Bălţi has a rich history of particular theater events. In the 50 years of its activity, on the scene from Bălţi have been mounted around 200 performances – national and universal, classical and modern dramatic art shows. The theater has been a true forgery of artistic talents. In this environment were launched and further developed big personalities of the stage - Mihai Volontir, Iulian Codău, Victor Ciutac, Grigore Grigoriu, who make the pride of the Bessarabian theater and which contributed to the development of the theatrical art in Moldova. We can trace two tendencies in the activity program of the National Theater V. Alecsandri from Bălţi: the theater contributed to the cultural continuity on the territory between Prut and Dniester, to the valorization of the dramatic heritage of writer V. Alecsandri. Second, the theater was tributary to its time and political regimes, participating to the Sovietisation and Russification process.

277-284

Authors: Liliana Condraticova

Dans cet article l’auteur parle sur les objets d’orfévrerie de Moldova du II-moitié du XX-ém siécle et présente les principales traites de l’orfévrerie nationale. L’accent principal est mis sur l’étude des années 1972-1991, plus particulièrement de l’activité de la Fabrique de Joaillierie (de Bijoux) de Chişinău. Les orfévres ont travaillés a la Fabrique de Joaillierie de Chişinău, que a été fondé en 1972. Les bijoux sont confectionnés par les spécialistes réputés comme V. Alexeiko, Iu. Pavlov, V. Vasilkov, V. Fomin etc., qui ont utilisés l’argent, l’or et les pierres précieux. Ils ont confectionné des différentes pendentifs et des colliers, des anneaux et des bracelets, des boucles d‘oreille et des broches. Vu l’importance des bijoux comme objet de l’art et comme patrimoine historique, cet article présente beaucoup d’informations sur les métaux utilissés dans l’industrie des bijoux, la technique et à la technologie, les spécialisations (l’orfévre, le bijoutier et la bijoutière, le joaillier).

291-296

Authors: Gheorghe Postică, Iulia Postică

The general analysis of public policies aimed at the heritage complex Orheiul Vechi attests the absence of some consequent actions in the promotion of strategies and objectives proposed in various periods. The creation of the Reserve in 1968 and the subsequent cultural-museographic policies promoted by public institution demonstrated promising results until 1983. Nevertheless, in the activity of Orheiul Vechi complex is observed a crisis beginning with 1985, initially at the managerial level and later at the level of cultural-museum policies, situation largely due to some inconsistent actions, even deficient, promoted by the Ministry of Culture. The adoption of the concept of Museum complex „Orhei medieval town” in 1991 didn’t prove to be the best solution. Therefore, following a series of investigations undertaken on occasion of elaborating the Nomination File Orheiul Vechi Cultural Landscape and with the consideration of UNESCO international experts’ recommendations, was realized the need to redefine and create a new vision of Orheiul Vechi. The new vision had to consider both the elements of the natural and cultural heritage, and had to organically reflect the formation and development of this space from prehistory until present – that was the adoption in 2008 of the concept of „Cultural-natural reserve Orheiul Vechi”.

303-306

Authors: Iulia Postică

On 11th November 2009 was inaugurated the international exhibition “The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC” in the galleries of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World of New York University. The exhibition has brought for the first time before the American public artifacts aged between 5500 and 7000 years old, witnessing the existence of a developed civilization in southeast Europe, in a space surnamed Old Europe, situated on the present territory of Romania, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova. The exhibition reunites over 250 objects originating from the collections of over 20 museums in Romania, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova. Among the exhibited objects are fired clay figurines, Cucuteni-Tripolie ceramic vessels, golden adornment objects, copper tools and jewelry, shell jewelry etc. The exhibition was itinerated between May and August 2010 at the prestigious British museum The Ashmolean Museum from Oxford University and will be displayed in October 2010 – January 2011 at the Cycladic Museum of Art in Athens, Greece.

