Health Risk Analysis

4-13

Authors: Onishchenko G.G., Popova A.U., Zaitseva N.V., May I.V., Shur P.Z.

The main direction of improving the activity of the Federal Service on Customers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance at the present stage is the implementation of a risk-oriented model, which involves the use of health risk assessment methods for solving a wide range of functional tasks of the Service, classification of supervised objects depending on the degree of threat and risk of harm to life and health of citizens and a differentiated approach to the conduction of regulatory and supervisory activities with concentration on efforts on objects forming unacceptable health risks; introduction of risk assessment methodology in the system for sanitary regulation, systematic approach to the information analysis provision of tasks on the assessment and health risk management, including within the framework of public health monitoring, accounting of indicators of economic efficiency of supervisory activities and health risk management measures.

19-29

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., Aleksyeev V.B , Shur P.Z., Kiryanov D.А., Shlyapnikov D.M., Chigvintsev V.М.

As the development of semi-quantitative method for risk assessment of lung disease progression due to occupational exposure to the dust factor, the risk forecast method has been proposed, which bases on the evolutionary modeling. The proposed method has a number of advantages associated with variable working conditions of workers in relation to dust concentrations in the breathing zone and the intensity of the labor process. The proposed methodology allows performing calculations at various time steps, and consider the intervals between shifts and exit out of the exposure area, risk reduction during the holiday weekend, as well as for long periods of time (vacation, breaks in work). For use in the practice the simplified algorithm, which allows to perform risk assessment on the basis of special tabulations, has been suggested.

42-47

Authors: Sherbatov A.F., Raputa V.F., Turbinskiy V.V., Yaroslavceva T.V.

The article provides the results of field survey of snow pollution by non-organic dust near cement factory in the winter season 2012/13. On the basis of computational reconstruction of fall areas the existence of stable quantitative regularities of dust content in the snowpack in the radial direction relative to the main source has been shown. The total area of dust falling has been restored and the assessment of the dust emission into atmosphere in the observed winter season has been performed.

55-67

Authors: Fetter V.V., Polyakov A.D.

The article presents the results of risk comparative analysis and assessment of public health determined by usage of various types of chemically contaminated food products. The significance of local and imported food products to Belgorod region in formation of public exposure to top-priority chemical contaminants has been identified. The article includes integrated comparative assessment of chemical contaminants’ contribution as well as of the several groups of products that form the markers of individual and public carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk upon the consumption of various types of food products. The article shows comparative analysis levels of carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk determined by the consumption of imported products.

76-82

Authors: Ulanova T.S., Nurislamova T.V.

This article details the applying of GC-MS for accurate identification and study the fragmentation of ionized molecules of methyl tert-butyl ether in human blood. Basing on the reception of mass spectrum of ions of methyl tert-butyl ether the structure, molecular weight, elemental composition of a molecule of methyl tert-butyl ether are defined. The characteristic ions (primary and confirming ions) of methyl tert-butyl ether are detected and the chromatographic retention time is determined. In the process of performing of identification of methyl tret-butyl ether in a blood sample on the mass spectrogram the peak is set which is the result of overlap of several individual peaks of the compounds-isomers with the identical retention times: 2- methylpentane, methyl tert-butyl ether and 3-methyl pentane. To eliminate low resolution in the studies two consecutive capillary columns were used.

90-96

Authors: Kononenko D.V., Kormanovskaya T.A.

The article presents summary information about modern approaches to risk assessment of radon-induced lung cancer caused by exposure to radon of the population and by radon’s short-lived daughter decomposition products in residential and public buildings. It is pointed out on the importance of radon-protecting measures in children’s school and pre-school institutions. As the example for applying of risk assessment models as an instrument for the effectivness of implemented measures, the results of calculation of life-long attributive risk before and after radon protection in one of the school of St. Petersburg have been introduced.

4-13

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., May I.V., Shur P.Z., Kiryanov D.A.

