The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal

1-10

Authors: Zeynep Aydoğmuş, Ece M Yılmaz, Serap Sağlık Aslan, Zeynep E Taş, Melike Üner

A simple and precise high performance liquid chromatography method for concurrently determination of nilotinib (NTB) and carbamazepine (CBZ) in their pharmaceutical formulations was developed and validated. β-estradiol was used as an internal standard. The separation was carried out on Phenomenex Luna C18 RP-HPLC column using an isocratic elution at 1 mL/min flow rate with water- acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) mobile phase. Quantification was performed with a UV photodiode array detector at 286 nm. Solubility of NTB and CBZ was determined individually and their enhancing/reducing effect on solubility of each other in simulated biological fluids at various pHs was investigated. The calibration curves for each drug were linear in the range of 0.0125-5 µg/mL. The developed method was applied to pharmaceutical formulation successfully with no interfering peaks. The percentage recovery was 98.13% for CBZ and 96.25 % for NTB. It was observed that solubility of CBZ was increased in all in vitro interaction medium in the presence of NTB while solubility of NTB was increased mostly in pH 6.8 and slightly in pH 1.2.

17-22

Authors: Antônio M. de Oliveira Jr., Telma M.A.M. Lemos, Deyse de S. Dantas, Robson F. de Farias

In this work, the food dyes brilliant blue FCF and brown HT are experimentally tested as blood cell dyes. Quantum chemical calculations by Semi-Empirical (PM6) method were also performed. Calculated HOMO and LUMO orbitals energies, dipole moments, polar surface areas and entropies, suggested a higher affinity by the cells towards [blue CFC]-2 in comparison with [brown HT]-2. For both species, protonation of the benzene central ring (by NH3+ of amino acids present at the plasmatic membranes) is supposed based on the specific location of LUMO orbitals.

34-29

Authors: Anisa A Elhamili, Amani M Abokhshim, Khalifa A Elaroud, Salah A Elbaruni

This study investigated the quality of drinking water supplied to the general drinking water network of Tripoli city-Libya (tap water and ground water). A total of four different sites were selected for this study. The chemical and biological parameters were carefully determined and compared to the WHO and the Libyan standard. The chemical analysis was performed mainly to estimate the level of some heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe) using atomic absorption spectrometry followed by biological test using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method for a possible microbial contamination. The obtained results of both chemical and biological analysis revealed that the distributed water is safe to drink except in one site. The analysis also showed that the quality of water remains mostly unchanged in terms of chemical and biological (micro-organisms) aspects. Estimation of heavy metals was below the limits. The % RSD value was less than 2.5 % based on triplicate run. Overall, investigation of both chemical and microbial aspects is an effective method of monitoring quality of drinking water. Such investigation is needed to identify possible sources of contamination which could be storage tanks and pipeline to ensure the reach of safe drinking water to the users.

48-57

Authors: Sahar Alamatsaz, Nahid Rasouli*, Nasrin Sohrabi

The binding behaviour of an azo dye, Allura Red AC with calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-DNA) was investigated using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching method, DNA melting and viscosity measurement. The physicochemical characteristics of Allura Red AC were investigated in 5 mM aqueous phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 at 25 °C. Spectrophotometric studies of the interaction between Allura Red A C and ct-DNA have shown that the binding constant was Kb=7.5×105 M-1 at 298 K. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrogen bond and van der Waals play major roles in the interaction. A competitive binding with ethidium bromide (EB) showed that Allura Red AC displace EB from its binding site in ct-DNA. The thermal denaturation experiments show the melting temperature of ct-DNA increases (about 5.0 °C) due to binding of Allura Red AC. There is no obvious increasing of ct-DNA viscosity was observed. All of the experimental results show that the groove binding must be predominant.

61-67

Authors: Umar M Sani, Yahaya Yakubu

The acclaimed traditional use of vegetables as antidiabetic remedies has now been considered as one of the two basic diabetes mellitus control factors: food and medication. Allium species such as Allium cepa (onion, Hausa:Albasa) has attracted particular attention of modern medicine because of its widespread health use. In the present study the antidiabetic (hyperglycemic) potential of ethanol extract of cooked, dried and pulverized Allium Cepa bulbs was assessed in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Hyperglycemia was induced by the injection of 150 mg/kg (i.p.) of alloxan monohydrate freshly dissolved in physiological saline. Doses (150, 450 and 750 mg/kg) per os, of the extracts were separately administered to a group of five diabetic mice in the study. The activity was compared with reference standard glibenclamide (2 mg/kg, p.o.) and negative control of physiological saline. Treatment of the alloxan-induced diabetic mice with the ethanol extracts of Allium cepa decreased the raised blood glucose levels significantly (P< 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Results of phytochemical screening of the ethanol extracts of cooked Allium cepa bulb have indicated the presence of cardiac glycoside, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and anthraquinones. Moreover, some of the phytochemicals observed in this plant extract have previously been observed to contribute to hyperglycemic effects.

73-77

Authors: Luz A Arancibia, Cecilia V Naspi, Graciela N Pucci, María E Arce, Cristina B Colloca

The genus Senecio from Patagonia, Argentina, contains several species, including Senecio coluhuapiensis. In the present study, we isolated 1-heneicosanol from this angiosperm. The structure of 1-heneicosanol was established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and bibliographical data, and its microbiological activity evaluated. 1-heneicosanol presented activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) as well as against Candida albicans (NIM 982879) and C. krusei (ATCC 6258), at a concentration of 250 µg/ml for all species. The most active concentration of pure compound for reducing the germinative tube of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea was 80 µg/ml.

91-97

Authors: N Sohrabi, N Rasouli, E BabaeiTari

Interaction of Cu complex (Salen= N, N´-ethylene bis (salicylideneimine)) with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was studied by absorption spectroscopy, competitive binding study and thermal denaturation study. The protein binding affinity of Cu complex was found to be (3.0×104M−1). The binding plot obtained from the absorption titration data gives a binding constant of 3.5 (± 0.1)×104 M-1. It was found that the charge transfer band of the metal complex was perturbed in the presence of BSA. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔHº > 0 and ΔSº> 0) showed that the hydrophobic interaction leads to the increasing entropy brought about by interaction with the complex. The negative ΔGº values for interaction of BSA with the Cu complex indicate the spontaneity of the complexation. The thermodynamic parameters such as ∆G˚b, ∆H˚b, ∆S˚b were calculated by analyzing the UV/Vis data with a simple binding model. These thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrophobic force play a major role in the binding.

110-118

Authors: Fatih Yılmaz1, Fatih Satıl

Forest fires cause loss of lives besides financial damages affecting approximately 350 million hectares of area every year in the World. YARDOP (Forest Fire Resistant) forests were developed in order to prevent these fire damages. In this study, testing areas from the fire resistant plants in the region of Kepsut/Balıkesir (Turkey) to reduce forest fires were created. Great attention was paid on the used plants to have medical and economical values. Both the ethnobotanical and fire resistency features of the 21 taxa belonging to 11 families and used in experimental areas were identified.

125-133

Authors: Shaveta Sharma, Diksha Gupta, Puneet Sudan, Upendra K Jain

The purpose of writing this review on pharmaceutical gel was to compile the recent literature with special focus on rational approach to topical formulation and basic components of topical drug delivery systems. Topical application of drugs offers potential advantages of delivering the drug directly to the site of action and acting for an extended period of time. Skin is one of the extensive and readily accessible organs on human body for topical administration and is main route of topical drug delivery system. Diclofenac when it is applied topically to the skin to ease muscular pains, sprains and strains.When diclofenac is applied to the skin as a gel (or a patch containing gel), instead of it having an effect on all of your body, it only works on the area that you have applied it to. Topical gels are intended for skin application or to certain mucosal surfaces for local action or percutaneous penetration of medicament or for their emollient or protective action.

144-149

Authors: Eboh Abraham Sisein, Frank-Oputu Ayibaene, Tonkiri Ayakeme, Wodu Ebizimor, Ere Diepreye, Arhoghro Ejovwoke Marcellinus

This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seed, on benzoyl peroxide (BPO)-induced free radical generation in rat’s skin. Adult male rats were administered with Group I: 0.2 ml acetone per animal as control, Group II: 100 mg of kolaviron/kg b.wt./0.2 ml acetone, Group IlI: 20 mg BPO/0.2 ml acetone per animal, Group IV: 100 mg of kolaviron/kg b.wt./0.2 ml acetone plus 20 mg BPO/0.2 ml acetone per animal. Skin of all the animals were removed quickly and processed for biochemical analysis. Benzoyl peroxide-treated rats showed (P <0.05) decrease in vitamin C, E, glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) but when it is co-administered with kolaviron the values of vit C, E, GSH and TAC significantly increases. The values of protein carbonyl (PC), lipid peroxide (LP), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite (NO2), conjugated diene (CD) and hydrogen peroxide generation (H2O2) in rats treated with Benzoyl peroxide (P < 0.05) increases significantly but decreases as kolaviron was co-treated (P < 0.05). Taken together, kolaviron inhibited the adverse effects of BPO induce free radical generation.