7-34

Authors: Valeriu Cavruc

The article deals with prehistoric salt production and exchange of salt in south-east and east-central Europe. The major points of the article are: 1. the modeling of the traditional forms of salt production and exchange in the area; 2. the identification of archaeological indications specific to every type of salt production and exchange; 3. the classification of available archaeological evidence of prehistoric salt production and exchange in Carpatho-Danubian zone. Salt had two major senses during prehistoric period: on one hand it was as a good of daily consumption and thrifty use, on the other hand it was the exotic good. Every of these senses implied different types of production and exchange. The daily consumption and thrifty use salt could be made both within domestic and industrial productions. Of these, only industrial one was intended for long-distance exchange of salt. Salt as the exotic good was made only within special i.e. „sacred" type of production. This type of industry produced „miraculous" salt which was mainly, if not exclusively, intended for long-distance exchange. More attention is paid in the article to the end of Middle and Late Bronze Age (the end of 17th-9th centuries BC) salt mining centers from Transylvania and Maramureş: Băile Figa, Caila, Săsarm, Ocna Dej, Valea Florilor, Valea Regilor (Tisolovo) and Solotvino (Ocna Slatina) (Case Study). By all the available evidence, these centers seem to have been involved in the large-scale salt production and long-distance trade. Blocks of rock salt were traded from these centers to Hungarian Plane, by Someş and Tisa rivers. It is well-known fact that the period of functioning of the above salt mining production centers was the one of widest spread of tin bronze objects in the area. That is why, it seems likely that in exchange of salt its owners get, among other goods, tin.

49-102

Authors: Maia Kaşuba, Aurel Zanoci

Den Schwerpunkt dieser Untersuchung stellen frühe und mittelhallstattzeitliche Fundkontexte des 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr.. aus dem ostkarpatischen Gebiet dar, die hier aus der Perspektive des Wohnungsbaues analysiert werden. Auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Einsätze zahlreicher Forscher zu den Wohnbauten der ausgehenden Bronze- und der frühen Eisenzeit aus dieser Region werden die Grundprinzipien ihrer Klassifizierung vorgeschlagen. Diese beziehen sich auf 102 Befunde, die der Kulturen Hava-Holigrad-Grăniceşti, Chişinău-Corlăteni, Tămăoani-Holercani, Cozia-Saharna und Basarabi-Şoldăneşti einzuordnen sind. Die durchgeführte Analyse und die vorgeschlagene Klassifikation haben gezeigt, dass die Verwendung vom Holz und Ton für den Bau der leichten Hauswände sowie eines leichten Daches zu den Hauptmerkmalen der hallstattzeitlichen Bautradition im ostkarpatischen Raum des 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. gehört. Für die Cozia-Saharna-Kutur lässt sich eine zusätzliche Bearbeitung mittels „Verputzen“ und Anstreichen der Wände feststellen, während für die Kulturen Cozia-Saharna und Basarabi-Şoldăneşti anhand der festgestellten Gruben in den Wohnhäusern auch das Vorhandensein der Fußböden in der Innenausstattung anzunehmen ist. Der führende Typ des Wohnbaus im 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. war in allen untersuchten hallstattzeitlichen Kulturen der ostkarpatischen Region das leichte ebenerdige Haus, dessen aus einem Holzgerüst bestehende Wände mit Lehm getüncht wurden. Es tauchen Halberdhütten mit Holzgerüstwänden (Hava-Holigrad-Grăniceşti-Kultur) und – von der Form des Daches her – pultdachförmige (Kulturen Chişinău-Corlăteni und Cozia-Saharna) sowie Halberdhütten mit einem konischen Dach (Cozia-Saharna-Kultur) auf. Die Wohnfläche der Erdhütten, deren Baugruben sowohl eine ovale als auch eine runde Form aufweisen, ist nicht sehr groß. Was die Organisation des häuslichen Raumes angeht, so lässt sich in allen erwähnten Kulturen des Untersuchungsraumes eine horizontale Tendenz beobachten. Außerdem sind an einigen Fundstellen der Kulturen Cozia-Saharna und Basarabi-Şoldăneşti auch Merkmale einer vertikalen Organisation des Wohnraumes festzustellen. Es ist wichtig darauf hinzuweisen, dass die durchgeführte Analyse der Wohnbauten des 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. in der ostkarpatischen Region auf keine Spuren schließen lässt, die direkt mit den rituellen Handlungen bei der Errichtung der Wohnhäuser verbunden wären. Weitere Forschungsmöglichkeiten bieten sich allerdings bei der Durchführung einer vergleichenden Untersuchung der Wohnbautradition aus dem nördlichen Schwarzmeergebiet an. Chronologisch gesehen würde eine solche Analyse nicht nur die Wohnbauten, die synchronisch mit der hallstattzeitlichen Kulturen der ostkarpatischen Region sind, sondern auch diejenige aus einem breiteren Zeitraum einschließen.