The methodical approaches to the calculation of actual and avoided as a result of control and supervision economic losses from mortality, morbidity and disability in the population associated with the adverse effects of environmental factors are stated. The method is based on the sequential decision of the chain of problems: establishing causality of health status indicators from habitat quality indicators, quantifying habitat quality control activities of the institutions and the Federal Service on Customers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance (Rospotrebnadzor), calculating episodes of health violations averted as a result of the Service’s activity and assessing their economic equivalents. Testing of approaches on the example of the Russian Federation has allowed to establish that as a result of the activities of bodies and institutions of the Federal Service on Customers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance in 2013 a positive trend was observed on 51 indicators of habitat quality, about 160 thousand deaths and more than 2 million cases of diseases were prevented which would be held in the absence of adequate supervision measures in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population. Preventing loss of gross domestic product (GDP) by more than 120 billion rubles, tax shortfalls to the federal budget of about 25.7 billion rubles. Taking into account the federal budget expenditures on the activities of the Federal Service on Customers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance in 2013 in terms of sanitary and epidemiological welfare in the amount of 11.386 billion rubles the loss in GDP of 10.56 rubles per 1 ruble of the federal budget expenditures was prevented, the tax shortfall to the federal budget in the amount of 2.28 rubles per 1 ruble of the federal budget expenditures was avoided.

21-30

Authors: May I.V., Kokoulina А.А., Zagorodnov S.Y., Popova E.V.

In the case of the metallurgical, mining and engineering industries the instrumental studies results of disperse composition of the emissions are described, normalized fractions PM2.5 and PM10 are isolated. Values of the sedimentation coefficients for fine particles with different properties are clarified. It is shown that the use of data on dust dispersed composition and reasonable sedimentation coefficients improves the accuracy of calculations by 1.5–2.5 times. The described approach can improve the accuracy of influence zones for industrial enterprises dust emissions and exposure assessment.

40-48

Authors: Gankin A.N., Gritsenko T.D., Sokolov S.M., Pronina T.N.

The results of health risk assessment of pupils performed on the basis of the classrooms’ diffusion air sampling in the establishments of the general education and measurements of the pollutants’ concentrations in the air in real time are presented. It was found that classrooms’ air pollution is characterized by multicomponent and significant variability. The ajor contribution to the value of total cancer risk in the classrooms’ air is made by formaldehyde. The total cancer risk by inhalation routes of benzene, ethylbenzene and formaldehyde administration is higher in the classrooms air compared with ambient air. Hazard index ranges from 1.0 and below under chronic inhalation of classrooms’ air contaminants. Combined exposure to chemicals polluting the classrooms’ air environment, in concentrations not exceeding the established limits, creates an increased risk of respiratory diseases (hazard index value is to 1.4). Diffusion air sampling allows to provide an assessment of classrooms’ air quality, to be the basis for risk assessment, plan and evaluate the effectiveness of “targeted” preventive measures.

57-64

Authors: Tsunina N.M., Ayupova L.V.

The introduction in socio-hygienic monitoring of methodologies for risk assessment of negative impact on human health of food contamination with chemical substances was carried according to the methodical documents intended for practical use in Rospotrebnadzor, allowing to select a system of formulas, necessary for research, built in sequence: the dynamics of the amount of the studies presented to the federal information fund of public health monitoring for the long period of time, the sampling of products and food contaminants, depending on the amount of information data, the calculation of the median and the 90th percentile, the exposure of contaminants in foods, the percentage distribution of the contribution of food groups in exposure, the risk of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects.

74-82

Authors: Zemlyanova M.A., Zvezdin V.N., Dovbysh A.A., Akafyeva T.I. C

In subchronic experiment on Wistar’s white male rats the negative effects have been studied and the comparative assessment of toxicity of an aqueous suspension of nano- and microfine silicon dioxide has been carried out. It was found that by intragastric administration for 90 days of the dose of 14.6 mg/kg, corresponding to the predicted threshold dose (LOAEL), the aqueous suspension of nanosized silicon dioxide causes immune irritating, cytolytic and inflammatory effects, verified by the deviation of hematologic parameters and morphological changes in tissues bodies / or target systems (liver, stomach, jejunum and colon, immune system). Micro-sized silica causes predominantly an inflammatory effect in the mucosa of stomach, jejunum and colon.

88-98

Authors: Alekseyev V.B., Kiryanov D.A., Tsinker M.Yu., Kamaltdinov M.R., Novikova O.S.

