Hygeia journal for drugs and medicines

11-19

Authors: Sandhya. S*, Sai Kumar.P, Vinod K.R, David Banji, Kumar K

Wounds generally termed as physical injuries that result in an opening or breaking of the skin.There are different types of wounds which range from mild to potentially fatal.Wound healing is impaired in diabetic patients with infection or hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is one of the major contributors to chronic wound healing problems. The diabetic patients with ulcer become at high risk for major complications which include infection and amputation. In traditional medicine, plants are generally used for the treatment of various acute and chronic diseases and abnormalities in the body. Due to the present fast life of the humans a drastic increase in chronic disease conditions mainly diabetes has been determined. Most of these patients tend to face a tremendous problem when they get an infected wound. Hence in the current review, a list of the plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds and diabetes were screened. The work includes a list of traditionally claimed plants used for diabetes and wounds which are scientifically proved as well as scientifically not proved.

29-33

Authors: S.Dharmaraj Santhosam*, S.Kannan

A simple, fast and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method developed for the simultaneous determination of risperidone and trihexyphenidyl HCl in its tablets form. C18 phenomena Gemini column 250mm x 4.6mm (l x d)in isocratic mode with mobile phase buffer: Acetonitrile: methanol (50:30:20) %v/v were used. The flow rate was 1 ml/min. Linearity for risperidone and trihexyphenidyl HCl were in the range of 96.96 mcg/ml – 145.44mcg/ml and 65.60mcg/ml – 98.4 mcg/ml respectively. Amount found of risperidone and trihexyphenidyl HCl in size on plus was 3.034 mg/tab and 2.063 mg/tab respectively.Amount found of risperidone and trihexyphenidyl HCl in RI- plus was 3.016mg/tab and 2.044 mg/tab respectively. Percentage recoveries obtained for risperidone and trihexyphenidyl HCl in size on plus were 100.87% and 102.49%respectively, percentage recoveries obtained for risperidone and trihexyphenidyl HCl in RI-plus were 100% and 101.65% respectively. The proposed method is accurate, precise, selective and rapid for the simultaneous estimation of risperidone and trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride in tablet dosage.

41-45

Authors: Panduraju.T*, Parvathi.B, Rammohan.M and C.Srinivas Reddy

The leaves and whole plant of Cleome viscosa is used as a folk remedy to cure the wounds, ulcers, inflammations and skin infections. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the wound healing property of the leaves and whole plant of Cleome viscosa experimentally induced excision wound model in rats. The studies on the wound healing models revealed that the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa possesses significant wound healing activity.

50-53

Authors: M. Rammohan , Pandu raj, C.Srinivas Reddy*

The Pharmacognostical and phytochemical examinations of methanol extracts of seeds and fruit wall of Solanum torvum were conducted and their diuretic activity was evaluated in albino rats. The administration of methanol extracts of seed and fruit wall of Solanum torvum by oral route at doses; 150,300 and 450 mg/kg body weight. After 5 hr the volume of urine is measured. Results revealed that the fruit wall methanol extract showed significant diuretic activity comparative to see methanol extract and concentrations of potassium & sodium salts in urine as compared to standard drug Furosemide.

58-63

Authors: Adu F.*, Gbedema S.Y., AkanwariwiakW. G., Annan K., Boamah V.E.

The effect of the sub-inhibitory concentrations of Acanthospermum hispidum extract on the activities of amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillussubtilis, Salmonella thyphi, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonasaeruginosa with MICs ranging between 11 and 53 mg/ml. A 5 mg/ml extract enhanced significantly (p<0.05) ciprofloxacin activity (up to 38 folds) against all the test bacteria except P. aeruginosa. Amoxicillin activity was also potentiated significantly (p<0.05) against Staph. aureus (9fold) and B.Subtilis (12 fold). A. hispidum appears to contain phytoconstituents that may be a useful adjuvant for antibiotic formulations.

71-75

Authors: H. Muhamed Mubarack,A. Doss*, R.Dhanabalan and R. Venkataswamy

Bovine mastitis continues to be the most costly disease to the dairy farmers. It dominates in Tamilnadu as one of the most prevalent diseases in dairy cattle among the dairy farms.Mastitis treatment with antibiotics leads to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains and consumer health problem. The present study is an in-vitro antibacterial activity of three medicinal plants against bovine udder isolated bacterial pathogens. Aqueous and methanol extracts of three plants were investigated by the agar disc diffusion method. Methanol extracts of Asteracantha longifolia and Dactyloctenium indicium showed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus(25mm) and E.coli (22mm) respectively.

