Journal of International Network Center for Fundamental and Applied Research

13-26

Authors: Yuri F. Katorin

In the article is told about the first armored ships of the fleet of Brazil, is given the history of their building, technical characteristics and armament, their participation in Paraguayan war (1864-1870) and contribution to the victory of Coalition is analyzed, are described the most interesting combat episodes, in which Brazilian river flotilla participated, the motion of war shooting is illuminated and the sums of war are summed up.

33-41

Authors: Lyubov G. Polyakova

This article examines the reasons behind and forms of the asocial conduct of specific categories of residents of the Black Sea Governorate. The author addresses issues related to alcoholism and crime. The article utilizes materials from the ante-revolutionary printed media.

49-61

Authors: Sergey A. Lebedev

The article analyzes the main content, functions and cognition possibilities of the three main methods of constructing physical theories: a thought experiment, mathematical hypothesis and the method of symmetries. The author follows the understanding of scientific theory as a special kind of scientific knowledge that is qualitatively different from both the sensory and empirical levels of scientific knowledge. He believes that the different levels of scientific knowledge are of particular ontology and a special object of his description. The subject of scientific theories, including physical, is a special kind of reality. This is a theoretical reality that is constructed by scientists from the objects and relations of empirical reality using such method as idealization. The main task of a scientific theory is finding and formulation of scientific laws that exist between ideal objects of theory and govern their relationships with each other. Accordingly, the special subject of scientific theory and there are special methods of construction of scientific and theoretical knowledge as knowledge of ideal objects. On the example of physical science and its history shows that during the formation and development of physical theories was invented three main methods of constructing physical theories. This is a thought experiment, mathematical hypothesis and the method of symmetries. All of these methods actually appeared only in the New Time, the time of formation of classical physics. The Creator of all three methods can rightly be called a city of Galilee. The method of thought experiment, he had received the law of inertia, the method of mathematical hypothesis - the law of free fall, and the method of symmetries was proof of the invariance of the laws of mechanics for different inertial reference frames. On the work of another physicist theorist Maxwell it is shown that the method of thought experiment, he proved the existence of a bias current, and the possibility of propagation of electromagnetic waves in vacuum. Using the method of mathematical hypotheses Maxwell formulated the basic mathematical equations of the electromagnetic theory. However, he failed to prove using the method of symmetry is the invariance of the laws of electrodynamics in different inertial reference frames. This problem was partially solved by G. Lorentz, and finally A. Einstein, Creator of the theory of relativity. They are actively used all three main methods of constructing a physical theory. Especially actively and fruitfully A. Einstein used a thought experiment method and the method of symmetries. And one of the founders of quantum mechanics, W. Heisenberg actively used the other main method of constructing physical theories - the method of mathematical hypotheses. In the middle of the twentieth century was finally realized the fundamental role of the method of symmetries in the construction of physical theories. Today this method is widely used as a heuristic tool in the construction of the General field theory, and superstring theory as the underlying mathematical structure for the whole of physics. The main philosophical function of using the method of symmetry in the construction of a physical theory is to justify the theoretical objectivity of the laws of physics and their independence from specific reference systems. While the solution to the problem of objectivity of theoretical knowledge in the philosophy and methodology of science has no universally valid solutions. Proposed solutions to this problem extend on a continuum from naïve theory of reflection to conventionalism, pragmatism, radical constructivism and to explicitly subjectivist methodological concepts of anarchism and poststructuralism.