To analyze expectable consequences of impact on the life and health of citizens of different scenarios of time computation, as the main impact factor the deviation (offset) of administrative time with respect to astronomical time – absolute jetlag coefficient was considered. As the indicators of response to the impact factor the indicators of population morbidity of entities of the Russian Federation were used. On the basis of constructed statistical correlations the optimal levels of absolute jetlag coefficient were determined. By the risk criteria of additional primary children morbidity the optimal values of the absolute jetlag coefficient are in the range 56–92 min.; by the risk criteria of additional primary morbidity of adults: 71–129 min. The assessment of the expectable consequences on the health of citizens of one or another scenario of time computation in the entity of the Russian Federation carried out by estimating the absolute jetlag coefficient, formed at a certain scenario, showed that at the current distribution of the RF entities across time zones, none of the analyzed scenarios for computing time would be optimal for absolutely all regions. Moreover, 12 entities of the Russian Federation do not reach the optimal values of the absolute jetlag coefficient in any of the scenarios of time computation considered. Time computation in accordance with its astronomical time ((zone, geographical) is a non-optimal time by the criteria of minimizing the risk of additional morbidity in all entities of Russia and cannot be considered as a choice. Minimizing the risk from the use of each of the scenarios of time computation discussed (permanent summer, with seasonal transitions summer/winter) is possible only with the revision of the number of time zones and their composition in order to bring the administrative time offset values in the entities of the Russian Federation to the optimum values, which minimizes the risk of additional morbidity, associated with jetlag. The least redistribution to minimize the risk scenario is required by the scenario of time computing with seasonal transitions to “winter” and “summer” time (required reconstruction of two time zones and taking a decision on the redistribution of relative time zones for 22 entities of the Russian Federation).

4-16

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z.

An analysis of the methodical support of product safety assessment demonstrated that human health risk criteria are widely used for chemical and microbiological hazardous factors in food products. Furthermore, when developing product risk assessment methodology, it is feasible to utilize the experience of assessment of a risk related to exposure to environmental factors. It is reasonable to supplement the existing methodical approaches to product safety assessment in Customs Union practice with risk evolution assessment, taking into account effects of various severity and with quantitative assessment of individual and population health risks in case of non-compliance with safety requirements.

26-31

Authors: Kreymer M.A., Turbinskiy V.V.

The study investigated the mechanisms of climate's influence on changes in concentrations in ground-level ambient air.It was shown that to evaluate the results of social and environmental health monitoring, it is important to take into consideration factors, which influence health indicators of air quality and the behavior of ambient air constituents, i.e. solubility, changes in their physicochemical properties, chemical reactions and absorption by the biosphere.To model a health risk, one needs to know the constantly circulating air masses, meteorological and orographic conditions of balance disturbance between the constituents'entrance to and leave from the atmosphere. A risk emerges at the combination of meteo parameters leading to an exceedence of critical hazard threshold levels ofa constituent. To calculate the standards for maximum permissible emissions, it is necessary to take into account circulation indices separately for each constituentemitted into the atmosphere.

41-45

Authors: Unguryanu T.N.

Epidemiological analysis of disease incidence in Novodvinsk citizens revealed that in an area with higher levels of ambient air pollution caused by the substances specific to the paper-making industry, the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections (223.2 ‰) and chronic bronchitis (25.9 ‰) in adults and the incidence of acute bronchitis (158.0 ‰) and bronchial asthma (28.8 ‰) in children was 1.2 to 1.6 times higher when compared with those areas of the city which are remote from the paper mill (χ 2 =4.3–70.6, р=0.038–р<0.001). The study determined a high risk of general toxic effects on the respiratory organs in children (HI=5.7–13.6) and in adults (HI=4.5–6.1), which develops mainly due to the chemical substances contained in the emissions from the paper mill.

54-63

Authors: Fetter V.V.

The article presents the findings of an assessment of a health risk, associated with the consumption of food products contaminated with chemical substances, in children and adults in the Belgorod region. The major contaminants and their concentrations in food products were determined. The contributions of the studied contaminants and groups of food products to the levels of exposure were identified. The development of noncarcinogenic effects determined by a combined impact of food contaminants was characterized and the body's organs and systems, which are susceptible to the most significant toxic effects, were determined. The levels of an individual and population risk associated with chemically contaminated food products were calculated.

70-76

Authors: Baydina A.S., Alexeyev V.B., Nosov A.Ye., Shirinkina Ye.A.