157-168

Authors: Gabriel A. Hunzicker, Gustavo J. Hein, Matias N. Baldo, Silvia R. Hernández and Jorgelina C. Altamirano

A pharmacokinetic study based on single oral administration of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg (tablets) to Argentinean male volunteers under fasting conditions is presented. The obtained values for test and reference products were 238±62 and 261±73 ng mL-1 for Cmax; 1658±466 and 1801±529 ng mL-1 h for AUC0–48h; 1845±579 and 2015±639 ng mL-1 h for AUC0–∞, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals obtained by analysis of variance were 85.0-97.2% for ln-Cmax, 87.2-97.9% for ln-AUC0–48h and 85.5-98.1% for ln-AUC0–∞, which are within the acceptance range of 80-125%. Both products were bioequivalent in terms of rate and extent of drug absorption and therefore interchangeable. The analytical methodology was optimized and validated for determination of Emtricitabine (FTC), Lamivudine (3TC) and Tenofovir (TFV) in human plasma samples; which is the pharmaceutical combination most commonly used for treating HIV-infected patients. The analytical methodology was based on solid phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis® MCX mixed-mode cartridges coupled to Liquid Chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The analytical methodology was validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Under optimized conditions, the analytical methodology lead to work within a clinical of 11-5434, 11-5452 and 13-397 ng mL-1 for FTC, 3TC and TFV, respectively; resulting wider than others previously reported. The intra and inter batch precision (%RSD) across three validation runs was less than 14%. The accuracy determined at four QC levels (LOQ, Low, Middle and High) was within 13%, in terms of percent relative error.

178-185

Authors: Ukpe Ajima, Johnson O. Onah, Blessing O. Odekina

A new, simple and low cost spectrophotometric method for the determination of Glibenclamide in pharmaceutical preparations was developed. The method was based on the interaction of Glibenclamide as n-electron donor with Picric acid as the π – acceptor. The absorbance maximum (λmax) of the resultant complex was at 419 nm. Different variables affecting the reaction were carefully studied and optimized. Of the different solvents tried, Acetonitrile was found to be the most suitable solvent. Beer’s law was obeyed in concentration range of 20 – 100 μg/ml Glibenclamide. The correlation coefficient was found to be (r = 0.9920). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 1.40 µg/ml and 4.12 µg/ml, respectively. The reaction ratio between Glibenclamide and Picric acid was studied and found to be 1:1. The method was validated and results obtained for the assay of three different brands of Glibenclamide tablets were compared with the BP method (titrimetric). The repeatability and reproducibility of the developed method were evaluated and the obtained results quoted. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Glibenclamide with good accuracy and precision.

192-201

Authors: Vivek Sharma, Reena Sharma, Ankita Sood, Rajender Guleria

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars. AGEs are considered as a heterogeneous group of compounds that rise non-enzymatically by the reaction of reducing sugars and other α-carbonylic compounds with amino groups, not only with proteins but also with lipids and nucleic acids. The formation of AGEs is a key pathophysiological event not only in diabetic complications but also in widespread pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson's disease, hypertension, chronic renal failure, decreased skin elasticity, erectile dysfunction, pulmonary fibrosis and atherosclerosis. AGEs once formed disproportionately, initiate a wide range of abnormal responses in cells and tissues that include inappropriate expression of growth factors, alterations in growth dynamics, accumulation of extracellular matrix, promotion of vasoregulatory dysfunction, initiation of death pathways, generation of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines. Although several anti-AGE compounds have been studied and have been found beneficial in several pathologies yet their unexplored, vast and tremendous potential is to be realized.

208-214

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts of leaves of Corchorus aestuans showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, protins, amino acids, fatty acids, saponins, phytosterols, triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides and tannins. The previous pharmacological studied revealed that Corchorus aestuans exerted apoptotic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects. However, despite the increasing use of herbal medicines, there is still a significant lack of research data in this field. This review will highlight the pharmacology and therapeutic benefit of Corchorus aestuans.

220-226

Authors: Pooja Bagdi, Vinita Rathore

Hydro-alcoholic extraction of leaves and fruits of Ziziphus nummularia were prepared by Soxhlet and Maceration Method. Phytochemical Screening was performed for both of the extracts. Extract were also analyzed by FT-IR and HPLC. The phytochemical screening of various extracts showed the presence of a Flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, Phenolic compounds and Saponins, whereas protein and amino acid are absent in the leaf extract of Z. nummularia. However the Saponins are present in leaf extract and are absent in fruit extract of Z. nummularia. Among all the extracts, Ziziphus nummularis Fruit Maceration (ZNFM) shows highest quantity of quercitin in HPLC analysis.

1-7

Authors: Famobuwa OE, Oloyede HO, Agbowuro AA

Crude palm oil and refined palm kernel oil samples were used in the frying of plantain and were compared to same oil samples ordinarily heated without frying, these served as control. The chemical analyses covered free fatty acid, peroxide, anisidine, iodine and saponification values. These values measure the extent of the oil degradation, i.e oxidation, hydrolysis, splitting and polymerization. From the results, there is no noticeable change between the free fatty acid values of oil samples used for frying and the oil samples used as control. The much higher values of peroxide formation in refined palm kernel oil used as control compared to crude palm oil used as control may be due to the presence of some natural antioxidants in crude palm oil used as control. It is plausible to suggest that the higher rise in the anisidine values of oil samples used as control compared to those of oil samples used for frying is due to the absorption, by the fried plantain, of parts of the products of secondary oxidation formed in the oil samples used for frying. The data obtained for the iodine value of all the oil samples fall within the acceptable range for the respective oils. The saponification value of refined palm kernel oil sample used for frying decreases while that of refined palm kernel oil used as control decreases at the first instance then increases steadily. The data collected show the suitability of these two oil samples for frying purposes and indicate that, in terms of chemical composition, refined palm kernel oil (RPKO) performs more satisfactorily as frying oil, because it has higher oxidative stability than crude palm oil (CPO).

12-16

Authors: Saurabh Srivastava, Om Prakash Gupta, Kumud Nigam, Shaista Suhail, Shalini Gupta

Nanotechnology for oral cancer could be a use full tool for detection and drug therapy. By Possessing unprecedented potential for early stage detection, treatment of oral cancer, nanoparticles have been demonstrated over the last decade. In this review, we will summarize the current state-of-the-art of nanoparticles in biomedical applications such as detection, diagnosis and targeting over the oral cancer. Gold nanospheres, nanorods, nanoshells, nanocages, and surface enhanced nanoparticles will be discussed in detail regarding their uses in vivo imaging, cancer therapy, and drug delivery. The key feature of nanoparticle-based drug agents to target over ligands, therapeutic drugs, and other functionalities can all be integrated to allow for targeted molecular imaging and molecular therapy of oral cancer. The future of the nanotechnology for oral cancer looks brighter than ever yet many hurdles remain to be conquered. A multifunctional platform based on gold nanoparticles, with multiple receptor targeting, multimodality imaging, and multiple therapeutic entities, holds the promise for a “magic gold bullet” against oral cancer.

21-25

Authors: L Benzaouia, A Siwane, J Dinari, S Lezar, F Essodegui

The subcapsular hematoma of the liver (HSCF) idiopathic spontaneous is a very rare desease, which most often occurs during pregnancy as part of HELLP syndrome. The idiopathic remains exceptional. We report the case of an 80 years hypertensive woman , admitted to the emergency pain of sudden onset of right upper quadrant ; the diagnosis was established HSCF through ultrasound, abdominal CT scan and MRI , no etiology could be found .