8-13

Authors: Deepthi Shyju.

In this study, Paracetamol was used as the model drug and the granules were prepared by microwave technique and fluid bed drying technique. The granules prepared by microwave technique and fluid bed drying technique were evaluated for parameters such as the amount of fines, drying time, bulk density, compressibility, angle of repose etc.The data indicated that the granules retained their structure in comparison with the conventional drying process. The prepared granules were compressed into tablets and evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution etc.

22-31

Authors: Garima Agarwal*, Anil Kumar Pant , and Subroto Kumar Hore .

Trichilia species are used in the treatment of liver disorders and as a tonic in the traditional medicine. The present study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of T. connaroides roots on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in comparison with the known hepatoprotective agent Liv-52. Carbon tetrachloride induced changes in serum enzymatic levels of aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total protein were restored towards normal levels by the extract. The biochemical observations were supported by the histopathological examination of rat liver sections. The results indicate that the extract offers hepatoprotection in a dose-dependent manner. The effect was comparable to that produced by Liv-52. Simultaneously, the in-vitro anti-oxidant activity of the extract as evaluated in terms of reducing power, radical scavenging activity and chelating activity on Fe+2 also support its hepatoprotective action. Phytochemical examination of the extract revealed the presence of antioxidant phenolics.

38-42

Authors: R.Venkataswamy, A.Doss, H. Mohamed Mubarack , M.Sukumar .

The leaves of Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile was extracted with methanol and an aqueous medium and studied for in vitro antimicrobial property. The methanol extract was found to be most active against all the bacterial species tested except S.aureus. Active methanol extract was further studied for HPTLC fingerprint and by phytochemical analysis. HPTLC analysis confirmed segregation of four individual compounds with individual Rf values and peak area percentage. The results of phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of Tannins, Carbohydrates, and Glycosides. This analysis revealed the high antibacterial activity in the methanol extract of Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile

54-58

Authors: M. Rammohan and C.Sreenivas Reddy

The present study is aimed to evaluate the seed and fruit wall methanol extracts of Solanum torvum for anti-inflammatory activity by Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method by using plethysmometer. All the test extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, among them seed methanol 500 mg ∕ kg body weight exhibited superior activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts may be due to the presence of flavonoids, sterols, and saponins in it.

14-21

Authors: D. Varghese, N. Sabarwal P, Mane. N Jonwal .S. Jain

In the present study three medicinal plants Vitex negundo Linn (Verbenaceae), Bryophyllum pinnatum Linn (Crassulaceae) and Centella asiatica (Umbelliferae) reported to have significant analgesic potential were selected to be formulated as polyherbal gels with and without permeation enhancers and were investigated for their antinociceptive potential. The dried finely ground herbs were extracted in distilled water and combined in different ratios and incorporated in 5% gel base of carbopol 934 (GF1-GF15). Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using two animal models, viz. acetic acid induced a writhing response and formalin-induced hind paw licking and was compared against control and standard diclofenac diethylamine gel (1.16%). All the formulations significantly (P<0.001) reduced the number of abdominal constrictions and stretching of hind limbs induced by the injection of acetic acid. The topical application of polyherbal gel formulations GF1-GF15 significantly (P<0.001) inhibited the licking time induced by the injection of formalin. The study established these polyherbal gels as suitable alternatives to synthetic analgesic agents.

28-38

Authors: Shanish Antony A*, Partha DebRoy , Vadivelan R , Jaysankar K , Vikram M , Nandini S , Sundeep M , Elango K , Suresh B .

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, primarily affecting people of ages over 45-55 years, although young adults and even children can also be affected. The gold standard drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease is L-DOPA, but various studies have proved that the treatment with L-DOPA leads to the death of surviving dopaminergic neurons in the CNS1. Hence we have approached to counteract the toxicities of L-DOPA therapy by co-administration of Tinospora cordifolia crude powder. On the zero-day each animal were given with an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (20mg/kg) and after 48 hours the animals were treated with L-DOPA or L-DOPA plus Tinospora cordifolia crude powder up to 30 days. At the end of the study period, we have evaluated the level of anxiety, grip strength, and mitochondrial complex-I activity. The results revealed that the co-administration of Tinospora cordifolia crude powder protected the dopaminergic neurons when compared with Sham operated control group. In conclusion, we would like to state that the treatment with Tinospora cordifolia crude powder could reduce the toxicities of L-DOPA therapy for Parkinson’s disease.

