Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan

93-102

Authors: Darma Santi & Lisna Efiyanti

Hydrocrackingof cashew-nutshellliquid (CNSL)intoenergy-affordingfractionshasbeeninvestigatedusingcatalyst of acid-acticated natural zeolite (ZAA), to which were further impregnated unimetal (NiO) and bimetal (NiOMoO) elements, thereby comprising two catalyst types (NiO/ZAA and NiOMoO/ZAA). This research aimed to examine how potential was the conversion of CNSL into energy-affording fractions, and to look into such metal imregnaton into ZAA catalyst on the performance of hydrocracking reaction. Catalyst characterization included determinig consecutively acidity using ammonia-base adsorption, and crystalinity using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Acid activation and metal impregnation increased the catalyst acidity and its crystalinity. The hydrocracking was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor employing the temperature 450C, the CNSL feed/catalyst ratio of 6, and flow rate of H at 20 ml/minute. The hydrocracking converted the CNSL into products that comprised the liquid-phase, gas-phase, and solid-phase (cokes) fractions,, which in all afforded energy, and the conversion of each fraction was examined. The liquid-phase product was further analyzed using gas chromatography (GC), which revealed that the GC's eluted liquid fraction were predominantly gasoline, diesel oil, and heavy oil. Each eluted fraction was further examined for its selectivity based on the elucidated GC area for each fraction over the total GC area for the overall liquid fractions. The hydrocracking performed optimally using NiOMoO/ZAA catalysts. Which converted as much 75.42% (the greatest) of the CNSL as the liquid product, with also the greatest in selectivity towards gasoline and diesel-oil fraction at 38.45% and 19.87%, respectively. The impregnation of metal element, particularly bimetal (NiOMoO) into ZAA catalyst indicatively enhanced the hydrocrackingperformance.

123-138

Authors: Lis Nurrani, Julianus Kinho & Supratman Tabba

Utilization of germplasms as medical sources presents a form of traditional wisdom adopted by a particular community which is identicalwithahereditarylegacy.Thispaperdealsdescriptivelywithethnobotanyaspectsof NorthSulawesicommunity(Minahasa, Mongondow and Sangihe tribes) in utilizing natural bioresources from several forest plant species as traditional cancer-curing treatment, which was further proved scientifically through the identification of active ingredients contents and their efficacious toxicity using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Scrutiny results revealed that the local community in North Sulawesi province hasprevalentlyutilizedparticularportions(e.g.wood,bark,andleaves)of 14forestplantspeciesforcancercureandotherdesease.The herbal extract from the bark of lawang ( Bl) was identified containing alkaloids, while flavonoids was detected in the extract from consecutively lingkube ( Steud) leaves, yantan ( Dc) leaves, ketapang ( L) bark, manumpang ( Jacq) bark, tanduk rusa stems, kayu gimto ( sp) roots, rumput balsam ( ) roots, and cakar kucing ( L) roots. The leaves of luhu( L)andkuhung-kuhung( Dc)containingsteroidsandtannins.Asmanyas9outof 12n-butanolextractsaffordedtoxicityefficacyagainstlarvaeof LeachwhichwasconfirmedthroughtheLC value, i.e. bellow 1000 ppm. Further, the least LC value was achieved using the petroleum eter-extract kuhung-kuhung (crotalaria striata dc) leaves, i.e. 68,33 ppm, whereby that value approached the effectiveness standard for bioactive compounds to fight against thecancercell,whichwasbasedontheUnitedStatesNationalCancerInstitute.

1-11

Authors: Wesman Endom

Studies of timber extraction was carried out in steep areas by using the prototype Expo-2000 Generation II with engine of 13 HP. Cable line stretching of about 400 m with slope of about 50%. Logs of rasamala of 2-4 m length and diameter ranged of 20-40 cm were extracted to landing around a tower. The machine was placed on the hill located in the middle of two cable stretches.The first cable stretch was used for pulling logs upward and the second cable stretch for pulling downward. The cost for machine investment was about Rp 110 millions with operation costs of Rp 111.975 /hour. Logs extraction productivity is 0.59 m /hour, and the extraction cost was about Rp 189,788 per m . 3 3