31-37

Authors: Asal A. Tawfeeq

The plant Anastatica hierochuntica is widely used for the treatment of difficult childbirth, gastrointestinal disorders and many other medical conditions. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the histological effects of Anastatica hierochuntica in mice female liver tissues where total of (30) mice females at the ages of (4-8 weeks) and body weight of about (25+2 g) were divided into three groups. The first group was the control group which received daily oral administration of (1ml) of distilled water for two months. The second group (plant–treated group1) was orally administered with a daily dose of (0.1g/ml) of the Anastatica hierochuntica aqueous extract for one month. While, the third group (plant –treated group 2) received the same dose to the second group but for two months only. Animals were killed at the end of the first and the second month with consideration of the control group and livers were autopsied and their liver slide sections were examined by light microscope and photographed. Then, images were assessed histologically and comparisons were made between the treated groups of mice and the control group. Results showed that, the administration of daily oral doses of (0.1g/ml)of Anastatica hierochuntica aqueous extract for more than one month produced significant changes (P≤0.05) on mice females liver tissues that included lymphocyte infiltration, necrosis, liver tissue fatty degeneration and congestion and dilatation of the hepatic vein. In a conclusion, the prolonged use of the aqueous extract of the plant for more than one month is associated with significant side effects on mice liver.

43-48

Authors: Diana Barragan Ferrer, Petras Rimantas Venskutonis, Thierry Talou, Bachar Zebibe, Jesus Manuel Barragan Ferrer, Othmane Merah

Agricultural and industrial residues obtained after isolating essential oil very often constitute more than 99% of the raw material and represent a potential natural source for antioxidants and other valuable substances; however, nowadays they are poorly exploited. For the first time, this study investigated antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in the deodorized residue extracts of Myrrhis odorata leaves collected in Lithuania and South of France in order to evaluate the potential of by-products obtained after essential oil isolation as a source for antioxidants. The extracts isolated with polar solvents were strong antioxidants, mainly due to the presence of kaempferol-7-o-glucoside and cynarin, which were reported in Myrrhis odorata for the first time. Deodorized residues of mature leaves of Myrrhis odorata were valued as an antioxidants bioresource for the first time.

54-60

Authors: Hossny A El Banna, Shalaby MA, Gehan M Kamel, Ahmed M Galal, Marwa S Khattab, Azza M Zakaria

This study was performed to assess the effect of deltamethrin (DLM) insecticide on male fertility in rats and to examined the possible protective role of vitamin E. Twenty five sexually mature male rats were randomized into 5 groups; one group was kept as a negative control. In the remaining 4 groups, DLM was orally administered at doses 6 and 3 mg kg-1 (corresponding to 1/10 and 1/20 of LD50) b.wt alone and / or in combination with vitamin E, for 65 days. Blood samples were withdrawn for determination of testosterone, FSH and LH in the serum. Semen analysis, Sex organs weight, antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, SOD; Glutathion peroxidase and Catalase, CAT) enzyme activities in testicular tissue and histopathological changes in testes were evaluated. The results showed that concurrent administration of vitamin E with DLM improved the relative weight of testes and increased sperm cell concentration and percentage of sperm motility and viability. There were also significant increases in serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels and antioxidant enzymes activity in testes, associated with amelioration of testicular degenerative changes.In conclusion, vitamin E exerts a protective effect against testicular toxicity induced by DLM in male rats.

64-70

Authors: Davoud Balarak, Masomeh Ebrahimi, Ferdos Kord Mostafapour, Bijan Nouri, Shahram Sadeghi

Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) used as absorbents to remove Acid Red 88 (AR88) dyes from wastewater have been investigated here because they are effective in removing organic pollutants. The adsorption process was affected by various experimental conditions such as pH, contact time and biosorbent concentration. Maximum dye removal was observed at pH 3 and 0.25 g/L o biosorbent concentration. Adsorption equilibrium was established in 75 min. Experimental data were fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum dye removal percentage was determined as 97.5%. The negative values of free-energy change confirmed the feasibility of the process and the spontaneous nature of adsorption. Furthermore, from the magnitude of ΔH, the process was found to be endothermic physisorption.

83-87

Authors: EI Okoye

Aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica is drunk by the Igbos as medicine for curing malaria fever. The dried leaves are kept at strategic places to drive away insects. In this research the effect of two solvent extracts of A. indicia were investigated on five micro-organisms that attack the skin. These micro-organisms include; Malassezia globosim, Atopic dermatitis, Propionibacterium acnes, Tricophyton microsporum and Staphylococcus aeurus. Disc agar diffusion method was used to assay for antimicrobial activity on the test isolates. The antimicrobial activity shows some inhibitory effects against the test organisms. The result shows that the ethanol and methanol extracts inhibited the growth of all the test organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both ethanolic and methanolic extracts for the five test organisms were found graphically. A. indica extracts were used to produce effective anticeptic soap and antifungal cream for the treatment of skin infection.

92-97

Authors: Ekaluo UB, Uno UU, Edu NE, Ekpo PB, Etta SE

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of Trévo dietary supplement (TDS) in caffeine induced oxidative stress in albino rat models. Thirty healthy male albino rats of 12 weeks old were divided into five groups with six rats in each group using a completely randomized design (CRD). The rats were treated with combinations of caffeine and TDS orally via oral gavage. The treatment lasted for 65 days. Results of the oxidative stress markers showed a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in the plasma level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in caffeine treated groups when compared with the control group; also with an increase in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in caffeine treated rats. However, TDS attenuated the caffeine-induced oxidative stress in the albino rat models in a dose dependent manner. This study therefore, reveals that TDS is effective in attenuating caffeine-induced oxidative stress in albino rat models.

105-114

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Coronilla varia and Coronilla scorpioides were the species of Coronilla grown in Iraq. They contained many pharmacologically active metabolites. Coumarins (scopoletin, daphnoretine, umbelliferon), cardiotonic glycosides (deglucohyrcanoside, hyrcanoside), a toxic constituent, β-nitropropionic acid and potent neurotoxin, were also isolated from Coronilla varia. Coronilla scorpioides produced several compounds included cardenolide glycoside (hyrcanoside, hyrcanogenine, coronillin, corotoxigenin, frugosid, glucocorotoxigenin, scorpioside, and coronillobioside), hydroxycoumarins (umbelliferone, scopoletin and daphnoretin), dihydro-furanocoumarin marmesin, and the furocoumarin psoralen. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that Coronilla varia possessed cardiac, antimicrobial, insecticidal and cytotoxic effects; while Coronilla scorpioides induced cardiac effects. This review will cover the pharmacological and toxicological effects of Coronilla varia and Coronilla scorpioides.

122-130

Authors: Fadhil Abbas Al-Abady, Ali Esmail Al-Snafi, Zahraa S. Al-Ghezy

The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic parasites and can cause severe medical complications in infants and immune-compromised individuals. In the current study, Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the placenta of aborted women and the suspension of placenta was inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of male and female laboratory rats. The acute toxoplasmosis in male and female laboratory rats was diagnosed using qReal-Time PCR and the ratio of diagnosis 96.55% in males and 98.85% in females. In chronic infection after two months of infection, the diagnostic rate was 100% in the males and females. The rate of diagnosis was 100% in male brain and in testis was 71.43%, while it reached 90.48% in female brain and 100% in ovary. The present study showed that the positive diagnosis of infection of Toxoplasma gondii in male and female rats infected experimentally by using the impression smear method for organs and stained with Giemsa, were 95.24% (42 / 40) in males and 100% (42 / 42) in females. The study also detected the load of DNA of the Toxoplasma gondii in blood samples (acute infection) and tissue samples (chronic infection) of experimentally infected male and female rats. Load of DNA of parasite in males with acute infection reached 0.65x104 and 8.76x104 in chronic infection (p <0.001), while in females, the load of DNA of parasite in acute infection reached 54.70x104 , while it appeared higher in chronic infection 437.00x104 (p <0.001). We carried out a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative real-time PCR for detection of T. gondii. The advantages of this technique for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a clinical laboratory are discussed.

139-144

Authors: Sangita P Ingole, Smita S Tale

The production of our food and the quality of our environment are so importantly related to the wide use of the soil, it is very important that all of us know some basic facts and ideas about the soil. We also see that there is much information available on physico-chemical properties of soil but very limited data is available on carcinogens which are present in the soil. Much attention in recent years towards the Environmental pollution has been increased due to heavy metals pollution from agriculture. Today, use of fertilizers and pesticides are necessary in agriculture to obtain high crop yield. But the most of the farmers using the fertilizers and pesticides in excess amount and unnecessarily due to which adverse effect are seen in the environment. Therefore it is important to aware the farmers about the effect of pesticides and fertilizers because these contains the toxic elements which are harmful to the human beings, animals and plants. That’s why farmers should be identified the structure and chemical content of the soil and then the most appropriate type of fertilizers and pesticides should get selected.

