Biogeosystem Technique

115-144

Authors: Valery P. Kalinitchenko

Conflict between the biosphere and the technology of mankind is due to misunderstanding of the Earth's cycle of substance and its modern management capabilities. National and international development programs are based on outdated simulation technology, and have no prospects. Unsatisfactory results and risk of industrial technology platform in the biosphere are considered on example of the modern anthropogenic Earth’s geochemical cycles as unacceptable from the point of view of flows control in terrestrial and aquatic systems, and the preservation of life. For the new phase of the consistent biosphere development the Biogeosystem Technique is offered – the technical means and technology to create sustainable transcendental biogeosystems providing high biological capacity and productivity of soil, waste management, preservation of fresh water. Biogeosystem Technique – the technical solutions and technologies for biogeochemical cycle management in gaseous, liquid or solid phase. This gives a possible to synthesize the soil with stable valuable dispersed structure by milling loosening of illuvial horizon; reduce fresh water consumption rate for biological production by intra-soil pulse continually-discrete irrigation; increase the rate of environmentally sound recycling in the disperse soil system. Biogeosystem Technique allows to solve consistently the roduction problems and overcome the environmental problems in a single technological cycle, to have manageable growth of Earth’s biogeochemical cycle flux, accelerate the return of substances to the biosphere, increase the production of food and resources with high production results and lower costs, ensure the stability and quality of biosphere, climate, and obtain the long-term economic benefits.

160-174

Authors: Vitalii P. Nesterenko, Denis S. Breus

The paper presents the results of the situational modeling of the spatial distribution of climatic and economic energy for soil formation, taking into account the morphometric features of the relief and evaluation of the estimated maximum capacity values of the humus horizon of soils in agricultural landscapes of Crimea for the 1960–2009 period. The mean value of total energy consumption for soil formation on the peninsula is differentiated: on irrigated lands it is 1190–1380 MJ/m2, on rainfed lands it is 940–1080 MJ/m2. Situational modeling shows that since the introduction of irrigation practices in Crimea the area of agrolandscapes having the potential of humus profile formation of more than 1000 mm has increased by 18,8 %. The value of soil humus horizon capacity under the full realization of energy potential can vary widely; on average, it is 1015 mm (680–1350 mm) on rainfed and 1530 mm (1460–1600 mm) on irrigated lands. The impact of natural factors of soil formation under current conditions of extensive economic activity is accompanied in most cases by a large-scale manifestation of deflation and erosion processes in agricultural landscapes. In this connection, the stabilization of soil degradation processes can be achieved through taking rational scientifically grounded soil and water protective measures.