21-26

Authors: Gunawan Pasaribu, Gusmailina, Sri Komarayati, Zulnely & Erik Dahlian

Dryobalanops aromatica is a woody plant that produces non timber forest product such oil and crystal. The chemical composition information is important for oil utilization and specific marker of the material. Traditionally, oil quality was grouped based on its colour. The whiter the colour, the better the quality. This paper examines the chemical content of four oil groups and two kinds of crystal. The examination was carried out in Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The results show that the oil of 1 contains borneol up to 26.02%, Dryobalanops aromatica 2 contains 13.95%, 3 contains 24.03%, and 4 contains 1.09% in longiborneol form. Meanwhile, crystal 1 contains 92.70% of borneol and crystal 2 contains 90.73%. Borneol compound can act as chemical marker of . D. aromatica D. aromatica D. aromatica Dryobalanops aromatica

37-45

Authors: Djeni Hendra

Due to limitation of resources the availability offossil fuel is become decreasing, an alternative fuel is needed such as Blancoseed before of big potential as source for plantation, the composition of seed kernel hasa high level of oil (43.3%).Aleurites trisperma Biodiesel production process was done in the laboratory, its objective to establish the optimum condition. The addition of catalyst H PO (degumming process) of 0,5%, 0,75%, 1%. The esterification treatment use a methanol catalyst mixture of 10%, 15%, 20% with HCl and H SO of 0,5%, 0,75% and 1%. The transestrification treatment use a methanol catalyst mixture of 10%, 15% and 20% with KOH and NaOH of 0,2%, 0,4%, 0,6%. Optimum results will be 34 apllied to biodiesel production in large scale.In making Blanco biodiesel which meet the Indonesian National Standard quality (SNI),Aleurites trisperma chemical used were mixture of methanol 20% (v/v) and catalys NaOH 0.6% (w/v), where resulting in biodiesel with moisture content 0.05 %, acid number 0.76 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid content 0.38 %, density 865 kg/m , kineticviscocity at 40 C of 5.41 mm /s (cSt), base number 101.49 mg KOH/g, alcyl ester content 104.55% massa, iod number 109.73 g I /100 g, cetana number 59,08, and yield of biodiesel oil 79.92 %.24023

71-81

Authors: Lisna Efiyanti & Wega Trisunaryanti

This research aimed to look into the hydocracking potential of CNSL into fuel fraction with the aid of catalyst. The based materials of catalyst as used were Y-zeolite from Japan and Nickel metal (E-Merck). NiO/ZY catalyst was prepared with wet impregnation method using salt precursor Ni(NO ) .6H O into Y-zeolite as a supporting stuff.Catalyst characterization was determined by gravimetry method to examined acidity of catalyst with pyridine base as a adsorbate base and catalyst porosity using Surface Area Analyzer (NOVA-1000). Hydrocracking process was carried out in a fixed-bed system reactor using NiO/ZY catalyst at temperature of 400°C with H flow rate of 20mL/min, and the ratio of feed/catalyst equal to 4. The results product was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC). Results showed that CNSL hydrocracking with NiO/ZY catalyst brought out liquid product as much as 80.03% in portion with selectivity on gasoline, diesel and heavy oil are 38,47%, 25,88% and 15, 74%, respectively.

235-241

Authors: Ary Widiyanto & Mohamad Siarudin

Leavessignifies as the most important part of cajuput-oil-producing tree species from which the corresponding oil is extracted. Dimensionof leaf vary among different genus and even among different trees within the same genus as well as within the same species. In relevant, this research aimed to look into the characteristics of the leaf and essential oil yield of the five cajuput-oil-producing tree species. Those investigated species consisted of Melaleuca viridiflora (red-flowered trees), M. viridiflora (white-flowered trees), M. cajuputi, Asteromyrtus brasii and A. symphiocarpa, which altogether indigenously grew at Wasur National Park, in Merauke (Papua). From those five species, approximately 6 kg of fresh leaf was taken and prepared for the steam-distillation process to extract their cajuput oil. In total, there were about 120 pieces of leaves as sampled that represented the dimension of all those five species. Results shows that the leaves of M.viridiflora exhibited the biggest dimension (length and width), while those of consecutively M. cajuputi has the smallest length and A. brasii had the smallest width. Leaves of A. symphiocarpa afforded the biggest oil yield (1,43 %) and Melaleuca viridiflora (red-flowered trees) had the smallest oil yield (<0,1 %).