1-11

Authors: Osuntokun OludareTemitope, OA Thonda

Piliostigma reticulatum plant found in West Africa. It is an Evergreen shrub with a twisted bole to 9 m high, with a bushy spherical canopy. Bark dark grey to brown, fibrous and corky, slash dark red. Leaves large, thick, leathery, grey-green, 6-12 cm long, Fruit large, long, straight, undulate or twisted and hard, either glabrous or sparsely pubescent, brown, indehiscent, up to 25 cm long, 5 cm wide. Alchonea laxiofolia is a Deciduous, erect to straggling shrub 7m tall. Two extracting solvents were used for purpose of extraction, (Ethanol and Aqueous). Six clinical and environmental organisms were used for this research work. The organisms are Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aspergilus flavus, Staphylococcus aureus. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of the two medicinal plants. It was observed that all the clinical and environmental organisms were susceptible to the two medicinal plants, both exhibits different degree of antimicrobial zones inhibition. Quantitative and Qualitative phytochemical screening was also determined on the two medicinal plants. It was observed that both plants,Piliostigma reticulatum and Alchonealaxiofolia contains various bioactive components like Alkaloids, Cardiac glycoside, Flavonoids, Steroids, Tannin, Saponin and Phenol. Quantitative Analyses of element Present in Plant Extracts (ug/100g) were also determined, Minerals like Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Lead, Manganese, and Phorphorus were present at various percentage compositions by mass. Quantitative Analyses of Anti –nutrients Present in Plant Extracts were also elucidated. Anti-nutrients like Tannin Phenol, Oxalate, Saponin and flavonoids were present in various quantities.Quantitative analyses Of Proximate Nutrient Composition of Plant Extracts of Alchornea laxiflora and Piliostigma reticulatum were also determined. It was observed that the two plants contain Fats, Carbonhydrates, Moisture contents, Crude protein, Fibres and Ash. In vitro-antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate leaf extracts of the two plants were also determined. They both contain different antioxidant in various quantities. Antioxidant are Ferric reducing property (FRAP)Azino-bis (3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulphuric acid)(ABTS), Superoxide, Diphenyl -2-picryhydrazyl( DPPH), H2O2, Flavonoids and Phenols. The purpose of this research work is to determine the antimicrobial activities,elementpresent, Anti-nutrients, Proximate contents and In vitro-Antioxidants activities of Piliostigma reticulatum and Alchonea laxiofolia.

18-23

Authors: Essam F Al-Jumaily, Maha HA Al-Bahran

The aim of this study the effect of H2O2 produced by E. faecalis in causing genomic instability by using comet assay and visualizing the histological alterations in rats colon tissues. The results showed a significant decrease correlated with the decrease of the concentration of E. faecalis in each of following characters: the mean % of the length of tail, the mean % of the DNA damage and the mean % of the tail lengthening. These differences were observed in all the cells, exposed to both concentrations of E. faecalis and were then compared with that of the control (without E. faecalis –treated cells).To determine whether dietary iron causes any genomic instability associated with adenomas or colorectal cancer, the comet assay has been used to detect DNA damage. All intestinal epithelial cells showed an increase in DNA damage after co-incubation with E. faecalis (EFCS).This increase was higher in rats which were fed dietary iron for 4 months. The role of catalase in preventing DNA –damage mediated by H2O2 was also studied .The results showed a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the mean percentage of DNA damage in the treated cells.

31-37

Authors: Aliyu Daja, Abubakar Gidado

An ethno-botanical survey was conducted to collect plants use in cancer management within the North-Eastern Nigeria. A semi structured questionnaire was administered to traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) to collect relevant information. Thirty nine (39) respondents were interviewed and questionnaire administered to them. The average age of respondents is 46.7 years and there was a dominance of the male gender 31(93.9%) in the practice of traditional medicine compared to their female counterpart 2(6.1%). Seventy percent (70.9%) of the respondent inherited the practice from their fathers, while 29.1% joined the practice without family history of the practice. Most of the TMPs have not had formal education; only about 3(9.1%) had tertiary education of up to University level, 8(24.2%) high school, 3(9.1%) had up to primary school level. However, because of the religious background most 19(57.6%) had informal education; none has admitted to be illiterate. A total of twenty five (25) plant species belonging to about 14 different families were identified that are claimed to have anticancer potential. Thirteen 13 (52%) of the plants identified are used as single plant by the TMPs, while 12(48%) of the plants are used as recipes. Different parts of the plant are used, plant root have higher preference, with 28% being used, followed by leaves 24%, while other part of the plant comprises the remaining percentage. Fifty two percent 52% of respondent administer their medications orally, 3% topically, and 29% administer both topically and orally. This study confirmed the use of medicinal plants in managing cancer in North-Eastern Nigeria, and further revealed that many different combinations as recipes are used in curing cancer in addition to using single plants. The challenge now is to scientifically validate the claims and work toward producing novel anticancer drug(s) from the identified plants.

45-56

Authors: Adeolu Jonathan Adesina, Yusuff Ayinde Gbolagade

The study is aimed to isolate and analyse the lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids and phytosterols) of three plant products commonly used as food ingredients (Bridelia ferruginea stem bark (Ira), Monodora myristica seed kernel (Ariyo) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ajo)). The fat (%), total fatty acid (%) and energy (kJ/100g) had range values of 1.40 – 30.5, 1.12 – 24.4 and 41.4 – 903 respectively. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 17.2 – 46.2 %, total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) values ranged from 20.2- 51.5, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids values ranged from 0.724 – 2.50 and 26.4 – 61.4 respectively. Phospholipids level was averagely high at total values of 110 – 263 mg/100g. Among the phytosterols, sitosterol was the most concentrated (28.2 – 69.0 mg/100g) within a total value of 37.5 102 mg/100g. Chi-square (X2) analysis showed that significant differences existed at α = 0.05 among the following parameters: SFA, MUFAcis, total MUFA, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-6/n-3, LA/ALA, Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylinositol, Stigmasterol, 5-Avenasterol and sitosterol. The analyzed plant samples were averagely low in total fatty acids, phospholipids and phytosterols, hence their consumption, as food sources either as spice or soup ingredients may not result in the consumers consuming fats above the recommended healthy guidelines.

71-78

Authors: Shettima AY, Tijani MA, Mekaron K, Henry O, Modu B, Tijjani Y

The effect of the administration of methanolic extract of root of Guiera senegalensis on some biochemical and hematological parameters in Wister strain albino rats was investigated. After a period of about 28 days the rats given methanolic root extract of Guiera senegalensis showed no significant increase or decrease in the levels of the biochemical parameters compared to the rats receiving 2 ml of distilled water. That is the extract did not alter the levels of Aspartate transaminase (AST) Alanine transminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total protein and albumin. Also the levels of Urea, Creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were not altered. There was no statistically significant change in the mean values of the hematological parameters, when compared with those of the control group.

87-90

Authors: Bode Rovena, Dracini Xheladin, Celiku Etmond

Background: An Amyand’s hernia refers to the presence of an appendix within an inguinal hernia sac. It is a rare entity which presents mostly at the exploration of the inguinal canal. This uncommon finding occurs in less than 1% of all right side inguinal hernias. The appendix may be apparently normal or have all the features of acute appendicitis with its possible complications. Losanoff and Basson suggested a distinct classification to improve the management of Amyand’s hernias. Diagnosis is usually made at the time of surgery, which is usually indicated in all incarcerated hernias. Case report: We report here the case of a patient operated in the Emergency Department of "Mother Teresa" University hospital center, for this rare kind of hernia. Conclusion: The purpose of this report is to create general awareness among surgeons who might be dealing with this hernia surgery, as they may encounter unexpected intraoperative findings such as Amyand’s hernia. It is important to be aware of all clinical possibilities and appropriate management techniques. Consequently, our recommendation is that the decision to perform an appendectomy and/or to use mesh to repair hernias should always be individualised.