17-40

Authors: Vyacheslav S. Anisimov, Natalia I. Sanzharova, Rudolph M. Alexakhin

When studying the behaviour of radionuclides – fission products of nuclear fuel, released into natural ecosystems after the Chernobyl accident, significant differences were found in migration capacity of 137Cs global fallout and Chernobyl origin. This is because the radionuclide in the Chernobyl fallout, in contrast to the global, entered to the surface of the earth not only in water-soluble form, but also in the composition of particles of nuclear fuel and composite materials of different dispersion. On the territory of 30-km zone around Chernobyl NPP were allocated to 2 areas, which differ in the form of depositions of radionuclides. The first, which was called the "near" area (2-15 km from the emergency unit of the ChNPP), dominated by the fuel component (the coefficients of fractionation of the non-volatile 144Се and 90Sr to 137Cs ≥ 1). In the second zone, named "remote" (15-35 km from ChNPP), was dominated the condensation component (f144Се/137Cs and f90Sr/137Cs < 1). In "near" to the damaged reactor zone properties of 137Cs, 90Sr and 144Се are largely determined by its localization within fuel particles, which are transforming in turn under the influence, primarily, of air oxygen and water. Thus, the content in the soils of mobile 90Sr in 1987, was 26.8 % in the "near" zone (v. Krasnoe) and 45.7 % in the "remote" zone (v. Radin). This is 3.6 and 1.3 times less of the relative content of mobile 90Sr in 1990. By 1990 there was a complete transformation of a primary fuel particles, as indicated the data about: almost complete 144Ce extraction from soils by 1 N solution of hydrochloric acid in 1990; about the reduction of the quantity of unleacheable 137Cs in soil in 1988 and especially in 1990 compared to 1987; and the fact that there is huge increase in the relative content of mobile 90Sr in 1990 as compared to 1987 in the soils of "near" zone where was dominated the fuel component of fallout. Due to the transformation of the fuel particles already in 1988 the mobility in soil and, consequently, the availability for the root uptake by plants of 137Cs, which is incorporated within the transformed fuel matrix, was higher than the mobility of the radionuclide in the soil exchange complex. The content of exchangeable and mobile forms of 137Cs was relatively high in the first year after the accident (9.5-30.1 and 12.7-41.2 %, respectively) and then decreased according to the exponential law due process of irreversible fixation of radionuclide by soils: dC/dt=-bС, where C is the content of the corresponding form of the radionuclide in soil; b – coefficient of proportionality. Calculated for automorphous soils located in "near" to the reactor zone, half-reduction periods of relative content of exchangeable and mobile forms of 137Cs in soil was equal to 3.7 and 7.0 years, respectively, and for automorphous soils of the "remote" zone – 2.7 and 4.8 years. For hydromorphous soils of "near" zone the half-reduction periods of the relative content of exchangeable and mobile forms of 137Cs was 1.8 and 3.2 years, for "remote" zone soils – 1.4 and 1.9 years, respectively.

49-64

Authors: Fedor N. Lisetskii, Aleksandr N. Muntian, Ksenija V. Zholumskaya

Preconditions of formation of soil conservation farming systems and prospects of irrigation reclamation development in the context of active manifestations of water erosion (for example, strongly dissected the central part of the Republic of Moldova) were investigated. It was found that over the past 20 years due to the intensification of agricultural production, the use of heavy equipment and the use of irrigation washability value of land increased by 1.5-2 times. It is shown that within the subsystem slope position-dynamic type agrolandscapes units have views of the landscape rather narrow bands. Their boundaries can be justified not only by the methods of landscape mapping, but also with the help of an integrated indicator of the potential duration of soil consumption, which includes stock assessment of soil resources and resource velocity forming and soil-destroying processes. This approach is complemented by the use of a series of micro-climatic irregularities card (first of all, heat and moisture) with quantitative gradation in the legend, and executed with the help of geographic information technologies allows for typing agroecological land and determine the most rational location for eco-restoration measures. As a result, the integrated application of biogeosystem-technology methods, adaptive-landscape approaches to land management in the face of strong manifestation of erosion there are new opportunities for controlling soil expenditure within the boundaries of landscape strips as the operating units contour-reclamation organization of agricultural landscapes to ensure the conditions of ecological rehabilitation of degraded land in the conservation mode, or annealing, as well as the creation of conditions for the conservation of biological diversity.

77-86

Authors: Evgeny V. Shein, Galina V. Kharitonova, Evgeny Yu. Milanovsky

Microaggregates in natural dispersed bodies – sustainable formations sizes less than 250 microns, in which the interparticle bonds are formed by organic matter, clay salts, diatomaceous spillways and some other substances. Organic matter in the microaggregates exist in inaccessible state in sustainable forms, and is not subjected to dehumification. But organic matter controls also the ability of soil to retain the structure in water; and the stability of the wet soil under external mechanical action. Dominant interactive forces between organic substances and the surface of mineral particles typically have sorption nature, hydrophobic interaction, ionic (or electrostatic nature) compound and van der Waals interactions. In saline soils and rocks microaggregates are presented in clay-salt formations. One of the possible types aggregate formation in saline soils may be the formation of quasicrystals. Packaging particle size and shape depend on the content of microaggregates and salts properties involved in their formation. The carbonates (calcite, dolomite) and ferruginous form clay-salt microaggregates. In many ways the formation of microaggregates in soils and other natural systems caused by bio-organic macromolecules produced by algae, particularly diatoms which uses a special strategy for connection with other particles (spines). A very promising direction is to study the formation of microaggregates under the influence of diatoms, which dominate in hydromorphic soils, moist habitats, river valleys. Numerous literature and own experimental data are discussed.