258-270

Authors: Santiyo Wibowo

Bio-oil is a dark-colored liquid fuels derived from biomass such as wood, bark and other biomass waste from forestry and forest products industry through pyrolysis technology. Bio-oil can be used in industries as a fuel for boilers or direct fuel for drying pur poses such as fuel oil. The pur pose of this study is to get information of production technology from sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) sawdust using slow pyrolysis. the sawdust was heated with limited air at temperature 350o-500oC in 30 - 60 minutes. The variables used in this study are temperature and duration of pyrolysis. The results showed that optimum bio-oil produced by treatment 500oC for 30 minutes, with the following characteristics; yields of liquid was 43.75% and bio-oil yields 7.95%, phenol 3.80, pH 2.84, specific gravity 1.116 g/cm3, heating value 22.42 MJ/kg and flame power was medium power. Bio-oil produced by thisprocess predominantly composed of acetic acid and phenols. In addition, there are several components that include combustible fuel i.e. 2-propanone (CAS) acetone, benzene, 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene, and 2-Furanmethanol (furfuryl alcohol).

295-305

Authors: Wesman Endom

A prototype mobile chipper was built to convert small logs (diameter less than 20 cm). Testing runs were undergone in the village of Cipari, Sub District of South Sukanegara, Cianjur and Sub District of Sadang Purwakarta. Performance of the chipper much better than the-I type which could convert the waste into chips in average capacity of about 582 kg/hour. The owning and operation costs of wood chipper was about Rp 62,929/hour, with operation cost Rp 108/kg. The owing and cost operation using the type-1 prototype chipper was about Rp 249/kg. Cost analysis using rental cost Rp 125/kg, the NPV is achieved at about Rp 13.209.928 with IRR at about 30%.

181-185

Authors: Gunawan Pasaribu, Totok K. Waluyo & Gustan Pari

This paper presents the resin content and the chemical composition of some of agarwood quality using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The quality of agarwood that tested are kemedangan C, teri C, kacangan C and super AB. The results showed that the extracts yield of various solvent of agarwood are decreasing from super AB toward kacangan C, teri C, and kemedangan C. The agarwood samples contain furan compounds and ester aromatic groups that responsible for agarwood's nice scent. This research showed that traditional agarwood quality classification were not objectives

193-199

Authors: Sihati Suprapti & Djarwanto

The resistance property against eleven strain of fungal attack of five lesser-known wood species namely ki hiur (Castanopsis acuminatissima A.DC.), huru pedes (Cinnamomun iners Reinw Ex Blume.), huru koja (Litsea angulata Bl.), ki kanteh (Ficus nervosa Heyne), and ki bonem (Horsfieldia glabra Warb.), were evaluated using Kolle-flask method. Samples of every wood species were divided into two groups, namely outer and inner parts of log. The results indicated that all of five wood species is categorized as not-resistant against fungal attack (class IV). The weight loss of the inner part of 14.99% was lower than that of the outer part of logs (15.76%). However, both parts are classified as not-resistant wood (class IV) to the fungal attack. The highest weight loss was occurred on the inner part log of Cinnamomun iners which was exposed to Pycnoporus sanguineus HHBI-324 (56.19%). The fungal capability to decay wood from the highest to the lowest are Pycnoporus sanguineus HHBI-324, Tyromyces palustris, Trametes sp., Schizophyllum commune, Polyporus sp., Coriolus versi color, Postia placenta, Lentinus lepideus, P. sanguineus HHBI-8149, Dacryopinax spathularia, and Chaetomium globosum.

213-220

Authors: Agus Ismanto & Mohamad Iqbal

The aim of this research was to study natural discoloration of jamuju (Podocarpus imbricatus) and kisampang (Evodia aromatica BL.) before and after treatment again of temperature, humidity, and heat. Discoloration prevention conducted chemically by using antiseptic containing benzalkonium klorida (formula C), kresol or asam kresilat (formula D) and methylene bisthyiocyanate (MBT as comparison) either on log that is planed or unplaned and on sawn timber. The MBT efficacy result on jamuju and kisampang sawn timber, and formula C on kisampang timber show that it can prevent blue stain with four weeks protection period. Measurement result for brightness colour of jamuju timber on the planed is about 35,22 (MBT Under the roof-45,22 (C AC) and 10,62 (C outside)-37,14 (K AC) on the unplaned. Whereas, measurement for brightness colour of kisampang timber on the planed is about 45,04 (C AC)-53,42 (K Outside) and 8,24 (MBT Outside)-46,66 (K AC) from standard value 73,5. Measurement result for total colour variation of E* kisampang timber on the planed is about 8,80 (K outside)-22,56 (K Under the roof) and 21,57 (D AC)-40,19 (C Outside) on the unplaned. Whereas E* of jamuju timber on the planed is about 20,49 (MBT Outside)-25,65 (D AC) and 23 (C AC)-41,02 (C Outside) on the unplaned.