121-132

Authors: Galina Bodareu

The field season 2008 archaeological investigation has been carried out in the north-eastern part of the Horodca Mare site, Ialoveni District, called „La Cetate”. The stratigraphical analysis revealed cultural layers as follows: the antique layer (it is represented by Getic pottery, one piece of Greek amphora, and a fragment of black-lacquered pottery), and the Eneolithic layer (containing artifacts of the Cucuteni-Tripolie Culture). Statistical analysis supports the obtained results. The discovered archaeological artifacts from the site do not indicate any archaeological complexes. The composition of the discoveries is similar to finds from the central part of the settlement, excavated during the field season 2007.

139-147

Authors: Jurgita Alvarez Romero

In the article are presented the main results of research in the area of the culture of battle axes from the Baltic Region, with the beginning dating to the 3rd millennium BC. Here are discussed problems about the genesis and the environment of this culture. The geographical environment (soil fertility, forest cover, water resources, etc.) played an important role in the propagation of the culture of battle axes. In the articles there is also an attempt to localize the ecological niche of the population of the battle axes culture.

175-178

Authors: Florea Costea

Archaeological research conducted in the last three decades at sites in the canyon of Olt River in Perşani Mountains (Augustin-Mateiaş) have confirmed the existence of two fortifications (Racoş-Piatra Detunată, Racoş-Cornu) and a civil settlement (Ormeniş-guys Ormenis), densely inhabited in the first period of the Iron Age. Among the many materials collected from these sites is highlighted a Hallstatt fibula discovered in 2008 in the fortification from Racoş-Piatra Detunată. The artifact is identical in size and weight with other two fibulae discovered in the civil settlement Tipia Ormenişului, located at a distance of less than 1 km. All three have perfect analogy in shape to the fibula from in Bădeni-Cluj, which is, however, larger. On a series of arguments supporting the existence in the area of Bronze workshops, the author does not ignore the possibility for all four fibulae (“Augustin-Bădeni” type) to have been worked in the civil settlement Tipia Ormenişului. Also, we presume that these objects belonged to chiefs/elite of the time and had a rich symbolic and religious significance. The fibula is dated between HaA2-B1.

199-204

Authors: Viorel Stoian

The archaeological site of Brăiliţa is located in the south-east of the Romanian plain and is being investigated for 20 years. At this site archaeological materials coming from different periods were discovered but in this article only the roman imports found at this site is discussed. The discoveries from the point Reşiţa 62 present a certain interest. This material has many analogies on the territories of Dobrogea, Moldova and even Greece. The roman ceramics from the Reşiţa 62 complex are dated to the third century AD.

209-223

Authors: David Schwarcz, Zsuzsa Varga

In this article an attempt was undertaken to study the granulation process from metallurgical and archaeological point of view. The first section is addressed to production and application of the granulation, as well as a similar techniques – that of the watermark. In the second part of the article is discussed the spread of granulation in the early Avar period. In conclusion the authors admit the possibility of local production (Black Sea coast and the Carpathian area) of granulated objects.