99-104

Authors: Fartisincha P Andrew, Joseph AO Woods, Ayodele Akinterinwa, H Mukhtar, JA Ndahi

The studies and manipulations of the coordination chemistry of bioactive organic ligands has been a promising means of pharmaceutical innovations. In this study, metal (II) complexes of sulfadoxine (SDX) were synthesized and characterized by physicochemical, IR and electronic spectroscopies. The complexes were formulated as [M(SDX)2(H2O)2¬] (M = Cd(II)/Cu(II)/Zn(II)), [M(SDX)2Cl2¬] (M = Ni(II)/Co(II)/Mn(II)). They were insoluble in water, which is an indication of covalent and non-electrolytic character. Their spectroscopic data indicated that sulfadoxine ligand acted as a bidentate chelating agent showing a coordination either via the prymidine nitrogen and the nitrogen of the SO2NH moiety as in the case for Cu(II), or via the prymidine nitrogen and the amino nitrogen of the terminal NH2 group as in the case for Ni(II), Cd(II), and Co(II). The complexes formed are inferred to assume a six coordinate octahedral geometry while Zn(II) and Mn(II) complexes exhibit tetrahedral geometry. The successful synthesis and characterization of these complexes therefore presents a new bioactive substance with virgin pharmaceutical potentials

111-117

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Chemical analysis showed that Colchicum candidum contained many biologically active components. Nine alkaloids (3-demethylcolchicine, 2-demethylcolchicine, colchifoline, N-deacetyl-N-formylcolchicine, colchicine, cornigerine, 2-demethyldemecolcine, 3-demethyldemecolcine and demecolcine) were isolated from seven Colchicum species. Twenty phenolic compounds were also identified in extracts from five Colchicum species. The previous pharmacological studies showed that Colchicum candidum possessed antioxidant, antibacterial and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects, while, colchicine possessed antitumoral and antiinflammatory properties and has still kept its importance in the treatment of gout and many other diseases, such as familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), Behçet’s syndrome, chirosis, psoriasis and many other dermatological diseases. This review was designed to highlight the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Colchicum candidum.

129-135

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The chemical constituents of Cnicus benedictus showed that it contained sesquiterpene lactone glycosides, cnicin, polyacetylen, absinthin, salonitenolide and artemisiifolin. Triterpenoids such as a-amyrenone, a-amyrin acetate, a-amyrine, and multiflorenol acetate. Lignans such as trachelogenin, nortracheloside and arctigenin. Flavonoids, including apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin and astragalin. Tannins contents reached (8%). essential and volatile oils (0.3%) including n-nonane, n-undecane, n- tridecane, dodeca-l,ll-dien-3,5,7,9-tetrain (polyyne), p-cymene, fenchon, citral, cinnamaldehyde, were also isolated from the plant. It was also contained many nutritional components, minirals and trace elemints. The previous pharmacological studies showed that Cnicus benedictus possessed antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, enhancing digestion and increasing bile secretion. This review was designed to highlight the chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological effects of Cnicus benedictus.

143-148

Authors: H El Mahdi, Z Abkhar, M Taourirte

The nuclei of dates, from domestic consumption or as waste from the agro-food sector (date tab, syrup, oi etc.) on a small or large scale, or simply contained in the inedible dates, which remain abandoned in palm trees, are a very interesting material for the production of high value added products. They consist mainly of plant cell walls (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) that represent 82% to 92% of the initial dried material. The purpose of this study is the extraction of hemicellulose from the nuclei of dates first, then their introduction with the starch in the development of biodegradable and hydrophobic films. Hemicellulose in the nuclei of dates consist in large part of mannane. The originality of the method of extraction of the hemicelluloses in our study, is the first time use of calcium chloride instead of zinc chloride widely used in the presence of acetic acid. Those fresh conditions allow the simultaneous obtaining of lignin and hemicelluloses, making the process economically interesting. The film preparation is carried out from a mixture containing corn starch, glycerol, a hydrochloric, an acid solution and a sodium hydroxide solution. Different fractions of hemicellulose derived from the nuclei of dates are added to this mixture with percentages going from 5% to 20% by weight compared to the starch. Hemicelluloses cores dates are constituted in large part by mannan, which are insoluble in water (ref book and article). Their introduction in the development of films has the consequence of reducing their water sensitivity. To confirm the biodegradability and hydrophobicity of these films, we have conducted tests such as the measurement of moisture absorption, of water absorption and of weight loss of films.

157-160

Authors: Sule OJ, Arhoghro ME

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Allium sativum leaf on some biochemical parameters in carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in albino rats. Twenty five male Wistar albino rats were used, comprising of five groups of five animals each. Rats in groups 2 and 3 were administered oral extracts of Allium sativum (100 and 200mg/kg) respectively for twenty five days while, group4 received 100mg/kg body weight of vitamin C. Animals in groups 2-5 were also, injected single dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day of carbon tetrachloride i.p for the same period of study. Blood collected by cardiac puncture on the 26th day of study and was used to determine the total protein, total bilirubin, albumin and ALT concentrations using standard kits. The results showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the level of albumin in rat group1 (35.6 ±0.98), compared to rat group 5 (44.9 ± 1.50). Also, rats in A. sativum treated groups 2 and 3 showed significant decrease in the level of albumin (36.2±6.57 and 39.4±1.51) respectively compared to positively control group5 rats. Total protein level increased significantly (p<0.05), in rats group5 (98.6 ± 2.69) compared with rats groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 (74.9 ± 1.28, 79.7 ± 3.36, 76.5 ± 3.86 and 77.0 ± 2.99) respectively. Level of ALT increased significantly (p<0.05) in untreated rat group5 (25. 8 ± 17.35) compared rats in group1 (18.8±15.25). However, there was significant decrease in the ALT levels in the extract treated groups 2 and 3 (19.0±3.60 and 21.5±17.04) compared to the untreated rat group5. Total bilirubin level increased significantly in positively control rat group5 (13.57±3.03) compared to normal control rat group1 (1.458±0.32). There was significant decrease in the total bilirubin levels in A. sativum extract treated groups 2 an3 (1.763 ± 0.24 and 1.623 ±0.41) respectively, compared untreated rat group 5. The results showed that ethanolic extract of A. sativum offer protective effect to CCl4-induced liver damage in albino rats.

168-172

Authors: Sule OJ, Arhoghro ME

The effect of aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus (F) on acetaminophen-induced wistar albino rats was investigated. 25 male wistar rats were randomly shared into 5 groups of 5 rats per group and aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus was administered orally to rats in groups 2 and 3 at 100 and 200mg/kg/per day respectively for twenty one days while, group4 received 100mg/kg body weight of vitamin C. Acetaminophen (1 mg/kg) was then administered to rat groups 2-5 daily for the same period of study. Blood samples were collected on the 22nd day of study and were used to determine, the glucose level, ALT and albumin concentrations using standard kits. The results showed significant increase in the level of ALT in rat group5 (77.3 ±5.87) compared to group 1 (58.5±4.5). Meanwhile, ALT levels decreased significantly in Citrullus lanatus extract treated groups 2 and 3, (71.6±5.8 and 74.5 ± 4.5) respectively, compared to untreated group5, p<0.05. Albumin level increased significantly, in rats group 5, (52.1±5.8) when compared to rats in normal control group 1(35.4±3.6). However, these values decreased significantly in extract treated groups 2 and 3; (38.7±3.8 and 42.0 ±4.9) respectively, when compared to rats in untreated groups, p<0.05.Glucose level significantly increase in rats in group 5, (5.2 ± 5.8) as compared to rats in normal group1, (4.2 ± 2.9). However, it decreased significantly in rats treated with extract groups 2 and 3; (4.3 ± 3.9 and 4.7 ± 5.2) respectively, when compared with rats in untreated groups, p≤ 0.05. Rats in group5 showed significant increase in weight (8.0 ± 7.7) when compared to rat group 1 ((7.13 ± 5.87), p≤ 0.05. There was significant decrease in the weights of rats treated with extracts (groups 2 and 3); (6.36 ± 2.5 and 6.78 ± 3.38) respectively, when compared to rats in normal and untreated groups, p≤0.05. In conclusion, aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus administered orally as low as 100mg/kg reduces glucose, ALT levels and mediate appreciable weight loss, which may be chemically beneficial to individuals at risk of diabetes and hepatocellular diseases.

178-183

Authors: Farouk Kandil, Amer Kasideh

In this research a new imine counting N2O5 donor atoms have synthesized. The new compound was prepared by reaction of 1,7-bis(6- methoxy -2- formyl phenyl)-1,4,7,10,14-penta oxa tetra decane with benzedine. The imine was purified by chromatographic column filled with silicagel, eluted with chloroform. Identification of this imine: 1,21- Diaza– [3,4-18,19- di (6, '6- methoxy phenyl)]-22, 29- benzedine-5,8,11,14,17-pentaoxa cyclononaicozane 1,20-diene(II) was determined by1H- NMR (LC-MS), (IR) spectroscopy. The liquid- liquid method carried out forextraction of metalsuch as Pb(II), Ag(I),Cu(II) in presence of picrate anion. Then we carried out synergistic solvent extraction of copper (II) ion by using a mixture of imine and palmitic or salicylic acid. Organic solvents chloroform and dichloromethane were investigated at 25± 0.1oC and using atomic absorption spectrometer. The extraction percentage was calculated.