327-344

Authors: Vyacheslav S. Anisimov, Dmitry V. Dikarev, Lidia N. Anisimova, Yury N. Korneev, Ilja V. Kochetkov

Based on the study of the relationships between the physico-chemical characteristics of different mineral soils that have previously spiked with the same amounts of 60Co, and the uptake of this radionuclide in the above-ground parts of test plants, there were estimated the abilities of the soils to limit the mobility of the radionuclide in the soil – plant system (soils inactivating abilities – SIA). To evaluate the latter in relation to 60Co, the model vegetation pot experiment was carried out in controlled conditions, using as test plant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). With the aim of providing a wide range of variation of the studied physico-chemical parameters, there were selected soil samples from arable and humus-accumulative horizons of the 16 types, species and varieties of soils belonging to different climatic zones of the European part of the Russian Federation in the quantities sufficient for the determination of physical and chemical characteristics of the soils and for the vegetation experiment conducting. Based on the obtained experimental results the effect of each of the selected indicators of soil condition on the radionuclide uptake by test plants was determined. To do this, the methods of principal components and multiple regression analysis were used. At first, the independent variables (physical and chemical indicators of soil condition), which, as supposed, rendered the influence on the uptake of 60Co by plants were selected with use the principal components method. Further, on the basis of private correlation coefficients, calculated using the linear regression model, the contribution of soil characteristics in SIA was estimated and their ranking was produced. Directly the values of the SIA in relation to the investigated radionuclide, expressed in scores, for each soil were calculated as the sum of products of contributions corresponding soil characteristics in the variation of resultant (concentration ratio – CR 60Co) on a dimensionless quantity, equal to the difference between the specific and minimum values of the soil characteristics (variables) in the sampling to the scale of variation of the relevant variables in the sampling.

363-373

Authors: Valery I. Glazko, Maria A. Elkina, Tatiana T. Glazko

Possibilities of using the terminal fragments of mobile elements of plants and animals for polyloci genotyping (genome scan) of agricultural species of animals and plants were discussed. The results of using as primers in polymerase chain reaction the terminal fragments of endogenous retroviruses dicotyledons and monocotyledons as "anchors" for polyloci genotyping allowed to assert the high representation of mobile elements, typical of plants, in the genomes of cattle, sheep, horses. The identified polymorphism of IRAP-markers (Inter-Retrotransposon Amplyfied Polymorphism) estimated by the polymorphism of DNA fragments flanked by terminal portions of plant endogenous retroviruses in genomes of farm animals, enabled to offer their using to detect the species and intraspecies differentiation of farm animal groups. Polymorphism of IRAP-markers evaluated when used as primers the fragments of endogenous retroviruses of plants and animals, allowed to choose the locus combinations to establish membership to the particular animal (species, breed, interbreed) groups. The results of genotyping the dicotyledons (G. soja, G. max) and monocots (T. aestivum) with the use as primer of the long terminal repeat of retrotransposon, first identified in soybean, testify the presence in genomes of monocots a large number of fragments, homologous to the inverted terminal repeats of endogenous retroviruses of dicotyledons. High level of IRAP-marker polymorphism allowed the targeted search the genomic sites, polymorphism of which could be associated with the influence of factors of natural and artificial selections. The presence of the long terminal repeats of the same endogenous retroviruses in plant and animal genomes, revealed in the genome sequences of the wheat and G. max, cattle, sheep and horses, belonging to different kingdom, reflected the existence of common pool of mobile elements in general.