235-248

Authors: Ivan Vlasenko

The citadel is situated 600-800 m east of Mereşeuca village, Mereşeuca commune, Ocniţa district, on a high, isolated hill, on the right bank of the Driver river. The local inhabitants call this headland „Cetăţuie.” On the west side, the hill has the aspect of a narrow isthmus, crossed transversally by a flattened earth rampart. The isthmus becomes wider to the east of the wall, forming an ascending slope. One isthmus slope had been scarped at around 100 m away from the wall. Starting with the scarp level a semi-circular wall appears headed towards the south and north-east of the hill. One of the wall extremities ends at the northern steep edge of the hill, while another was probably connected to the scarp. The internal defensive line, repeating the shape of the anterior one, lies at the distance of 40-50 m from the wall and forms a central circular platform with a diameter of 100 m. The fortified surface of the citadel is about 2 ha. The site was discovered in 1949 by T.S. Passek. The research uncovered four Eneolithic horizons and layers belonging to cultures Černoles, Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov and to the old Russian culture. The wall and ditch from the older cultural deposits had been sectioned in 1984. The ditch intersected the cultural layers going down into the sterile soil to the depth of 3.3-3.5 m. The ditch has a width of 0.8-1.0 m at the bottom and up to 5 m in the upper part. The ceramic and amphorae material discovered during the investigations allows us to dates the citadel to the 12th- 13th centuries. It was deserted and burnt probably by order of Tatar-Mongols at the middle of the 13th century. The closest analogies for Mereşeuca-Cetăţuie fortification can be found at Lencăuţi (fortress) and at Lomacinţi, in northern Bucovina. It appears that the fortress from Mereşeuca represents the southernmost outpost, an observation citadel of Halici from the right bank of Dniester. We can assume, as a hypothesis, that this citadel corresponds with the town Kucelmin from older Russian chronicles.

263-272

Authors: Andrei Corobcean

In the article the basic tendencies of ethnic interpretation of a stylistic variation in the archaeological record are stated. Despite the sceptical discussions of this question, ethnic interpretation remains one of the basic directions in archeology. Criticising the unilateral and tendentious character of the approach of G. Kossina in ethnic interpretation of artefacts, some researchers have accepted attempts to formulate a number of complex approaches among which the ethnoarchaeological studies play an important role. Ethnoarcheology, in some cases, confirms a parity of ethnic borders with material culture, in others this is not so. At the same time, the majority of researchers consider that the given parity should be observed in stylistic, instead of in typological distinctions. Unfortunately, the “stylistic” approach is also far from the decision of these interpretative archeological problems. Ethnic reconstructions demand more complex schemes, taking into account known factors and the contexts reflected, not only in an archaeological material. The contextual-historical approach was put forward in the first half of the last century, but, owing to its complexity, has not given exhaustive results. Probably, its synchronic-diachronic application to more limited archaeological areas will bring fruitful results. In this case, style and stylistic variations should play a key role.

283-288

Authors: Sergiu Musteaţă

In this article the author addresses the issue of the legal framework regarding the management of archaeological heritage and theft of antiquities in Moldova. The study presents concrete situations illustrating the bad situation about preservation of archaeological heritage, the phenomenon of the spread of illegal archaeology and trafficking of antiques in Moldova. Although the national legislation contains certain provisions about administrative and criminal punishment of persons committing abuse and crimes that lead to the deterioration and destruction of archaeological heritage, so far nobody has been actually punished for damage, destruction or illegal trade of cultural goods. According to some unofficial data, in Moldova are over 1500 owners of metal detectors, which are used extensively by “archaeologists poachers”. Traces of illegal interventions by “treasure hunters” have been observed on the surface of most popular sites archaeological sites at Costeşti (Ialoveni) and Butuceni (Orheiul Vechi) etc. The sale of cultural goods, including archaeological artifacts, is taking place openly without any control from the state bodies. A proof of this is the so-called “stock exchange” taking place each weekend in the restaurant Garcorix on V.Alecsandri str., no. 78 from Chişinău, where can be found numismatic and archaeological objects. The Moldovan government should develop an efficient and sustainable policy for the protection of archaeological heritage to combat the negative phenomena that contribute to the destruction of cultural heritage.