191-196

Authors: Daniel E Enenche, Sumaila Abdulmumuni

The concentration of some heavy metals were determined in farm soil and vegetable samples of spinach (Amaranthu sspinosus) and water leaf (Talinum triangulare) collected around the mechanic village at Keteren-Gwari, Minna metropolis, Niger State Nigeria during the dry season. Metal concentration in both soil and vegetable samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) (Buck Scientific 210VGB). Results from soil analysis showed mean values of 3661.5±16.25 for Fe, 13.75±0.03 Cu; 41.25±2.48 Zn; 6.25±0.71 Cr. The results for vegetable samples showed that spinach accumulated metals more in the leaves while waterleaf accumulated highest in the roots. Concentration for Fe ranged from 138±11.31-532±16.97; 6.00±1.41-13.25±1.06 Cu; 50.50±3.54-133.0±4.24 Zn; 1.5±0.71-6.0±0.71 Cr. Both vegetables are however good for studying heavy metal uptake and accumulation by plants. The high levels of some of these heavy metals place the consumers of these vegetable crops grown within the study area at health risk with time unless an urgent step is taken by relevant agencies in address this issue.

201-206

Authors: Daniel E Enenche, Sumaila Abdulmumuni

The concentration of some heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd) were analysed in soils in and around Keteren-Gwari Mechanic village, Minna metropolis, Niger State, North-central Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) (Buck Scientific 210VGB). Two digestion methods were used to concentrate the metals. Mean concentration for Fe was 6548±72.94µg/g; 24.57±16.74µg/g Cu; 24.57±16.74µg/g Zn; 11.64±9.02µg/g Cr and BDL for Pb, Ni and Cd using aqua-regia digestion while mean concentrations using HClO4, HNO3 and H2SO4 mixture digestion were 5175±29.99µg/g Fe; 27.07±17.43 µg/g Cu; 126.57±97.29 µg/g Zn; 18.14±12.45 µg/g Cr; 128±22.22 µg/g Pb and BDL for Ni and Cd. The contamination factor (CF) calculated was shown to be Fe ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Cr for surrounding soil samples and Fe ˃ Pb ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Cr in the mechanic village work area. It is recommended that laws are formulated and enforced that prevent any form of farming in the area, mechanic villages be relocated out of the city and other environmental protection regulations to stop the build-up of these metals in similar locations be implemented.

221-225

Authors: James Kennard S Jacob, Eden S David

In the past decades, crop diseases and human health is always at stake and the emerging problem on the use of synthetic antipathogens and medicine is one of the most difficult to combat. This current research was carried out to determine the phytochemical constituents and the inhibitory activities of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. pods. Eight preliminary phytochemical tests was done which includes, test for alkaloids saponins, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and resins. Powdered pods were subjected to ethanol and aqueous extraction. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and resins was found present on both extracts, however absence of flavonoids on both extraction was observed.The inhibiting capability of the S. saman pods revealed that there is a significant effects on the inhibitory effects against in-vitro bioassay of F. oxysporum, known to cause wilts on crops and the two bacterial pathogens E.coli and S.aureus via disc diffusion method.

230-237

Authors: Shashidhar S Kerur, Neeraj Kumar

In the present study board range viral diseases have been carried out. The spectrum of food borne pathogens includes a variety of enteric bacteria, aerobes and anaerobes viral pathogens & parasites. Viruses are the most common pathogens transmitted via food, viruses are considered as the most important human food borne pathogens with regard to the number of out breaks. The viruses causes many diseases in that some of them likeWest nile virus, Swine flu (H1N1), Bird flu/Avian flu (H5N1),E-Bola virus and Zika virus history, diseases caused and treatment has been reported.

243-253

Authors: Laila A Guirguis, Nagwa I Falila

This paper describes the extraction of uranium from raffinate phosphoric acid purified using aliquatR336 in kerosene as a selective extracting agent of uranium, Several factors were studied for the maximum extraction of uranium. mainly aliquatR336 concentration, shaking time, aqueous/organic phase ratio, the diluents effect and temperature on the extraction, Effect of different stripping agents were investigated , High uranium extraction yields 98.4% were obtained ,The uranium is finally converted to a high purity using precipitation with hydrogen peroxide, Finally a technological flow sheet is elucidated on the basis of the obtained results.

262-266

Authors: M R Rajesh Kanna, R Pradeep Kumar, Mohammad Reza Farahani, Muhammad Kamran Jamil

Among topological descriptors topological indices are very important and they have a prominent role in chemistry. One of them is atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index defined as _______ where dv is the degree of vertex v. Recently, a new version of atom-bond connectivity (ABC4) index was introduced by M. Ghorbani et. al. [38] in 2010 and is defined as where and NG (u) = {v V (G)|uvE(G)}. In this paper we compute this new topological index for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHk.

280-289

Authors: Gunjan Rao, Anju Goyal

HPLC is an analytical technique widely used for identification, separation, detection and quantification of various drugs and its related degradants. HPLC process development is important in case of drug discovery, drug development and in analysis of pharmaceutical products. It is also employed to separate the manufactured drugs and its related impurities. It also involves the understanding of physicochemical properties of drug substances; hence facilitate the development of analytical method. The article mainly focuses on optimization of HPLC method during process development and validation of that method according to ICH guidelines. It also involves some important parameters required for determining the efficiency of the method.

297-299

Authors: B Srinivasa Rao, TR Kishore, V Suryanarayana Rao

A polarographic method have been developed for the analysis of Taxim-AZ and Nickel(II) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. It is possible to determine the Nickel(II) and Taxim-AZ in the range of 1x10-7M to 1x10-6M and 0.146 – 1.46 μg/25ml. Well defined peak at potentials -0.95V Vs SCE for Ni(II) and -1.55V Vs SCE for Taxim-AZ were obtained respectively.

304-310

Authors: Abdou Kh A, Khadiga IA, Badwy AS

Foot infections are a common and serious problem in persons with diabetes. Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) typically begin in a wound, most often a neuropathic ulceration. Diabetes Mellitus is known to have many complications and one of the most distressing is diabetic foot ulcer which affects 15% of people with diabetes. It puts enormous financial burden on the patient and the health care services, even though it is preventable. Diabetic foot ulcer is characterized by a classical triad of neuropathy, ischemia, and infection. Most DFIs are polymicrobial, with aerobic gram-positive cocci (GPC), and especially staphylococci, the most common causative organisms. Empiric antibiotic therapy can be narrowly targeted at GPC in many acutely infected patients, but those at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms or with chronic, previously treated, or severe infections usually require broader spectrum regimens. Imaging is helpful in most DFIs; plain radiographs may be sufficient, but magnetic resonance imaging is far more sensitive and specific. This review is conducted to provide a general idea about Pathophysiology, Etiology, Epidemiology, Prognosis, Risk factors, Foot Complications, Patient education, Prevention and methods of treatment and also the aim of this review is to discuss the current diagnostic and management options for diabetic foot.

316-322

Authors: Siham Abdallah, Nourah A Al-Abduwahed

Introduction: The vast majority (65 % to 70 %) of all medicines are solid oral dosage forms. Overall, the advantages of tablet stability problems are rare; however, one major point for adequate efficacy is often not considered: which is the ability to swallow them. Therefore, manipulation of tablets for patients with swallowing difficulties may lead to medications errors and potential changes in drugs efficacy. Aim: To measure the availability and stability of crushed Warfarin tablet in different solutions and the impact of crushing practice. Method: Warfarin tablets were crushed using mortar and pestle and analyzed by using British Pharmacopeia Spectrophotometric to measure the content, dissolution and stability of the tablets in water, orange juice and syrup at different time intervals. Results: The content of Warfarin after 4, 24 and 48 hours was not decreased by more than 5% except in orange juice which decreased by 12% which revealed the stability of crushed tablet in these solvent. The release of Warfarin sodium was more in water than orange juice and syrup as it was 85.5% compared to 46% and 44% in orange juice and syrup respectively. Conclusion: Prior to this study, no information was available regarding the stability of Warfarin tablets when crushed and dispersed in assorted oral delivery vehicles. Crushed tablets dissolved in water and syrup and kept in a refrigerator are stable for 24 hours. This study demonstrated that the ability to deliver the expected dose of Warfarin is negatively impacted by such practices and patients may face serious clinical problems. However, further study is needed to measure the efficacy of crushed Warfarin by following INR of patients taking Warfarin through NG-tube.