The findings of an assessment of the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome in oil-extracting company workers showed that occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons should be considered as a risk factor of cardiovascular pathologies. The incidence of the metabolic syndrome and arterial hypertension in the workers exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons was found to increase by 16% and 13.9%, respectively. In the occupational groups, exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons, individual components of the metabolic syndrome, i.e. hyperuricemia (EF 52.33%) and hyperleptinemia (EF 33.02%), and the metabolic syndrome in general (EF 36.75%) are occupationally induced. The etiological contribution of benzene and toluene to the development of the metabolic syndrome amounted to 4.62%.

82-90

Authors: T.S. Ulanova, Karnazhitskaya T.D., Pshenichnikova Ye.O., Nakhieva E.A.

This paper presents the findings of a study on the development of a method for chloramphenicol determination in meat products using liquid chromatography-mass selective detection (LC/MSD). The study determined optimum conditions for chloramphenicol analysis using an Agilent 1200 liquid chromatograph and an Agilent Technologies 6460 triple quadrupole liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer. The conditions for an efficient extraction of chloramphenicol from meat samples were investigated. The optimum technique was found to be liquid extraction with ethyl acetate followed by further purification with hexane. The values of recovery were in the range of 70 to 100% in the matrix, depending on the levels of chloramphenicol in the meat products. The metrological characteristics of the developed method were evaluated and the values of the following parameters were calculated: the deviation between the mean value and the actual value, which is the measure of accuracy, did not exceed 26%, reproducibility was at most 10% and repeatability was no more than 5%.The analysis of meat product samples carried out using the developed method found that 17.6% of the samples contained the antibiotic.

4-17

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., May I.V.

An analysis of the laws and regulations of the technical regulation and product safety systems of the European Union, the United States and a number of international organizations suggests international legislative recognition of life and health risk assessment methodology as a key tool for justifying product safety standards. Legislation from the Customs Union on product risk assessment requires development and improvement, internal harmonization and ensuring conformation with the provisions of international documentation. The improvement of laws and regulations will stimulate the development of all aspects of the scientific and methodological and organizational support for product risk assessment, i.e. the development and implementation of risk assessment methodologies, the development of a system of criteria for a risk of health disorders of various severity, the improvement of methods for product conformity assessment and of the risk monitoring system for products placed on the market.

27-33

Authors: Solovyov V.Yu.

A concept is based on proposals on identifying high risk groups among the personnel of production facilities with hazardous working conditions and on the harmonization of safety standards in various fields of human activity. A threelink system of social protection and health care for the personnel is proposed. The first link is related to working conditions and high risk groups are formed depending on their overall occupational risk. Preventive and rehabilitation measures are suggested as a complex of social protection measures. The second link includes providing specialized health care, including thorough early diagnosis for the personnel according to the medical indications, identified on the basis of periodic medical examinations. The third link covers the possibility of compensatory payments or other social benefits for sick employees based on detecting a cause-and-effect relationship between working conditions and a diagnosed disease (an insured event). For risks which are negligibly smaller compared to the overall risk, it is important to exclude the emotional factor from assessments as such factors can lead to unreasonable decisions. Experience gained in the analysis of the effects caused by radiation can be effectively used to assess and forecast adverse effects of exposure to a wide range of other technogenic factors, which are more important from the point of view of health effects.

41-47

Authors: Gasilin V.V., Bocharov Ye.P., Ayzatullin A.A., Ignatyev D.M.

Ambient air monitoring in the city of Kazan is undertaken by monitoring systems of three different departments. Unacceptable risk levels from exposure to particulate matter are being formed in the city, which is confirmed by the monitoring performed by all the departments. The most hazardous are particulate matter smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns. Exposure to this particulate matter causes unacceptable levels of non-carcinogenic risks in almost all the studied areas. Exposure to formaldehyde and soot forms both unacceptable carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health risks. According to the data of the three departments, mutual validation of the results can be observed but there are still significant differences in the results for particular pollutants, which makes it impossible to make sufficiently substantiated management decisions.

55-63

Authors: Zemlyanova M.A., Zvezdin V.N., Dovbysh A.A., Kondrashov N.B., Akafyeva T.I.

A study of morphological characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract in laboratory animals during a subchronic (over a 30 day period) intra-gastric administration of the aqueos suspension of nano-dispersed manganese oxide (III, IV) at a dose of 10.4 mg/kg demonstrated a complex of pathomorphological changes. These included an evenly distributed moderate inflammatory response in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach and in the small and large intestines, which was manifested via lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration ad- mixed with eosinophils and plasma cells. In the ganglia of the intermuscular nerve plexus, dystrophic changes with a pronounced perneural edema were observed. When a microfine equivalent was administered in a similar way, the inflammatory response in the studied organs was local and mild. No events of perneural edema or dystrophy in the ganglia of the intermuscular nerve plexus were detected.