396-400

Authors: Evgeny V. Shein, Ahmed Y. Mady, El Hassna A. Mohamed

The aim of the work is to study the efficiency of PedoTransfer Functions (PTFs) to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) from indirect methods (PTFs), by comparing the experimental saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks0) that was determined from direct method with Ks were estimated from indirect methods (PTFs). Different indirect methods (PTFs) are used to estimate Ks: Wösten (1997) (Ks1), Wösten et al (1999) (Ks2), Cosby et al (1984) (Ks3), Saxton et al (1986) (Ks4), Vereecken et al (1990) (Ks5) and Ferrer-Juliа et al (2004) (Ks6). The results observed that (PTFs) are depending on: bulk density, organic matter, Clay and Sand contents. The efficiency of (PTFs) is estimated on the correlation between these parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity. (PTFs) depend on clay and sand percents which forming macro and micro pores while don’t depended on silt content .There were positive strong correlations between Ks0 and (Ks1), (Ks4), (Ks3), (Ks6) and (Ks5), correlation (r2) were (0.846, 0.798, 0.785, 0.719 and 0.667) respectively.

232-242

Authors: A.I. Mamedov. G.J. Levy, C. Huang

Soil erosion and subsequent pollution by water from agricultural lands or watersheds is still in need for evaluating of the impacts of various spatio-temporal processes involved. We have summarized the contribution of soil inherent properties (predominant clay mineralogy, soil texture, and organic matter content), and extrinsic conditions (rain kinetic energy [KE], wetting rates [WR], water quality, antecedent moisture contents, tillage intensity, soil sodicity [ESP], amendments) on soil structure deterioration and erosion (runoff and soil loss) from numerous cultivated semi-arid soils. Soil loss from predominant smectitic soils was up to several times higher than from kaolinitic soils. Soil erosion seems to increase exponentially with the increase in rain KE, WR and ESP and decrease in clay content and organic matter. Rain KE and water quality (sealing, physicochemical clay dispersion) prevailed in determining erosion in medium- and coarse-textured soils, and WR (prevention of aggregate slaking) played a predominate role in fine-textured soils. Effects of minimum-tillage were soil texture and irrigation water quality dependent: erosion was notably lower under no-tillage than under conventional one, being more affective in clayey soils with stable structure, for both fresh and effluent water quality. Soils, having moisture content in the range between wilting point and field capacity were less susceptible to runoff generation and erosion. Application of a small amount of polymer in combination with gypsum may effectively decreased soil erosion. Whereas inherent soil properties cannot be changed, conditions prevailing in the soil (WR, moisture content, impact of rain KE) can be manipulated by management practices to arrive at conditions that decrease soil susceptibility to soil erosion and subsequent water quality problems. Results may assist in improving our understanding of the changes in the degree of erosion in semi-arid zone soils, and can be employed in modeling efforts aimed at the prediction of soil erodibility.

267-285

Authors: Anatoly P. Endovitsky, Angrey G. Andreev, Taniana M. Minkina, Valery P. Kalinichenko