329-333

Authors: Winifred A Ojieabu, John E Arute, Shakirat I Bello

Pharmacists now need a higher level of competence in other to meet drug information needs of their clients. The objective of this article was to map out the Standard Operating Procedure in the establishment of a drug information and resource center (DIRC) in a State University in Nigeria. The main functions will be provision of drug information services, medication counseling, professional training and other related activities. Those to operate the DIRC will require specific training in communication skills, knowledge of literature resources and dissemination skills. The requirements for the center include infrastructure, staff structure and funds. Drug information sources will comprise tertiary, secondary and primary literatures. Drug information is a fine-tuning channel to getting to a zero defect in medication error. Therefore, competence and co-operation among all health care professionals in the facility are needed to make a success of the project.

343-350

Authors: Selima Khatun, Rıdvan Polat, Uğur Çakılcıoğlu

Mycoparasitic action of Trichoderma spp. on the pathogen through the production of lytic enzymes viz β-1, 3 glucanase (laminarinase) and chitinase was studied. Hyphal interaction between the antagonist and the pathogen was investigated through scanning electron microscope. Coiling around, penetration and overgrowth of the antagonistic mycelium on the pathogenic mycelium were the result of the death of the pathogen mycelium through lysis. Studies on the production of hydrolytic enzymes viz. β-1, 3 glucanase and chitinase by the five Trichoderma spp. have reflected their inducible nature. On the other hand, various carbon sources influenced differently the production of β-1, 3 glucanase and chitinase enzyme by the antagonists, as there exists a parallel relationship between carbon source in the medium and Trichoderma species. Different species of Trichoderma also showed variable degrees of enzyme production and T. harzianum was recorded to be the most efficient producer. The variation in enzyme activity clearly reflects the varying degree of substrate utilization by the different species of Trichoderma indicating thereby their varying degree of biocontrol potential as mycoparasitic fungi.

359-363

Authors: Mahak Arora, Abhishek Tiwari, Akhilesh, Richa Saini, Manoj bisht

The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Clematis buchaniana plant. For this purpose the entire aerial parts of Clematis buchaniana were extracted by soxhelation in methanol. Then the solvent was evaporated to dryness in order to yield the dried crude extract of Clematis buchaniana. Then the extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening in order to determine the active constituents for effective pharmacological activity. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using protein denaturation model in the albumin of fresh chicken’s egg. Methanolic extract was found to be more potent when compared with the control.

367-371

Authors: Udobre AS, Udoh AE, Udobang JA, Anah VU, Johnson EC

Andrographis paniculata is a plant that grows well under shade. It is found in China, India and Nigeria, The plant is used traditionally in Nigeria to treat boils, swellings and pains. The Ethanol Leaf Extract of Andrographispaniculata was evaluated for its antiplasmodial activity using Suppressive, prophylactic and curative models in 120 albino mice. The plasmodium specie was Berghei berghei. A dose of 946.69 mg/kg/day of the extract reducedparasitaemia significantly (bP<0.01) from21.33 ±1.02 to 12.51±1.12 and suppressed malaria by 43.74%. Artesunate, a standard anti-malarial drug (positive control) produced 56.25 % chemosuppression. The normal saline (negative control) did not suppress malaria. The Lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was 316.23 mg/kg. The result of the phytochemical screening showed that the.extract contained tanins, polyphenols, terpenes, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides in abundance. These suggest that Andrographis paniculata leaf extract is active against plasmodium berghei berghei and by extension the plant can be used in the treatment of malaria. The phytochemicals are believed to be responsible for the anti-malarial activity.

1-10

Authors: Kapoor D, Vyas RB, Lad C, Patel M, Lal Basant

The aim of this current study was to develop extended release matrix film coated tablets of mebeverine hydrochloride to augment the therapeutic efficacy, diminish the frequency of administration and get better the patient compliance. The matrix film coated tablets were fabricated by wet granulation method, using different polymers such as Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15M), Eudragit, Microcrystalline cellulose pH 101 (MCC) alone or in combinations and other standard excipients. Drug compatibility with excipients was checked by FTIR studies. The powder blend was subjected for pre compressional parameters such as bulk density and tapped density, angle of repose, compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. Then the tablets were evaluated in terms of their physical parameters (weight variation, hardness, friability and thickness), drug content and in-vitro release studies. All the formulations showed compliance with pharmacopoeial standards, Further, tablets were evaluated for in-vitro release characteristic for 12 h. Tableting of granules was showed good flow properties and fabricated tablets were exhibited desired compressibility characteristics. Formulation SRTM3 exhibited an in-vitro drug release up to of 90 % and the release kinetics of drugs was best explained by First order kinetic model and the mechanism was found to be non-Fickian/anomalous according to Korsmeyer-Peppas equation.

21-29

Authors: Puneet Sudan, Ravneet Kaur, Shaveta Sharma, Upendra K Jain

The purpose of this review article is to gain knowledge about the different kinds of existing sweeteners and their composition. By this, we will get to know to understand, how artificial sweeteners are metabolized within the human body and their effects on human health. A proper understanding of the health effects of artificial sweeteners and natural sweeteners will help readers to construct a healthy diet plan and make wise decisions while choosing products containing sweeteners.

34-38

Authors: Barminas JT, Nkafamiya II, Kime B, Ayodele Akinterinwa

This work evaluates some surfactant properties of Balanites aegyptiaca roots and back. Percentage crude extract yield of 73 and 69.1 % was obtained for the roots and bark respectively. The crude extracts were characterized using fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the absorption bands indicates the presence of saponins (with widely reported surfactant activities) in the extracts. The foam capacity of these extracts and the surface tension of their solutions were investigated, and these properties were compared with those of a commercial surfactant OMO (a detergent, product of Lever Brothers Nigeria). The extracts exhibits better foam capability compared to the commercial surfactant, while the surface tension of their solutions are only comparable with that of the commercial surfactant at low concentration. Further purification and modifications may however improve the lagging properties of the crude surfactant, thereby presenting it as a sustainable source of an environmental friendly raw material for the surfactant industries.

45-54

Authors: I-Chau Liang, Jeff Martin, Lisa Veit

Background: This is the first study that incorporated pharmacy into procalcitonin (PCT) level monitoring. Objective: The primary objective was to explore if implementing a pharmacist coordinated PCT level monitoring protocol can assist in safely reducing antibiotic use duration. The secondary objective was to investigate the accuracy and acceptance rate of implementing a pharmacist coordinated PCT protocol at the studied hospital. Methods: This was a case-control study at a single facility. Patient cases were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis compared the first 50 pneumonia and/or sepsis cases from the previous year without PCT guidance (control) to the cases with the PCT protocol (case). The primary outcome was duration of antibiotic therapy. Secondary outcomes evaluated length of hospital stay, rates of rehospitalization due to same diagnosis within one month, accuracy of successful PCT protocol implementation, and rate of acceptance of pharmacist’s recommendations by hospitalists. Analysis comparing pharmacy coordinated PCT protocol to past data with no PCT protocol guidance was conducted. Results: There were 50 patients in the control group and 38 patients in the case group. The duration of antibiotic therapy was shorter for the PCT-guided group (4.45 vs 5.62 days, p=0.052). The findings for secondary results favored implementing pharmacy coordinated PCT monitoring protocol. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the pharmacy coordinated PCT monitoring protocol can be safely implemented to guide antibiotic therapy for sepsis and pneumonia patients.

68-93

Authors: Kamila Armatys, Miroslaw Miller

Investigations on metal halide systems carried out by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry in the period 1990-2014 are reviewed in the present paper.163 original papers were published focused on metal halides showing still considerable activity in this area. The fundamentals of the Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry method and thermodynamic background of the investigation are briefly reported. Data to the system studied, temperature ranges, Knudsen cell materials, vapor species identified in the equilibrium vapors and the thermodynamic properties obtained in the study are presented. The important issues of metal halide vaporization studies are briefly discussed and commented. The studies of the vaporization of metal halogens by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry aimed firstly atthe determination of gaseous complexes species in the vapor and determination of its thermodynamic data like sublimation enthalpy etc. and secondly at the determination of negative ions formation and various ion-molecule equilibria reactions of metal halide systems. Many of the studied materials have a crucial role for modern technologies, for example metal halide lamps, hot corrosion caused by halide salts, phosphorus recovery technologies or gas assisted separation of lanthanides. The investigation of such systems gives information on mechanisms of vaporization, volatility of the systems under various conditions (temperature, pressure etc.), reactivity, thermal stability, resistance etc. that could be further applied for various calculations and to predict the behavior of various components under various technological aspects.