46-53

Authors: Lakshmi devi .S*, Madhu. C. Divakar

The research work was conducted with the leaf solvent extracts of Wrightia arborea and Wrightia tinctoria to make toxicological profiles by employing Brine Shrimp Assay method (BSA) (Artemia Salina LEACH).. The LC50 values were determined for both the plant solvent extracts respectively in mg/ml of active compounds and extracts. It was found that the leaf ethanolic and methanolic extracts were toxic for the Brine Shrimp Naupli. The results indicated that Wrightia tinctoria leaf ethanol (70%) extract and methanolic extract showed LC50 values of 471.604 and 517.038 mg/ml respectively.While the Wrightia arborea leaf ethanol (70%) extract and methanolic extracts showed LC50 values of 498.213 and 531.082 mg/ml respectively. The remaining solvent extracts showed no toxicity (as found more than 1000 mg/ml) in BSA method.

57-62

Authors: Gayathri P, *Gayathri Devi S, Sivagami Srinivasan, Saroja S

Helicteres isora is a medium sized tree abundantly found in the hills and forests, well known for its use in traditional medicine. The fruit and bark are said to possess several medicinal values. Hence the present study was designed to screen and quantify selected phytochemicals (polyphenols, tannins, total carotenoids, flavonoids) and proximate principles (carbohydrates, protein, fiber, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron). Results indicate that the fruit contained more amounts of polyphenols (317.7 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (80.0 mg / 100g) and carotenoids (1.7 mg / 100g) than the bark. The bark contained more amounts of tannins (205.1mg / 100g), flavonoids (42.0 mg / 100 g), α-tocopherol (44.0 mg / 100g) and reduced glutathione (184.6 mg / 100g) when compared to the fruit. Among the nutrients, the fruit contained more phosphorus (103.6 mg / 100g) and the bark contained appreciable quantities of total carbohydrates (41.8 mg / 100g), calcium (526.7 mg / 100g) and iron (35.2 mg / 100g) than the fruit. Appreciable quantities of the phytochemicals and nutraceuticals may attribute to the medicinal and nutritive values of Helicteres isora.

7-10

Authors: Vadivelan . P*, Rajesh Kumar . R , Bhadra . S1, Shanish. A, Elango . K , Suresh . B

The present work is targeted mainly to quantify the phenolic and flavonoid content of Rubus ellipticus root extracts. The quantitative analysis of data showed that the methanol extract of Rubus ellipticus root contains 21 to 225mg/g of gallic acid and 16 to 29mg/g of rutin. The preliminary antioxidant activity of extracts was screened in vitro using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS, Hydroxyl and lipid peroxidation (LPO) free radical models. The methanol extract showed strong scavenging activity against free radical compared to all other extracts experimented.

14-16

Authors: Siyad AR*, Jeeva J

A drug utilization evaluation of Omeprazole was conducted in a 100 bed government hospital. Base line audit was done in selected wards of the hospital over 30 days, which identified 200 patients receiving Omeprazole. The main reasons for prescribing Omeprazole were prophylaxis against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (70%) and pain in the epigastrium (16%). In 14% of the cases, the reasons for prescribing omeprazole were due to duodenal and gastric ulcer. A questionnaire on omeprazole usage was developed and the responses from all the doctors of the hospital were obtained. Guidelines for Omeprazole usage in the hospital were formed and officially circulated among the doctors in the hospital. Another 30 days audit was carried out in the same wards where base line audit was performed during which 117 inpatients were identified to be taking Omeprazole. Prophylactic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decreased to 40%. More than 18% reduction of overall inpatient Omeprazole usage was noticed during the study period compared to a similar period from the previous year. The program brought about rational changes in Omeprazole prescribing and awareness among doctors regarding the cost-effective usage of drugs.