Biogeosystem change is linked to ion’s association in soil solution. The concern of carbon sequestration problem is a soil as carbon sink drain. The carbonate calcium equilibrium (CCE) in soil solutions is important to characterize the degree soil solutions saturation with CaCO3 as a factor of terrestrial system carbonate geochemical cycle. CCE depends on the state of the chemical composition, pH, Eh, buffering properties of soil liquid phase, dissolution, migration, precipitation of carbonates in the soil profile and landscape, ion exchange processes at the interface of solid and liquid phases. At high ionic force in soil solution are formed electrically neutral ion pairs СаСО3°; CaSO4°, MgCO3°, MgSO4°, charged ion pairs CaHCO3+, MgHCO3+, NaCO3-, NaSO4-, CaOH+, MgOH+. The object of research – Southern Russia; saline chestnut soil, dry steppe zone; non-saline chernozem, steppe zone. The soil solution was extracted from soil layers 0-150 cm. Composition of soil solution was determined using standard analytical methods. The soil system is the object of mathematical thermodynamic modeling, because it is impossible to remove the solution from dry soil, on the other hand, the extraction of solution change the chemical equilibrium in solution. The approach to soil disperse system model is proposed as a discreet partially insulated form one another micro-water-basins on the internal surfaces of soil. This approach gives a new understanding of water-salt transfer, geochemical barrier functions and ecological properties of soil. On the basis of CCE algorithm, the computer programs were developed to calculate the real equilibrium ion forms and determine the nature of carbonate-calcium balance in the soil solution. The mathematical model shows the real state of associated ions at different ionic strength of low saline and saline soil solution. The concentration of free and associated macro-ion forms were calculated in iteration procedure according analytical ion concentration considering ion material balance, linear interpolation of equilibrium constants, method of ionic pairs, laws of: initial concentration preservation, operating masses of equilibrium system. Concentration constants of ion pairs dissociation were calculated following the law of operating masses. Were determined the quantity of ion free form and coefficient of ion association γe as a ratio of ions free form to its analytical contents . The association of ions is higher in saline soil layers. Depending on composition and ionic force c of soil solution in the form of ionic pairs are: 11-52% Ca2+; 22.2-54.6% Mg2+; 1.1-10.5% Na+; 3.7-23.8 HCO3-, 23.3-61.6% SO42-, up to 85.7% CO32-. To interpret a behavior of heavy metal in soil solution an additional equation for microelements is proposed for the mathematical model of macro-ions. The proposed thermodynamic calculation method for the real ion forms quantitative assessment in soil solution shows that in salted soils a chemical equilibrium in the soil solution causes a dissolved carbonate forms at high concentration of soil solution. It determines a high mobility of carbonates. Carbonate system of the soil solution is most important because on its state depends the nature of basic processes affecting formation and development of a certain type of soil. The nature of the calcium carbonate equilibrium soil is a cause why using an analytical concentration of ions only is observed the high calculated saturation degree of soil solutions with CaCO3. The association of ions in soil solutions is one of the geochemical drivers promoting transformation of solution, salt and heavy metal migration and accumulation in disperse system, soil genesis, excessive fluxes of carbon into soil, carbon sink from soil and biosphere to lithosphere and other geospheres.

298-312

Authors: Michael S. Sokolov, Jury M. Veretennikov, Valery G. Ostrovsky, Igor Ja. Paremsky, Jury Ja. Spiridonov, Leonid A. Marchenko, Alla V. Ovsyankina, Viktor G. Selivanov

The paper discusses the features and benefits of monodisperse aerosols of pesticides and hydrocarbon fuels used in plant protection and internal combustion engines as a result of long-term research. A new line of development of science, engineering, industrial and agricultural technologies – the authors’ project “Monodisperse Anthropogenic Aerosols” is proposed. The specific measures for its implementation are presented. The method of mechanics and gas-hydrodynamic effects on the torch of the fluid spray process with disk working body for drops separation. Device mode: using herbicides – droplet size in the range 250-350 microns, using insecticides – 160-250 microns, fungicides – 60-160 microns. The authors’ patent Method of Estimation of Spray Parameters of Dispersion-Capable Process Fluid and Unit for its Implementation. RU №.2516581, 02.05.2014 actually begins a new resource-saving scientific and technical branch – “Monodisperse Anthropogenic Aerosols” (MAA)* . A method for estimating the parameters of the fluid spray dispersion-capable process by means of a pulsed laser, the photographic, computer, allowing to sort drops on standard size classes. The most important condition for the MAA project implementation is creation of experimental base. Its task: a) design and technological assessment of prototypes of monodisperse and polydisperse spray devices and mechanisms; b) design and development engineering of special test stands. These stands will provide standard conditions for testing of operation conditions of various nozzles and sprayers used in different fields of science, engineering and production. It is planned to equip experimental base with the latest optical and electronic and laser systems for measurement, control and regulation of dispersion degree of the estimated dispersion-fluid systems. For the first time, a tester will be able “to see, measure, create, standardize and reproduce” substance of aerosol droplets spray generated by a sprayer. Another, no less important priority, scientific and technical task of the MAA Project is creation of modern engineering base or experimental and serial production of monodisperse small and micro-volume chamber and field sprayers. The long-term research carried out in All-Russia Research Institute of Phytopatology showed that monodisperse small and micro-volume spraying was bas on the use of conventional or even more cheaper preparative forms of pesticides. The weight of sprayer is significantly reduced due significant reduction of working fluid application rates (and thus, soil compaction is reduced in the process of its work). Productivity is increased and at least 25 % reduction in dose is provided due to elimination of losses of the working fluid in the form of inefficient small and large drops. At the same time it is important that the testers registered substantial increase of profitability indicators as a result of protective measures. Thus, decrease in spraying rate of the working fluid flow from 200 to 10 l/ha doubles the productivity. Due to this, direct costs only for treatment of a crop unit (without regard to pesticides consumption reduction) are reduced by 3 times. Sprayers with adjustable dispersion, enabling to control spraying parameters of the working fluid directly in the field fully comply with international standards of environmental safety – controlled drop application (CDA). However so far, polydisperse fluid spraying causes environmental and economic damage everywhere. And all this – at gigantic scales! We can cope with this problem if we make spraying of working fluids monodisperse and controlled.