100-108

Authors: Brijesh Kumar, Amit K. Singh, Raj K. Prasad, Chandra S. Singh, Vivek Dwivedi

Cancer is currently one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Anticancer drugs can be given either by the conventional drug delivery systems including solid dosage forms, Injectable dosage forms and infusions or using the Novel drug delivery systems including targeted drug delivery dosage forms such as liposomes and nanoparticles etc.The objective of present investigation is to formulate and evaluate the In situ forming mainly Temperature induced and pH induced gelling Injectable hydrogels of an anticancer drug Dacarbazine using delivery vehicle Chitosan.All selected temperature induced and pH induced Hydrogels showed sustained drug release for a period of 10 hours. Optimized Formulation showed maximum percent drug release. In results it was found that optimized formulations are safe, effective, homogeneous, injectable and stable for delivery of Dacarbazine and this approach represents an attractive technology platform for the delivery of other clinically important Anticancer drugs.

120-124

Authors: Afolabi OB, Ibitayo AO, Jaiyesimi KF, Olayide II, Adewumi DF

In the current study, total phenolic content (TPC) of ethyl acetate fraction of Talinum triangulare was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and the results indicated significant (p<0.05) difference within various concentrations examined with considerable increase as the concentration of the solvent extract increased, also, the ability of the solvent fraction of the plant to inhibit the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation of some selected tissue homogenates was consideredin vitrothrough TBARS and the results indicated significant (p<0.05) difference in the percentage inhibitions at moderate concentrations ranging from 0.33-3.33µg/ml. These results indicate phyto-nutritional endowment of Talinum triangulare which could be useful as aid in treating ailments and some common diseases.

138-141

Authors: Mohammad R. Farahani, Hafiz M. Rehman, Muhammad K. Jamil, Dae-Won Lee

Let G=(V,E) be a simple connected molecular graph. Khadikar et.al. introduced the PI index defined by _________, where ___ is the number of vertices of G lying closer to u and ____ is the number of vertices of G lying closer to v. In this paper, we compute a closed formula of vertex PI index for Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons.

149-153

Authors: Anup Gurung, Antara Sharma, Sangay Bhutia, Sanjay Dahal

The tetra terpyridyl appended porphyrin was used for the detection of Co(II) and Cu(II) ions in aqueous media. The porphyrin was synthesized by condensation of a Formyl Phenyl Terpyridine and pyrrole. The fluorescence response and Binding constant value predicated the strong affinity of the fluorophore specifically for Co(II) ion followed by Cu(II) ion. All the metal ion can be detected in 10-11 M concentration.

165-171

Authors: Okon U Abakedi, Victor F Ekpo, Effiong E John

Stachytarpheta indica leaf extract inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 solution by both gravimetric and hydrogen evolution methods. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the leaf extract concentration and decrease in temperature. Physical adsorption has been proposed for the adsorption of Stachytarpheta indica leaf extract on mild steel surface. The adsorption of the leaf extract obeyed the modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calculated thermodynamic parameters revealed that the corrosion inhibition process was both endothermic and spontaneous.

178-182

Authors: Sayed Zaheer Abbas, Agha Asad Noor, Tanveer Abbas

Mint spp. (Mentha arvensis) and Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) leaves extracts comparison against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. Paper Disk Diffusion and Agar Well Diffusion were followed to compare zone of inhibition (mm) for coriander and mint leaves extracts against selected bacterial strains. Mint leaves extracts showed greater inhibition zone as compared to coriander leaves extracts. As average showed that mint extracts has excellent zone of inhibition 19.8mm and 18.9 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis respectively. While coriander leaves extracts is most inhibitory against Escherichia coli. It is concluded that Mint spp. (Mentha arvensis) extracts showed greater antibacterial activities having an average of 18.3 mm zone of inhibition and can be used as the best food preservatives, while Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is a good aromatic plant with limited antibacterial activity with average of 17.5mm zone of inhibition.

1-7

Authors: Ali L Yaumi, Bintu G Mustafa, Umar A Isah, Gutti Babagana, Faith A Ojih

The effect of chemical activation on the adsorption of metals ions (Al2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Mg2+and Fe2+) using waste Nigerian based coconut shell was investigated. Coconut shell was carbonized at 400 ˚C and activated at 400, 500, 600 and 650 ˚C using four activating agents. The produced activated carbon was characterized which revealed that increase in carbonization temperature leads to a decrease in both the ash content and char yield while the moisture content decreases with increase in carbonization temperature and pore volume are in a rise and fall pattern and increase in volatile content. The iodine value increased progressively with activation temperature, and then decreased when the temperature exceeded 600 ˚C, the optimum temperature for the production of activated carbons from coconut shell is approximately 600 ˚C The adsorption of metal ions using coconut activated with H2SO4 and HCl was significantly higher than carbons activated with NaOH and Ca(OH)2. This shows that waste coconut activated with H2SO4 and HCl can effectively be used to remove metal ions from waste waters and in different metal recovery processes than coconut shell activated with NaOH and Ca(OH)2.

16-26

Authors: Udichi Kataria, Chandraprakash Jain

The oral cavity is an attractive site for the delivery of drugs owing to the ease with which it can be administered. It is now possible to administer drug through mucosal (local effect) and transmucosal (systemic effect) route. In the first case, the aim is to achieve a site-specific release of the drug on the mucosa, whereas the second case involves drug absorption through the mucosal barrier to reach the systemic circulation. The main barrier to this route is limited absorption through buccal route. Various strategies exist and are studied to overcome the obstacles and nowadays use of new materials have increased that, possibly, combine mucoadhesive, enzyme inhibitory and penetration enhancer properties to enhance the desired delivery of drugs. Many designs on innovative drug delivery systems are achieved which, besides improving patient compliance, favor a more intimate contact of the drug with the absorption mucosa. This review throws light on advantages and limitations of buccal drug delivery with the brief anatomical structure of oral mucosa, and explains various available buccal dosage forms, in particularly explaining the development of buccal films with their detailed possible in vitro characterization methodology for films.

36-39

Authors: Ojo PA, Olaifa KA, Odewo SA, Agbeja AO, Ogundana SA

Freshly harvested Parkia biglobosa inflorescence was processed and screened for their nutritional values including moisture content, crude fiber, crude protein, ash, fat and carbohydrate. The inflorescence of the species contained moisture content to be (16.76±0.45), crude fibre (7.09±0.53), crude protein (3.69±0.28), ash (8.96±0.58), fat (2.25±0.29) and carbohydrate (61.24±1.35). High percentage of the inflorescence is indicated as a good source of energy. The mineral content of the inflorescence were also assessed with a view of establishing and understanding their mineral active contents. Mineral constituents including N, Ca, Mg, K, P Cu, Na, Mn, Fe and Zn were found with values; N (0.59±0.06), Ca (0.90±0.12), Mg (0.55±0.78), K (0.30±0.17), P (0.59±0.71), Cu (0.61±0.01), Na (20.79±0.80), Mn (10.58±0.99), Fe (40.75±2.12) and Zn (5.68±0.59). The significance of Parkia biglobosa inflorescence in traditional medicine and importance of the nutritional values in the pharmaceutical industries were discussed.

45-53

Authors: Aziz F, Achtak H, Ouahmane L, Bouyatas M, El-Fadeli S, Farissi M, Dahbi A

In the lack of the dissemination of drinking water networks, rural populations in Morocco tend to use archaic methods by using the nearest resources of waters, namely traditional water tanks directly fed by rainwater used as only sources of water for various uses (consumption, watering etc.) without any quality controlling. Our work is carried out as part of assessing, diagnosing and monitoring the physicochemical and bacteriological water quality of the five traditional tanks, which are exploited by rural populations of Morocco. The physico-chemical analysis has shown that these reservoirs (tanks) studied respect the recommended Moroccan standards, except for orthophosphate and chloride, which contain high levels. In addition, all studied reservoirs show a high bacteriological pollution (145, 5.103CFU/100ml) and exceed the standards of water intended for human consumption. These microbial loads may constitute a significant health risk to the consumer.