21-22

Authors: Sreena K*, Ratheesh R, Rachana M, Poornima M, Shyni C

In this study, we had synthesized some Benzimidazole derivatives and screened for their anthelmintic activity. o-Phenylenediamine was condensed with acids in presence of Polyphosphoric acid and solvents like water and dilute hydrochloric acid. The presence of specific functional group was analyzed by IR spectroscopy. The determination of structure for the synthesized compounds by NMR and Mass spectroscopy is in progress. All the synthesized compounds showed significant anthelmintic activity.

26-27

Authors: Ansa Philip*, Athul PV, Ajmal Charan, Afeefa TP

Many traditional plants and herbs are reported to have anthelmintic activity. Macrotyloma uniflorum is a legume plant which is used as food in India. It is found to have many traditional values such as anthelmintic, diuretic, expectorant, ophthalmic and tonic. The seeds are also useful for haemorrhoids, tumors, bronchitis, and splenomegaly and in asthma. The anthelmintic activity of the seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum has been investigated using the ethanolic extract and it was found to have profound activity.

33-35

Authors: Prasobh GR* , Mohammed Sabir A.S , Sameera F. A , Nooruddeen K , Jyothi B Nair , Soumya R.V.

The solubility characteristics of drugs remain the most challenging aspect in the formulation development. With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening the number of poorly soluble compounds has dramatically increased. The dissolution rate of drug from its dosage form is considered as an important parameter in the absorption. Dissolution is the rate-limiting step in the absorption of drugs from 1 solid dosage form especially when the drug is poorly water soluble. Poor wettability of drugs leads to the decrease in their bioavailability. Increasing the surface area of the drug particle may curb out this problem. For drugs whose GI absorption is rate limited by dissolution, reduction of particle size increases the rate of absorption and total bioavailability. This is common with drugs of poor water solubility. The solid dispersion of Nabumetone is already carried with methyl cellulose. The main perspective of this study aims at overcoming these problems by solid dispersion technology using carriers like ethyl cellulose as well as another natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic carriers with a view to developing fast release formulation of Nabumetone improving its dissolution characteristics. Nabumetone is an effective NSAID, it is practically insoluble in water, where the dissolution is rate limiting. The dissolution of Nabumetone from the tablet formulation containing the solid dispersion was found to be fast and rapid when compared with marketed formulation

36-37

Authors: Yuvaraj . S*, Sunith . D.K , Ahmed Riyaz T.K , Soumya E.N , Biji . P.K , Prajitha. P.P

In the present study we had synthesised some pyrazole derivatives for finding potential antibacterial agents. Ethyl acetoacetate was reacted with benzene diazonium compound and the resulting compound was condensed with phenylhydrazine in presence of acetic acid to afford pyrazole compound. The synthesized compound was analyzed by physical and chromatography data. The presence of specific functional group in the product was confirmed by the IR spectroscopy and further structure determination by NMR and Mass spectroscopy is in progress. The in- vitro antibacterial efficacy of synthesized compound was tested against Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms by Cup and Plate method. The pyrazole derivative showed promising activity against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

46-49

Authors: Kishore Gnana Sam , Kuriachan M. A , Subash Philip*

Cost-of-illness studies measure the economic burden of a disease and estimate the maximum amount that could potentially be saved or gained if a disease were to be eradicated. Direct medical costs and indirect costs are measured using top down and bottom up approaches Human Capital approach, Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) approach and Friction Costs approach respectively. The perspectives may measure costs to society, the health care system, third-party payers, businesses, the government, and participants and their families. Incidence based studies, estimate lifetime costs, measure the costs of an illness from onset to conclusion for cases beginning within the period of the study, usually a year. Incidence costs include the discounted, lifetime medical, morbidity, and mortality costs for the incident cohort. Prevalence-based studies measure the costs of an illness in a year, regardless of the date of onset and include all medical care costs and morbidity costs for a disease. Indirect costs include the loss of resources due to morbidity and mortality, which inherently places a monetary value on the value of life. The human capital method is the most common approach used to calculate the indirect costs of an illness. The costs attributable to an illness depend largely on how the illness is defined diagnostically. Studies typically use the International Classification of Diseases, as a basis of defining the illness of interest and whether to include secondary diagnoses. The appropriate data source to use for a cost-of-illness study varies by the illness, perspective, and approach of the study.