228-232

Authors: Yuniawati, Dulsalam & Sukadaryati

The use of trucks in log hauling has many advantages, however tire slip can pose serious problem. Tire slip is not only loss in term of log production efficiency, but also damaging the soil road surfaces. Tire chain is one of alternative method to avoid tire slip. This paper studies to find out the slip and the effect of the use of tire chain into the soil damage. The results showed that the use of tire chain was able to reduce the average of tire slip by 95.98%. The average tire slip in normal tire was 24.85% in the 82.82% moisture content, while the slip in chain added tire was 12.68% in the 84.63% moisture content. The use of tire chain can reduce slip and the depth of tire tracks significantly.

93-102

Authors: Efrida Basri & Imam Wahyudi

Jati PlusPerhutani (JPP)is afast growing teak a:ectona grand.is Lf) species that has been developed since 20years ago by Research and Development Center of Perum Perhutani through a serial program of tree improvement. At the same age, stem diameter of this superior teak tree is largerthan that of the conventional teak. Houever, wood behavior during kiln dryinghas not been muchstudied Thisstucjy examineddryingproperly and quality of 5, 7 and 9year old of JPP woods in relation to their wood basicproperties. Results showed that basicproperties of]PP wood are inferiorcompared than those of conventional teak wood Dryingproperty and quality are effected significantly by cell wall thickness,juvenile wood portion, heart wood-sapwood percentage,MFA, initial moisture content, wood density and specificgravity,as well asgrowth stresses. Compared to those of conventional teak wood with similar in diameter (older tree), drying quality of JPP wood until 9 year-old was still poor and unfavorable. Based on the drying quality and specific condition of the JPP wood, the minimum•maximum drying temperature mas around of 30-40°C far 5year-old, 40-50°C far 7year-old and 40-60°C far 9year-old.

141-150

Authors: Totok K. Waluyo

Dragon's blood is a resin secretedfrom thefruit of dragon's blood rattan. The resin originatedfrom Indonesia and known in the International market is indigenousfrom the so-called Daemonorops draco Blume. rattan speaes.Speaes exploration in the Sarolangun regenry (Iambi province) had found 5 rattan species that are able toproduce dragon's blood. Those five species are jernang burung (Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.); jernang umbut (Daemonorops melanochaetes Blume.);jernang rambai (Daemonorops draco Blume.);jernang kalamuai (Daemonorops longipes Mart.), and jernang kepala puyuh (Daemonorops sp.). Pbysicocbe mical propertiesof dragon's blood iuere done based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI 16 71:2010 ), and identijication of its compounds proceeded using the gas chromatograply-massspectrophotometer. The lowes:yields of dragon's blood wasfrom D. didymophylla (1.20%),1vhilethosefromother rattan species uere quite high (11-12% ). Moisture content of five rattan species ranged about 3-5%,immpurities 4-6%, ash content 0-2%, and meltingpoint 8 5-10 5°C. Dracohordin compound that serve as bio-indicator for dragon's bloodispresence in all thosefive species. Further exploration need to be done to obtain rattan species with high potentialdragon's blood resinproductivity.

170-178

Authors: Imas Aisyah, Nuryati Juli & Gustan Pari

The liquid smoke obtained from the destructive distillation on coconut shell at 0,25-6,0% consentration-range could in vitro to inhibit the colotry gro1vth offungi, i.e. Colletotrichum gloeosporoicles and Fusarium oxysporum species as much as consecutively 5,59-97,85% and 6,06-94,97%. At 7% liquid-smoke consentration the inhibition reached 100% (far both spescies). The liquid smoke obtained from 400° C distillation temperature could inhibit fungi gr01vth the most ejfectivelly, i.e. 16,26% for Colletotrichum gloeosporoicles and 15.06% for Fusarium oxysporum. In vivo, the liquid smoke at0,5%,1%,and 5% consentration-was effective to repard (up to 100%) the antracnose disease as wellasfusarium-wilt that attacked the host cucumber plants. However, the liquid-smoke use at 5% was not recomended due to inflicting necrosis on cucumber leaves.