75-81

Authors: Tsunina N.M., Molodkina D.A.

This article identifies current directions in the development of social and hygiene monitoring and health risk analysis in the context of communication to state athorities, local authorities, the population, etc. The experience in specifying the objectives in social and hygiene monitoring, the ways to improve the quality of information and analysis was generalized. The article contains a list of general topics in social and hygiene monitoring which are covered by research and analytical papers published in journals and on a website. The major sources of information for social and hygiene monitoring are listed. A summary table with explanations on communication sections and total composition and percentage shares of the published works over the last 3 years is given in this paper. The description of software and its usage to collect and treat indicators and data in social and hygiene monitoring is provided in this work. Possible prospects of improving the communication system as a result of social and hygiene monitoring are discussed.

4-13

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Atiskova N.G., Kiryanov D.A, Kamaltdinov M.R.

The data obtained by a comparative risk assessment of listeriosis occurrence due to the consumption of food containing L. monocytogenes at levels which do not exceed the standards adopted by the Custom Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (CU) and those set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the European Union for food placed on the market is presented in this work. It was determined that exposure to the levels meeting the CU standards (the absence of L. monocytogenes in a 25g sample of a food product) caused a health risk which did not exceed the acceptable risk level. The adoption of Codex Alimentarius Commission and EU standards (100 CFU/g for products placed on the market) may result in unacceptable risk levels for both the Russian population in general and the most susceptible individuals.

27-38

Authors: Ustinova O.Yu., Makarova V.G., Dolgikh O.V.

An assessment of post-vaccination immunity against diphtheria, measles, tetanus and pertussis in children with increased levels of chemical toxicants, caused by environmental exposure was conducted. It was determined that the levels of post-vaccination antibodies in this group of children were significantly lower than those in children living in environmentally favorable areas and that disorders in the development of post-vaccination immunity were observed 1.5 to 2.4 times more often. A true relationship between a decrease in the levels of specific post-vaccination antibodies and an increase in the levels of lead, chromium, manganese and o-cresol in the blood was identified.

45-48

Authors: Buzinov R.V., Unguryanu T.N.

The prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption in the urban population of the Arkhangelsk Region was studied in this work and the associated risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was assessed. A total of 697 individuals aged 18 or over participated in the survey. The share of the smoking urban population in the Arkhangelsk region was 37.4 % whereas the percentage of individuals consuming alcohol once a month or more often was 35.5 %. The total risk of the impact of smoking and alcohol consumption for the urban population in the age groups 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 and over, was 7.0×10 -3 , 2.2×10 -2 , 5.2×10 -1 , respectively, and was unacceptable. The main contribution to the overall risk of IHD is smoking (91.5 %).

57-63

Authors: Ulanova T.S., Nurislamova T.V.

The results of experimental studies on the development of gas chromatographic methods for the determination of 1,3-butadiene and ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile in ambient air at the reference levels – by adsorbing the studied compounds from ambient air onto a Tenax TA sorbent and using optimum thermal desorption and capillary gas chromatographic conditions are presented in this article. The adsorption, thermal desorption and gas chromatographic parameters of the determination of 1,3-butadiene and ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile in ambient air were justified. We have achieved a high sensitivity of the gas chromatographic determination of the studied compounds at the reference levels (mg/m 3 ) was achieved: 1,3-butadiene – 0.002, ethylene oxide – 0.005, acrylonitrile – 0.002 with an error of determination to within 25 %.

73-78

Authors: Ushakov A.A., Saldan I.P., Goleva O.I., Karpova T.N.

The analysis of the economic losses associated with the actual disease incidence in the region's population by the following classes of diseases "Poisoning by drugs, medicaments and biological substances” (T36-T50) and "Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source” (T51-T65), which includes an assessment of production losses in the region's economy in value terms and an assessment of changes in cash flows in the RF budgets (tax revenues) is presented in this work. The period of time covered by the analysis by the classes of diseases is 5 years (from 2007 to 2011). The greatest region's gross regional product (GRP) losses related to the actual disease incidence in the population by classes of diseases T36-T50 and T51-T65 GRP over the analyzed time period were seen in 2011.