138-152

Authors: Tatiana T. Glazko, Gleb Yu. Kosovskiy, Svetlana N. Kovaltchuk, Boris L. Zybailov, Valery I. Glazko

The sequencing of genomic DNA fragments of holsteinizated cattle with a length of about 550 nucleotides, flanked by inverted repeats of microsatellites (GAG)6C and (AG)9C and search their homology to the reference bovine genome in GenBank database was first performed. In most cases, homologous (GAG)6C sequences were localized in immune genes and cellular signaling systems or in their 5’ flanks in the intergenic space. The most frequently sequenced of genome reginons, flanked by inverted repeat (AG)9C met areas of homology with long dispersed nuclear element LINE-1, species specific for Bos taurus – L1-BT, or the products of recombination between them. This leads to the conclusion that the microsatellite AG is closely linked with this product of recombination. The data obtained indicate that microsatellites, even with the very similar core motives, such as (GAG)6C and (AG)9C, differed significantly from each other in association with different genomic elements. The data obtained must be considered when using different microsatellites in order genomic scanning. A possible value for these differences of susceptibility of the investigated microsatellites to the formation of various non-canonical DNA structures such as the G4 quadruplexes, appearing of molecular (DNA-RNA) triplexes were discussed.

164-171

Authors: Tatiana Yu. Anopchenko

The role is discussed of rent income regulation, combined with the institutional development of the economy in terms of tourism organization and logistics activities. Taking into account the capitalization of the natural rent in recreation and tourism, transport and logistics complex of South Russia the possibility are discussed of overcoming the economic problems on the basis of new areas of economic development in the biosphere. It is shown that the re-engineering and the biogeosystem technique allow increasing the role of rent as a source of funding the strategic priorities of national development.

185-188

Authors: E. V. Shein, S. A. Erol, E. Yu. Milanovskiy, F. D. Mikailsoy, N. V. Verhovtseva, S.I. Zinchenko, F. Er , S. Ersahin

Agrophysical properties and soil biota were studied in Haplic Kastanozems Chromic (calcareous soils) in Central Anatolia (Konya province, Ćumra region). These heavy textured (medium clay) soils with a low content of organic carbon (less than 1%) have favorable biophysical properties due to the stable structure of the pore space. The favorable structure of the pore space is suggested to be stipulated by the activity of the numerous and diverse representatives of soil biota. Actinobacteria is the dominant in four phyla in the microbiological composition of the soils studied. The composition of this phylum is dominated by the elevated number of both higher (Streptomyces) and lower (three species of Rhodococcus) actinobacteria. The high biodiversity of bacteria against the background of their great total number and the developed tropics interactions in the microbial community promote the well balanced production of specific metabolites, including gaseous ones (CO2, H2). This circumstance allows this clayey soil to function rather actively while protecting the pore space against compaction and maintaining the optimal density, porosity, and hydrological properties.